Before learning to write poetry, we must master the basic laws of poetry. From the poems written by the ancients mentioned above, we should learn three laws:
First of all, we must master the leveling of Chinese characters. Whether writing poems or words, you should know whether every word you use belongs to a flat voice or a flat voice. Especially the entering tone, which should be silent, is easily regarded as a flat tone, so we must work hard to learn and master it. In order to facilitate your study and reference, we have specially compiled a Chinese Character Table for Entering Tones, which is attached to the text. The Chinese characters listed in this table are selected according to the Qin-Zhao language family, and basically do not include the Rusheng words used by the wuyue language family, so the number of Rusheng words is not so broad and easy to master. If combined with the widespread use of modern Putonghua, this list is conservative, but practical, which may give poetry writing some new development space. This tone table can help you absorb and eliminate two functions: it can not only help you find, absorb and use the entering tone rhyme, but also help you eliminate the possibility of misusing the entering tone words in the horizontal tone.
Second, master the rules of tone sandhi between flat tones. As far as quatrains and metrical poems are concerned, one has the law of "regardless of odd numbers", but there is another law as a supplement, that is, "it is better to exchange flat for flat, not flat for flat", which can be found in the general formula of poetic style and coordinated with "avoiding flat sentences and preventing non-flat sentences" as far as possible. As far as writing ci is concerned, it is different from poetry except that the law of "regardless of odd numbers" is basically the same as that of poetry. As can be seen from the above general formula, in some aphorisms, even if the word "()" is even, it is a "flat" sound, which requires beginners' special attention.
Third, how to start writing? I think you need to memorize the general formula, but you don't have to memorize it all before you start writing. You can adopt the method of "learning and writing" step by step. To write a poem, you can start with a quatrain, write five words first and then seven words; Write quatrains before rhyme, because there are two couplets in rhyme that are difficult to write. After writing the poem, begin to write the words by hand. Whether it is a poem or a word, its general formula can be memorized. You can learn one song at a time, recite one song at a time, or even copy down the leveling formula in front of you and write it accordingly. In fact, for writing poetry, as long as the first sentence is written, the second sentence and the third sentence ... can be naturally deduced according to the relationship between relativity and adhesion. Words are difficult to remember and write. Although the length of sentence patterns varies freely, the number of words and meter of each sentence are fixed, which makes the requirements higher. If you are familiar with poetry, it will be easier to write words once you master the flat and even rules of old-style poetry. For example, if you want to write a poem "Dead Hua Lian", you can just recite the general formula of "Dead Hua Lian" or copy it in front. After writing, analyze and modify the flat melody to make it conform to the general formula. Learn to write one song at a time, and you can make steady progress. I believe that in a few years, you will become a skilled poet.
Fourth, write rhymes. Beginners can do it according to the pinyin of modern Mandarin when arranging rhymes, which will never violate the ancient rhyme, but will be more catchy and readable. Of course, we should learn the Chinese Character List of Entering Tones. You will soon master these rules. If you can use Rusheng more freely and learn the usage of ancient rhyme, you will have a more spacious and bright way to write poems, especially lyrics.
Rhyme is very strict in the use of words, and the strict "rhyme" is also called "Ye Yun"; For the plates that are used to and restricted in the use of entering tone rhymes, the rhymes must use entering tone characters. Most of the great men's poems are very rigorous, but there is a poem "Man Jiang Hong?" ? And comrade Guo Moruo, there are "how many things are never urgent;" The word "forced" in the sentence "Heaven and earth are turning, and time waits for no one" seems to be a mistake in the word "forced". Because only the word "forced" can match the rhyme of the word "urgent". Of course, the ancients and celebrities sometimes prefer to kill "sound" into "benevolence" rather than sacrifice "righteousness" for "sound". For beginners, it is better to follow the rules of poetry, and don't easily break away from the rules and go their own way.
