These four poets have the same background and the same humanistic spirit. Their poems have certain commonalities in some aspects. At the same time, because of his different mental outlook and creative style, he has different forms of expression in landscape poetry creation. If the image is a little better, Wang Wei is "Shi Fo", and his landscape poems are filled with a little leisure that is not surprised by honor and disgrace, forgetting everything; Meng Haoran is a "poetry idiot", and his landscape poems vaguely contain disappointment with his official career and anger at the world. Li Bai is a "poetic fairy", and his landscape poems have a natural beauty and leisurely meaning and temperament; Du Fu, on the other hand, is like a "chivalrous poet". His landscape poems do not forget the sufferings of the people and the vicissitudes of the world. If we analyze it concretely, we can have a deeper understanding of the similarities and differences of its internal emotions.
Wang Wei was born in a feudal bureaucratic landlord family and had a natural tolerance for the feudal ruling class. And in his life, although there were times when his official career was frustrated, on the whole, his life was relatively leisurely and happy. Especially after he was about forty years old, he began to live a semi-official and semi-secluded life. He "associates with Taoist friends, is honest, plays the piano and writes poems", and serves Buddha with food. "After retiring from the DPRK, sit alone and burn incense and concentrate on meditation" (see also Old Tang Book). As he himself said, "with the passage of time, what he gave me was peace and freedom from 10 thousand things." So he basically has an indifferent attitude towards real life. In his later years, he even said that "there are many sad things in life, and we won't let them go anywhere" ("Sighing White Hair"), and he became a Buddhist who "takes meditation as a thing". It is for this reason that Wang Wei's poems are full of emptiness and nothingness. For example:
In the countryside where the sun is setting, cattle and sheep go home along the path. And a rugged old man in a thatched door,
By waiting for Fei Jing. Pheasants and wheat seedlings show, silkworms sleep, and mulberry leaves are peeled.
God bless you, and you are as close as brothers. No wonder I long for a simple life,
I sigh that old song, oh, back to the past! .
-A farmhouse by the Weihe River.
In this poem, the scenery and atmosphere in the countryside at dusk, as well as the relaxed state of mind divorced from reality, will naturally make people see the inner feelings of Wang Wei's poems, that is, Wang Wei's own feelings. From this poem, there is no description of the world, only love and admiration for landscapes and pastoral areas. The poem not only shows the beauty and leisure of natural scenery, but also shows the pleasure scene of yellow hair in folk customs. Here, we see Wang Wei's ethereal spiritual realm. Another example is the quatrains in Wang's "",which are most praised by people for his later quatrains, which are particularly worthy of our attention:
The new home is in Mengchengkou, and the old wood stays. Who is the new guy?
Empty sadness once existed in the past. -Mengcheng depression
No one can be seen in the silent valley, only the voice is heard. Sunlight enters the Woods,
Reflected from the green moss to me.
-"Lulin"
I leaned alone in the dense bamboo, playing the piano and humming a song. It's too light for anyone to hear,
Except my comrade, Mingyue.
-Takeya
The branches of the topmost hibiscus flowers are full of scarlet calyx in the mountains. The mouth of a stream is silent, without a trace. They open and fall.
Nei Nei
The ancients were not proud officials, but were learned by the world. I send a micro-official,
Dancing trees.
-Paint the garden
Among them, a poem like "Chai Lu", if viewed separately, can really hear voices occasionally in an empty mountain, and when a ray of setting sun accidentally shines on moss in a deep forest, it gives people a very quiet aesthetic feeling. Bamboo House and Wu Xinyi are also beautifully written. However, if we think of "there seems to be no one on the empty mountain", "the voice is too low for anyone to hear" and "there is no one in the stream", we can't help but be surprised at the indifference and loneliness of the poet's feelings. No wonder Hu Yinglin said that Wu Xinyi is a work of "meditation", "I get carried away when I read it, and my thoughts are all silent" ("Poetry"). As for the poem Mengcheng 'ao, the former owner Song once lamented that he could not be accompanied by the landscape of Wangchuan, which shows his emptiness and declining state of mind as the owner of this manor. In the poem "Paint Garden", he changed the image of a proud official in the paint garden in the eyes of the ancients into his self-portrait Xiaosan. He is also an official and a hermit, and his thoughts are also negative. These poems reveal indifference to real life in the quiet and lonely scenery, and are full of Buddhist idealism and "nothing to lose" philosophy. His artistic achievements can't cover up his serious defects in thought.
