Children's literature is a literary work specially created for children. Children's literature especially requires being easy to understand and lively.
Children's literature is usually compiled by adults, and the deep motivation can be said to be to recreate childhood or educate children. Many children's literature will also be adapted from * * * works. Although children's own creations can be widely included, because children's creations are often superficial or artistic, adults still need to identify whether children's creations have literary value.
For readers of different ages, children's literature is divided into baby literature, childhood literature and juvenile literature. Genres include children's songs, children's poems, fairy tales, fables, children's stories, children's novels, children's prose, children's folk art, children's drama, children's film and television, children's scientific literature and art, etc. Mainly literature, suitable for reading between 9 and 99 years old, suitable for all ages.
Classification of children's literature
At present, children's literature is generally classified by age in publishing circles, which is consistent with Piaget's theory on children's growth and development. These categories are as follows:
0-5 years old preschool children
Primary school readers aged 5-8.
8- 1 1 year-old primary school senior readers
1 1- 13-year-old junior high school readers (called "Pre-teen" in English)
13- 15 year old young readers
For preschool children, picture books and story books are very suitable for them, because each page of the story has a small amount of words with pictures, so that children can understand without knowing the contents of the words. In the west, picture story books are a good helper for reading guidance in class.
In addition, children's songs, children's operas and juvenile novels can be generally included in the category of children's literature, while simple children's songs (such as baby lullabies) or performing dances are not in the category of literature.
Readers aged from 16 to 19 are generally called "young adults", and their age is beyond the scope of children's literature. In today's society, the unique problems of young adults of this age, such as love, bullying, drug abuse, suicide, identity and so on, have gradually emerged in the lives of young readers, and have now become the theme of children's literature for young readers. Hong Kong writer Jun Bi's "Rebellious Period" series of household products is one of these works that is very popular with students. Japanese light novels packaged like cartoons are another kind of works that try to pull young readers who are used to thinking in images back to adult abstract thinking.
The content of children's literature
Children's literature includes fairy tales, fables, fairy tales, idioms, riddles, folk stories, children's stories, Grimm stories, humorous stories, children's poems, children's jokes and five thousand years.
Stuart Xiuwei pointed out in his book How to Guide Pupils to Read that children's behavior is based on the principle of "pursuing happiness and reducing pain". If in his experience, he thinks reading or listening to stories is a pleasure, he will associate them with positive feelings. Therefore, the most basic principle of children's literature is to guide children to enjoy the reading process, otherwise the content of a book is no matter how good it is, if it can't arouse children's interest.
In short, good children's literature should conform to the following concepts:
1) There are many * * * to attract children to read and avoid lengthy descriptions.
2) The characters are distinct and the backbone of the story is outstanding.
3) Educational significance
Characteristics of children's literature
educational
Children's literature is very different from * * *, that is, it places special emphasis on education. Children have great plasticity. The ancients used plain silk as a metaphor, saying that it was "dyed light and dyed yellow". Children's literature pays special attention to education because of their age characteristics and are easily influenced by the surrounding environment.
visualize
Abstract preaching is not easy for children and they are unwilling to accept it. The younger children are, the more they rely on visualization. Children's novels need action as much as drama, and more action should be used to express the character and psychological activities of the characters. Children's poetry needs more "comparison" and "interest" to strengthen visualization. The language of children's literature works should be vivid and beautiful. Children's literature should mobilize all artistic means and shape various artistic images.
interesting
Children's knowledge and life experience are not rich, and their understanding is weak. It is not easy for them to understand those complicated arrangements, and it is also difficult for them to understand the life experiences and some thoughts and feelings of adults. They don't like or even look at things they are not interested in. Excellent children's literature works tell children a profound truth or do some useful enlightenment with interesting stories in a relaxed and happy way.
story
The storyline of children's literature requires simple structure, compact plot and vivid image. The focus of storytelling is not simply to pursue the bizarre plot, not to start from life, not to write people, but only to write things. Children's literature mainly describes people's character, psychology and thoughts. Its protagonist is not necessarily a person, but also other animals, plants and even inanimate objects. These are all personified in the works, no matter who they are.
intellectual
Children's literature works should be skillfully interspersed with some intellectual things to increase artistic charm and satisfy children's curiosity and thirst for knowledge.
How to understand the three elements of children's literature? First, the characteristics of children's literature creation
The recipients of children's literature are children, but most of its creators are adults. There are great differences between children and adults in terms of knowledge experience and aesthetic consciousness. How to adjust and integrate the distance between the two aesthetic consciousness is the biggest problem faced by children's literature creation.