Fifth, about the writing format. The author also puts forward his own views on the writing format of old-style words. At present, almost all publications print Tang poetry in clauses, so that readers can see it clearly. This is very beneficial for those who are willing to learn old-style poetry. However, it is rare for Song Ci to be printed in the form of one sentence and one line, and almost all literary printed materials are still printed in the form of prose used by the ancients, which makes ... & gt
Question 2: How to write poems for primary school students? Children themselves are talented poets, because your imagination is rich and strange, which is the quality that poets need. The language of poetry is mostly visual language, such as "the season has taken a nap, the mountain flower has finished its life" and "the head is green in spring". Poetry, like other literary themes, can start with imitation. The ancients said: literature begins with Hu, and poetry begins with shit. The more you imitate, the better your child's poems will be. Here are some methods that suit you:
The first lecture
One of the ways of thinking in children's poetry
Causality method
Children's poetry, including adult creation and children's creation, has popularity, perceptual aura, simple childlike innocence and natural freshness, which embodies childlike innocence, childlike interest and childlike innocence. Some people say that poetry comes from inspiration, and so does writing children's poems. So where did the inspiration come from? Mastering the thinking method of children's poetry can promote the germination of inspiration. Next, I will talk about the improvement of children's poetry inspiration from the way of thinking.
Finding a reason to give an object a reason is realistic, and the reason is illusory and inaccurate, but in children's poems, it is full of aura and childlike interest, innocent and lovely, with a "silly feeling" and a strange and unfamiliar feeling about your "reason".
Such as "Ocean":
The sun is like a giant media cake.
In the melting pot of the mountains,
Baked all night,
The next morning,
I burned my face red.
The red sun in the morning is a fruit, a fact, and why clams are red is a cause. The "cause" that the little author is looking for is a big coal cake, which is baked red in the stove in the mountains. How naive and illusory imagination is. But one thing, both sides are "red", and red connects them. Of course, the red color of the sun can also be associated with other reds, from which many children's poems can be written.
Another example is the thinking star:
At night,
In the dark sky,
The stars twinkle.
This is because,
Mother Moon raised a question.
Ask the star to answer,
The stars are blinking and thinking.
You see, when the stars blink, cause and effect are cause and effect. Why are you blinking? The little author immediately thought that children who can think will blink and blink. The twinkling of the stars is not thinking at all, it shows the childishness and naivety, endows the stars with human aura and makes them alive.
Another example is peach blossom:
Peach blossom likes beautiful girls,
It doesn't like sleeping in Sister Chun's arms.
Get up quietly,
Stealing Chunjie's rouge,
Wipe your face desperately.
Sister chun woke up,
Found that the fat of cigarettes was gone,
Looking forward to coming to earth,
Let everything wake up quickly.
Look, is this the reason why the peach blossom is red? Not at all, but the little author made up a story to tell the reason. How interesting!
Here, when you are looking for the reason, you should first look for the discovery point of connection from the "fruit" itself, and then make up a short story when you are in contact, and write it in a branching way, which becomes a children's poem. Look, is it easy?
But there are two points worth noting: first, in causal connection, sometimes only one percent of the connection is enough, and 99 percent of the connection is far-fetched. If the connection is too real, it will lose childlike interest; Second, the causal link must jump out of the ordinary people's thinking to have a taste. For example, everyone will think of the connection between the rainbow and the bridge, which does not give readers a sense of freshness and does not show the childishness, innocence and aura of children.
The second speech
Thinking method of children's poetry
the association method
Association is to think of one thing from another, and then think of it from another, and expand and imagine it layer by layer.
Such as "Grandpa's Hand":
Grandpa's hands are covered with cocoons,
It seems that,
Like a "hillside";
Seeing this slope,
I remember-
How many harvest songs have been sung on the slope?
You see, at the first level, we think of "hillside" from "cocoon", which is a similar association. The hillside in nature is higher than the flat land, and the calluses in the palm are slightly raised, like the flat land. Of course, "hillside" can also think of greening and other things, because to be related to calluses, you must choose "bumper harvest", so the related association of the second layer is still related to the original (cocoon) of the first layer. Otherwise, there are many associations, which can't be penetrated and can't focus on the theme. This poem shows that labor creates gains.
Another example is Grandpa Shan's beard.