Meng Haoran studied hard at home for the first half of his life and once lived in seclusion in Lumen Mountain. 40-year-old Chang 'an, seeking official disappointment, roamed wuyue and finally lived in seclusion. Although he has basically lived in seclusion all his life, his heart is quite contradictory: I hope my friends will introduce him and enter the official career; And extremely dissatisfied with the world, emotional rage. For example, in Homecoming, he wrote: "I was exiled by a wise ruler because of my mistakes. I was ill for so long that I couldn't see a friend." This shows his angry mood. Moreover, it was not until later years that the contradiction between "official" and "seclusion" was diluted. Meng Haoran's masterpiece is pastoral poetry. Some of these poems were written while roaming in places like Qin Zhong and wuyue. For example:
Going south is the wilderness, because the leaves are falling and the wind is cold. I remember my home; But the Xiangjiang River twists and turns, isolating Chu.
Tears of homesickness in the journey, see the back of the sail on the horizon. The smoke in the wind blurs where the ferry can be, and the vast river ripples in the sunset.
-"Homecoming on the River"
In this poem, the poet's homesickness in his journey is naturally combined with the bleak scenery on the river in early winter, and he has a sense of life experience in his disappointment and confusion. Another example is his other landscape poems:
Facing the white Yun Qi Fu Feifei on the mountain ridge, I can enjoy myself as a hermit. Try to climb the other side of the mountain, and new geese will fly out. Sadness is often the mood of dusk, and the mood is often the atmosphere of autumn. I looked down at the river bank, and the villagers were walking home, forming a ferry rest area. There are trees on the horizon like a row of grass and rivers like a moon. I hope you will pick me up, bring a basket of wine and get drunk on the Double Ninth Festival.
-Comment on Zhang's Autumn Country-specific Mountains.
The bell of the mountain temple is already dark, and the fish beam is crossing.
People walked along the shore to Jiangcun village, and I also returned to Lumen by boat.
The moonlight at the deer gate made the mountain tree appear, and I suddenly came to the seclusion of exile.
Lonely mountain road and quiet forest road, only hermits come and go gracefully here.
-"Song of Deer Gate at Night"
The nostalgia for the past revealed in the poem is very distant from us; The scenery around Xiangyang, the poet who inadvertently knew his hometown, is vivid and makes us feel ordinary and cordial. Su Shi once said that Meng Haoran's poems were "high in rhyme but short in talent". For example, if you are a wine drinker in Neifa, you will have no material "(quoted from" The Poem of Houshan "). It can be seen that the deficiency of Meng Haoran's poems mainly lies in materials, not in emotions. His emotions, like the waters of the Yangtze River, were unrestrained in Wang Yang, leaving a precious legacy for the ancient poetry circles in China.
Li Bai was the most controversial poet in ancient China. He is the greatest romantic poet in the Tang Dynasty with a wide range of interests and brilliant literary talent. When he was a teenager, he went to many places. He is "indomitable and unwilling to be left behind", hoping to "make a blockbuster" and "soar to the sky". Because of this, he has a romantic feeling in his bones, which is reflected in his work "Xing Han puts pen to paper to shake the five mountains, and poetry becomes Xiao Ao to sing Cangzhou". Du Fu once said that he "shook the wind and rain with a pen and wept with a poem".
Li Bai is not a poet who "never leaves his clan". On the contrary, he seems to care about everything. He has experienced and shown a lot of life. Although he could not satisfy his life forever, his passionate feelings and strong personality left an indelible mark on various life poems, leaving a strong subjective color of self-expression everywhere. "Wandering for nine days, dreaming back to the eight wild places". For example:
A sailing tourist will talk about Japan, and it is difficult to find a letter. But the more people talk about the mother mountain, the clouds are light or visible. On a straight line leading to heaven, its peak enters heaven, topped with five sacred peaks, and casts a shadow across China. The roof is 18000 feet, and at this point, it begins to turn southeast.
My heart and my dream are in Wu Heyue, and they cross Jinghu Lake on a moonlit night. The moon lit up my shadow and I came to Yanhe. Xie 'an is still there, with a loud voice and rippling blue waves. I wore Xie's earliest spiked shoes and climbed the Qingyun ladder. Halfway through the sunny ocean, the sacred rooster crows in space. A thousand rocks are uncertain, and flowers lean on stones. Bears, dragons and storms on mountains and rivers disturb forests and shake mountains. Clouds are darkened by rain, and streams are pale by fog. The god of thunder and lightning, landslides; Cave stone gate, drain in tiankeng. An impenetrable shadow, the sun and the moon shine on this silver platform. Wearing rainbow clothes and riding the wind, all the queens of the clouds came and came down one by one. With the tiger as the harp and the phoenix as the dancer, the images of fairies are arranged in rows. Suddenly, the soul followed the spirit, and it suddenly woke up and grew. My pillow and mat are the lost clouds in which I once lived.