The difficulty of children's literature creation determines that children's literature writers must have the necessary artistic accomplishment. Artistic accomplishment refers to the mastery and accumulation of knowledge about the regularity of children's literature creation, as well as the cultivation and exercise of artistic communication skills necessary for creators to engage in children's literature creation. Artistic accomplishment includes the following aspects:
① Aesthetic ability. Have a keen interest in things, a keen observation of life, an accurate memory of materials, and an image summary of the "characters" in the works;
2 emotions. The basic character of children's literature writers should first be to love children, and people without love can't be children's literature writers.
3 imagination. Good at creative imagination, good at conceiving images and events that do not exist in real life;
4 communication skills. The communication skills of children's literature works directly show the writer's talent, wisdom and creativity, and affect the composition of the beauty of the whole work; The skills of art communication are gradually accumulated in long-term practice.
Second, the basic requirements of children's literary creation
(1) theme. The themes of children's literature should be broad and diverse, including not only the themes reflecting children's lives (children's families, kindergartens, etc.). ), as well as subjects that reflect the life of adults (heroic deeds, inventions of adults, hard work of scientists, etc.). ), as well as imaginative exploration and detection. Secondly, the theme of children's literature must adapt to children's understanding level.
(2) theme. There are three themes in children's literature: moral theme, intellectual theme and interesting theme. The theme of children's literature should be simple, simple and vivid, but at the same time, we should prevent the writing habit of "theme first", pay attention to the perspective of performance, and strive to express what children can understand.
(3) the plot. The plot of children's literature works should conform to children's understanding level; The plot should be simple, vivid and interesting; The plot should be complete and complete, and the main plot can be repeated appropriately.
(4) structure. The basic requirements of the structure of children's literature works are clear organization, sequential narration as far as possible, and it is best to run through a clue to the end; The structural arrangement of children's literature should also pay attention to the ups and downs of stories and avoid telling them directly.
(5) image. Creating a vivid and attractive image for children is the core issue of children's literature creation.
(6) language. The particularity of children's literature language is determined by the characteristics of children's speech development, which requires two points: one is acceptability, that is, the language in the works should be suitable for children's understanding level; Secondly, advanced, that is, the language in the works is slightly beyond the children's actual understanding ability, so as to continuously improve their language level. To achieve these two requirements, we should do: the language is simple and rich, and simplicity is the basic feature of children's literature language; Language is musical and rhythmic; Language image, description, metaphor, personification and exaggeration are the main methods to enhance language image.
What are the levels of protein's structure? What are their characteristics? The first level, the number, types and sequencing of amino acids.
Secondary folding of polypeptide chain
Thirdly, the number and spatial structure of peptide chains.
What is your understanding of children's literature? This paper discusses that 350-word children's literature is created or adapted by adult authors, which meets the aesthetic needs of children, including children's stories, fairy tales, essays, children's songs, children's poems and other literary genres. Children's literature is an indispensable spiritual food for children's growth. Excellent literary works, on the one hand, can improve children's language expression ability, on the other hand, can make children feel the beauty of nature, understand society, discover themselves and develop their thinking ability. More importantly, children's literature "cultivates children's humanity" with its literary characteristics and vivid artistic charm, thus promoting children's "all-round development in body, intelligence, morality and beauty". Here, I only talk about my views on the moral education function contained in children's literature. Children's moral education mainly includes five loves (love the motherland, love the people, love labor, love science, love socialism and so on). ), revolutionary ideal and revolutionary tradition education, collectivism education, conscious discipline education, civilized manners education, etc.
Ask for adoption. Happy New Year.
How to understand the concept of children's literature? (1) Clarify the purpose of education. The artistic images in the works meet the requirements of preschool education. (2) knowledge of content. Children's literature is to introduce the world that children don't know by means of visual art. (3) The interest and attraction of art are mainly aimed at the age characteristics of children, aiming at attracting children to increase their knowledge and skills in gamification education with artistic forms and expressions that children can easily accept. Children's literature is mainly accepted through hearing and vision, not reading.
What are the stages of bacterial growth curve? What are their characteristics? According to the growth curve, the population growth and reproduction of bacteria can be divided into four stages:
1. The short adaptation period of bacteria after entering a new environment. During this period, the bacteria became larger and metabolically active, and they synthesized and accumulated enough enzymes, coenzymes and intermediate metabolites for bacteria to divide and reproduce. But division is slow and reproduction is scarce. The length of the delay period varies with the strain, the age and quantity of inoculated bacteria and the nutritional components, and is generally 1-4h.