White clouds,
Near the mountainside,
Floating like grandpa shan's beard
Grandpa shan,
Touch it,
Hum, snore, sleep.
The first layer of this poem is similar to association. White clouds are floating around on the mountainside, much like Grandpa Shan's Hu Shun. The second level is still association. Grandpa Shan smoothed his beard and went to sleep. What a serene old man, vivid and lifelike.
Another example is "The Sorrow of Autumn Rain":
Like cow hair, like thin thread,
Autumn rain,
Aunt Qiu, why have you been crying for so long?
My heart is cold and my heart is broken.
The leaves are falling,
I'm worried ... >>
Question 3: How to write the Four Wonders? Familiar with the rhythm first, Du Fu's ancient poems read more neatly.
The following is my superficial understanding of how to write a good poem.
First, cultivate interest and increase hobbies.
Our Chinese nation has a splendid culture for thousands of years, and poetry occupies a very important position in the cultural history of China. From the Book of Songs to contemporary poetry, predecessors have accumulated very rich works, which are the pride of our nation and the spiritual wealth of all mankind. Our motherland is the kingdom and ocean of poetry.
To eulogize the great times and praise the great rivers and mountains of the motherland.
Second, learn to appreciate and lay a solid foundation.
Writing poetry is as difficult as appreciating it. Appreciating poetry is the first threshold for writing a good poem. Appreciating and creating poems can entrust and exchange emotions, enrich spiritual life and promote the construction of spiritual civilization.
Appreciating classical poetry is an artistic enjoyment as well as a cultural accomplishment. How to appreciate a work? First, repeat and chew slowly.
Fourth, observe diligently and accumulate materials.
When we write a poem or a work, what material should we choose, whether it is to write things or scenery, or to write people and things. Must be carefully conceived and observed by the author. For example, "Xiao He just showed his sharp corner, and the dragonfly had already stood on his head". Judging from these two poems, the author observed Xiao He, who just came out of the water, very carefully, which completely conformed to the objective laws of things and became a famous sentence through the ages. Another example is "the Pearl River snows three feet, and the bright moon shines cold". On the surface, these two poems are quite poetic, but if you think about it carefully, it is wrong. The Pearl River is in Guangdong, south of China. Where did the snow come from? This is the negligence of the author. Seriously divorced from reality, just like our star-studded drama was taken off the shelf, and the result was nothing, making a joke. In 2000, I gave a concise answer to two quatrains written in a magazine's "Poetry Expert" column. First, "I wanted to be poetic, and I lingered for a long time before I found the draft." It is difficult to send flowers behind closed doors, but the punch line comes from practice. "The second is" reading poetry books is locked, and it usually accumulates less. "Careful observation of true feelings has its own ingenious foundation."
Fifth, strive to change and improve.
How to improve the quality of poetry, the ancients said: "Good poetry changes a hundred times". As the saying goes, "A good boy coaxes him out, and a good poem changes", which shows that changing poems is particularly important to the quality of poems. Every piece of work must be scrutinized repeatedly before asking others to improve it. Don't be afraid of others pointing out shortcomings, afraid of ugliness. In this regard, I have had a profound experience. I remember in the 1990s, I wrote a song "Four Wonders". Early summer ""Apricots are unloaded and Julia puts on lotus roots, and the west wind is thin and willow nightingale. Peach blossoms and flowing water go with the spring, listening to the sound of new cicadas reporting summer. " After writing it, I felt good about myself, and then I showed it to a man named Ye Jing Shi Yu. After a long silence, I was very anxious. I asked her how she was, and she shook her head and said, "The sentence is beautiful and poetic. Generally speaking, I am a failure." Then it points out the fatal flaw of this poem, because the red apricot blooms in February, the apricot is unloaded, and the lotus root leaves have not yet grown, which is seriously divorced from real life. It should be changed to Li Xie residual lotus root and Julia. This change will be objective and the whole poem will come alive. What a word teacher! I will never forget it!