This is the consistent way of human happiness, and all kinds of things will always flow to the east like water. But let me raise a white deer on my green hillside and ride to you when I need you, Dashan. Ann can frown and bend down. Who wouldn't want to be seen with a sincere face?
-climb Tianmu mountain in the dream.
The purple mist is illuminated by sunlight, and the waterfall hangs in front of the mountain.
On the high cliff, it seems to be thousands of feet high, which makes people think that the Milky Way has fallen from heaven to earth.
-Look at Lushan Waterfall
It can be seen that what Li Bai likes is often not quiet mountains and valleys and elegant nymphs, but mountains with strange peaks and strange valleys, waterfalls flying from the sky and nine rivers in Bai Bo. These majestic and steep mountains and rivers are especially suitable for his rebellious and unruly character. It seems that he wants to climb these mountains and rivers, breathe with the stars, and associate with the gods and ghosts. In the dream poem "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream", from the quiet and beautiful moonlight of the lake to the spectacular sunshine of the sea, from the winding and confusing road to the top of the frightening mountain forest, the realm has become more bizarre, unreal and real. Finally, from dream to fairyland, it is a colorful mythical world. The dripping poetic pen writes all kinds of adventures and pursuits of the poet's spirit, as if the poet's repressed soul had been truly liberated in his dream.
Du Fu is different from the above three. Born in a feudal bureaucratic family, he had a series of "strong travel" experiences since he was 20 years old. After the "An Shi Rebellion", due to the ups and downs of life and disillusionment of ideals, he also thought about retiring. However, his strong sense of responsibility and mission to the country and people made him embark on the road of realistic creation. "The great man of chivalry is for the country and the people." Du Fu is such a chivalrous poet. Even when he was down and out, he didn't forget the sufferings of the people. He said in the song "The Hut was Blown by Autumn Wind": "There are thousands of spacious buildings in Ande, which greatly protect the poor in the world. The wind and rain are calm as a mountain. Oh! Suddenly seeing the mountain in front of me, it is enough for me to freeze to death alone. " Therefore, Du Fu's landscape poems always naturally reveal a pity for people's livelihood. For example:
Good rain knows the season, when spring comes. Sneak into the night with the wind, moisten things silently. How wide the world is, how close the trees are to heaven, and the boats on the river are full of fire. Look at the red and wet place, the flowers in Jinguancheng are heavy.
Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night.
The water in front of the Yellow River flows eastward, giving people a sense of sleepiness and spring breeze in spring.
The peach blossom is not dark red but light red.
-one step along the river to find incense seven quatrains.
Huangsi Niangniang's home is full of flowers, and thousands of them are low.
The butterflies in the flowers are dancing, and the soft yinger in freedom is just singing happily.
-"Looking for Fragrance by the River" (2)
In the first poem, we can see that Du Fu is not interested in personal preferences, and his attitude towards rain is determined by whether rain can benefit the people. He played up the beauty of rain, and the last sentence clarified his theme: the beauty of rain is because it can make people's lives better. "Looking for Fragrance by the River" is a rare leisure work of Du Fu in his life, but even in such a leisure work, it is not difficult to find the hidden anxiety at night. As for his eight poems "Prosperous Autumn", it is the first one with feelings. Now let's look at three of them:
Yulu withered maple forest, Wushan Wuxia bleak.
Between the river and the sky, the waves are rough and the clouds are covered with fog.
Yanju shed tears the other day. She was alone in the boat.
Cold clothes push knives and rulers everywhere, and Baidicheng is anxious.
-"autumn is full" the first part
The ancient city of Kuifu has an oblique sunset, and it always relies on Beidou Wangjing Hua.
Listen to the ape shed three tears, and let Xu follow August.
Painting incense burner against pillow, the mountain building is full of sorrow.
Look at Luo Yue. The vines on the stone have reflected the flowers of reeds in front of the mainland.
-"Autumn is Full" Part II
Penglai Palace Que faces Nanshan, with dewdrops between golden stems and Korean smiles.
Looking at Yaochi in the west, the Queen Mother descended, and the purple gas filled Dongguan.
Clouds move to Gongshan, and the sun goes around Longlin to know the holy face.
When I was lying in Cangjiang, I was shocked at the end of the year and went to several classes.
-"Prosperity in Autumn" Part V
In these poems, we can see that Du Fu's poems, even his landscape poems, can't forget his concern for the world and human feelings, and he is always a chivalrous heart that sympathizes with others. As a result, his poetry creation is immersed in a gloomy and tragic atmosphere, forming a unique style completely different from that of Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Li Bai.
Although the above four people are different in many ways, as people of the same era, there are still some places in their thoughts that can produce * * *. It is precisely because of these similarities and differences that Tang poetry will blossom and reach the peak of feudal society in China.