2. Logarithmic period is also called exponential period. During this period, bacteria grew rapidly, the number of living bacteria increased with a constant geometric series, and the logarithm of the number of bacteria on the growth curve rose linearly, reaching the peak state. The morphology, dyeing and physiological activity of bacteria in this period are typical and sensitive to external environmental factors. Therefore, the bacteria in this period should be selected to study the biological characteristics of bacteria (morphological staining, biochemical reaction, drug sensitivity test, etc.). ). Logarithmic period of bacteria is generally used.
3. In the stable period, due to the consumption of nutrients and the accumulation of harmful metabolites in the culture medium, the reproduction speed of bacteria gradually decreases, the number of deaths gradually increases, and the morphology, dyeing and physiological characteristics of bacteria often change. Most of the metabolites of some bacteria, such as spores, exotoxins and antibiotics, are produced in the stable period.
4. After the stable period of decay, bacterial reproduction becomes slower and slower, and the number of deaths increases, which exceeds the number of live bacteria. During this period, the morphological changes of bacteria are obvious, and it is difficult to identify them because of their decay or autolysis. Physiological and metabolic activities also tend to stagnate. Therefore, it is difficult to identify old cultured bacteria.
Bacteria are microorganisms, and the growth of microorganisms is divided into four periods: 1 lag period: also known as adjustment period, bacteria are active in metabolism and synthesize a large number of cell components such as enzymes and ATP needed for cell division. Cells usually don't grow and multiply, and their numbers don't increase significantly. Preparing for the future is equivalent to adapting to the new environment. 2 During the growth period, bacteria have vigorous metabolism. The morphological and physiological characteristics of individuals are relatively stable. In the adjustment period and logarithmic period, there is almost no intraspecific struggle), bacteria begin to multiply rapidly, and the number of cells increases geometrically due to the division of bacteria. 3. In the stable period, the number of new cells and dead cells reached a dynamic balance, and a large number of secondary metabolites accumulated to form spores (the intraspecific struggle of bacteria in the stable period was the fiercest), and the reproductive rate gradually decreased. 4. During the recession, the number of bacteria dropped sharply, leading to abnormality.
There are four stages in the growth and reproduction of bacteria: slow stage, logarithmic stage, stable stage and declining stage.
Lag period: also called adjustment period. After the bacteria are inoculated into the culture medium, they have a short adaptation process to the new environment (those who are not adapted can die because of replanting). The curve of this period is flat and stable, because there is little bacterial reproduction. The length of lag period varies with varieties, inoculation amount, age and nutritional components, and is generally 1 ~ 4 hours. During this period, the bacteria increased in size and were active in metabolism, which reserved sufficient enzymes, energy and intermediate metabolites for the division, proliferation and synthesis of bacteria.
Logarithmic period: also known as exponential period. On the growth curve of this period, the number of viable bacteria increased linearly. Bacteria grow rapidly in a stable geometric progression, which can last for several hours to several days (depending on culture conditions and bacterial generations). The morphology, dyeing and biological activity of bacteria in this period are typical and sensitive to external environmental factors, so it is best to study the bacterial characteristics in this period. Antibiotics have the best effect on bacteria in this period.
Stable period: the total number of growing flora is in a gentle stage, but the vitality of bacterial population changes greatly. Due to unfavorable factors, such as the consumption of nutrients in the culture medium, the accumulated pH value of toxic products (organic acids, H2O2, etc.) decreases. ), the rate of bacterial reproduction gradually decreased, and the relative number of bacterial deaths began to increase gradually. At this stage, the number of bacterial proliferation and death is gradually balanced. It can change the morphology, dyeing and biological activity of bacteria and produce corresponding metabolites such as exotoxin, endotoxin, antibiotics and spores.
Decline period: With the development of stable period, bacterial reproduction becomes slower and slower, and the number of dead bacteria increases obviously. The number of living bacteria is inversely proportional to the culture time. During this period, bacteria become longer, swell or rot abnormally, and even autolyse, so it is difficult to identify their shapes. Physiological and metabolic activities tend to stagnate. Therefore, it is difficult to identify bacteria on old cultures.
Copy a children's literature and then take it as an example to talk about the characteristics of children's literature. The main features of children's literature are:
(1) Clarify the purpose of education. The artistic images in the works meet the requirements of preschool education.
(2) knowledge of content. Children's literature is to introduce the world that children don't know by means of visual art.
(3) The interest and attraction of art are mainly aimed at the age characteristics of children, aiming at attracting children to increase their knowledge and skills in gamification education with artistic forms and expressions that children can easily accept.
The story "Golden House" combines these three points. The story is cleverly interspersed with things that children are interested in. Teachers can ask a few questions appropriately to draw out the truth in the story, so that children can be inspired unconsciously.