(1) reflects the different relationships between things.
Metaphor is a metaphor for B, and there are similarities between them, which is a similar relationship; For example, a and b are almost the same, and they are integrated into one, which is a blending relationship.
In an instant, Chang 'an Avenue turned into a noisy ocean.
[Example 2] Frogs sing love songs, adding a beautiful scenery to the lotus pond.
Example 1 Compare the "noisy sea" to the bustling "East-West Chang 'an Avenue", and there are similarities: Example 2 describes the frog as a singer, and the two are integrated. So example 1 is a metaphor, and example 2 is a comparison.
(2) Different structural expressions.
The ontology and vehicle of metaphor are subject to each other, the ontology may or may not appear, and the vehicle must appear; Analogy ontology and "quasi-body" become unified, ontology will inevitably appear, and "quasi-body" will not appear.
The morning light, like a turquoise water, flows at the end of the night.
[Example 4] The morning light flows at the end of Yuanye.
In Example 3, the vehicle "a piece of emerald water" and the figurative word "image" appeared, while in Example 4, only the ontology "dawn" and the figurative word "flow" appeared. So example 3 is a metaphor and example 4 is a comparison.
(3) The effect of expression is different.
Metaphor focuses on explaining abstruse and abstract things with shallow images; Metaphor focuses on describing the behavior of people or things through simulation. Examples 3 and 4 can achieve their respective expression effects.
2. Analysis of metonymy and metonymy
(1) Similarity: Everything is replaced by one thing, and the ontology of things does not appear.
[Example 1] Night, dead silence! But the dawn is irresistible after all.
He picked up the teacup and took a sip of Longjing with relish.
Example 1 is a metaphor, and only the metaphor of "night" appears. Example 2 is metonymy, and only metonymy "Longjing" appears.
(2) Difference
The function of metonymy is "metaphor", although it also has a substitution function, but there is always a generation in metaphor; The function of metonymy is to "call it generation", that is, to directly call the borrowing body ontology, which is self-evident.
(2) The basis of metonymy is the similarity of things, that is, the vehicle and the ontology are required to be similar in some aspects; Metonymy is based on the relevance of things, that is, it requires a certain relationship between borrowing and ontology.
③ Metonymy can become simile or metaphor, but metonymy cannot.
[Example 3] Sweep all pests and be invincible.
[Example 4] Lei Feng said, "Sister-in-law, don't ask. My name is People's Liberation Army and I live in China. "
Example 3 is a metaphor, and "pest" is a metaphor. This sentence can be changed into a simile: sweep away all enemies like pests. Example 4 is metonymy, and "a soldier in the People's Liberation Army" is used instead of "a soldier in the People's Liberation Army", which has been borrowed from previous dynasties.
3. Discrimination of binary opposition
(1) duality is mainly from the structural form, and its basic feature is "symmetry", which requires the structure to be commensurate and the number of words to be equal; In a sense, the basic feature of contrast is "opposition", which requires opposite or relative meanings, regardless of structural form.
[Example 1] The equatorial bow can shoot tigers, while the coconut grove dagger dares to kill dragons.
[Example 2] Someone rode on the people's heads: "Oh, how great I am!" Some people bend down to be cows and horses for the people.
The structure of example 1 is symmetrical, the number of words is equal, and it is dual. Example 2 has the opposite meaning and asymmetric structural form, which is a contrast.
(2) The "opposition" in duality is a formal opposition and a contrast in meaning, which is a double phenomenon in rhetoric.
Looking at a thousand fingers coldly, I bowed my head to be a willing cow.
The enemy is afraid that you are as quiet as a sword, and the people trust you as steady as a rock.
4. Discrimination between parallelism and duality
(1) parallelism is three or more linguistic units, and duality is two linguistic units. Parallelism requires similar structure, not strict words, and symmetry.
But look there-trees and flowers everywhere, a street full of lights and wind everywhere. ...
After the dash in the above example, there is a coordinate structure. If it is changed to "full of flowers, a street full of lights" or "a street full of lights, the wind everywhere", it will become dual.
(2) parallelism often uses the same word as a mutual reference, which makes parallelism interrelated and gives people a sense of compactness and density; The upper and lower conjunctions in typical antithetical sentences are not reduplicated words.
It has become an irresistible historical trend that the country wants independence, the nation wants liberation and the people want revolution.
[Example 3] Wuling makes waves, and Wumeng takes mud pills.
Example 2 is parallelism and "Yao" is a reminder; Example 3 is dual, which belongs to a typical antithetical sentence without overlapping.
(3) Duality requires a certain level of parallelism, but parallelism does not.
5. Discrimination between rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions
(1) rhetorical questions clearly indicate what is affirmative or negative, and rhetorical questions do not indicate what is affirmative or negative.
(2) The rhetorical question is mainly used to strengthen the mood, and a question mark or exclamation mark can be used at the end of the sentence; The main function of asking questions is to ask questions, attract attention and inspire thinking. You can only use a question mark at the end of the sentence.
[Example 1] Blue waves rippled in the pool, and Yingying danced. Who can say it is not beautiful? Who is the cutest person? Our soldiers, I think they are the cutest people.
Example 1 is a rhetorical question, which can definitely affirm the meaning of "beauty". At the end of a sentence, you can use a question mark or an exclamation point. Example 2 is a rhetorical question. The meaning of the question itself is not clear, and only a question mark can be used at the end of the sentence.