Then there is the question of improving deliberation. Poetry is a language art, and profound thoughts, rich feelings and novel ideas need to be expressed in beautiful, concise, vivid and vivid language. Therefore, the author must ponder over words and sentences again and again. Jia Dao's "thoughtful" story was passed down as a much-told story. It is worth learning. Du Fu once said: "Words are not surprising and never stop." Su Shi said that "poetry is clumsy", and Lu Yanrang said that "a word is sung correctly, and several stems must be broken". It can be seen how much the ancients paid attention to the scrutiny of each word, that is, "refining words." If the words are well refined, the words are vivid and the realm is exhausted, the poem will live.
Sixth, bring out the best in each other, and the work is outside the poem.
First of all, we should enrich our life and learn to be a man. When people reach middle age, the era of hard work is basically over, and they have more spare time. Some people spend their time playing cards and drinking, fooling around all day and being at a loss. I advise these comrades to write some poems as a kind of adjustment and enjoyment, a kind of rest and relief, and treat all kinds of problems encountered in family and society with a calm mind.
Secondly, through poetry creation, we can adjust our mood and cultivate ourselves. When writing a satisfactory poem, it often makes people feel relaxed and excited and immersed in the feeling of beauty for a long time. Hippocrates, the father of medicine, once said that "people's emotions are the good doctors of their own diseases". In the process of writing poetry, it is undoubtedly a kind of spiritual enjoyment for us to concentrate, concentrate and forget our troubles and troubles. A friend of mine in Nanchang made an intriguing remark, saying that every poem he wrote recorded a story, and every time he read it, he felt at that time ... >>
Question 4: How to write a poem well? China is a country of poetry, most people love reading poetry, and many people love writing poetry, which is unique in the world. For so many years, I have been reading and writing poems, but I don't understand what poetry is. An old professor said that there are only 1000 poems in the whole Tang poetry. I agree. What are China's poems? Write in Chinese, find out what is unique and ordinary with a unique aesthetic view, and express it in a unique way and technique. That's not enough. "It is not necessarily a poem that looks like a poem in form, and it is not necessarily a real poet who can write such a poem." -Zhou's poems have readers. Even if no second person reads this poem, at least the author is its reader, right? In fact, in the process of writing poetry, the author has been reading works in the bud. Poetry has readers, so if it can't touch the hearts of readers, it is not worthy of being called poetry. Is it enough to divide a sentence into several paragraphs to increase the sense of rhythm? Of course not. One of the characteristics of poetry is that it will never go out of date. You can recite those famous articles again and again. As the number of reciting increases, you will find that you are not tired; On the contrary, the interest is getting stronger and stronger. What about other literary works? Even "Moonlight on the Lotus Pond", I'm afraid I'll be tired of reciting more than a dozen words in a row; But this will not happen in Bai Juyi's Pipa Travel or Song of Eternal Sorrow. Poetry is not boring, or boring does not deserve to be called poetry. Most general articles only describe the author's feelings and thoughts, regardless of the reader's factors; Cruel: they are selfish. Poetry is different. Zi said in Sichuan: "The deceased is like a husband, not giving up day and night." This is describing the passage of time; The same theme and sentence written by a poet in the Song Dynasty became "Nai is young as water, and it is endless." The difference lies in the word "sound". Obviously, time is like running water. What does it have to do with sound? The poet saw running water, thought of time, and heard the sound of water at the same time. Using running water alone, of course, can also express clear meaning; The use of underwater sound gives readers a real inner feeling, even if the reader is only the poet himself. Poets pay attention to readers' hearts and the world, so their poems always touch readers' heartstrings. Zhou said that poets are considerate and don't say much. Hit the nail on the head. Why does poetry have meter? In order for readers to read fluently. Similarly, rhyming and leveling are also for this purpose. The characteristics of poetry are all created for readers. Poets don't ignore readers' acceptance or not, just express themselves. No, that's not a poet. Poets care about readers and use limited language and skills to break through the limitations of language and communicate with readers. They know the reader's heart and know how to create works that can arouse the reader's * * * voice, and it is an eternal * * * voice. This is considerate. Deliberation is also the basic element of a poet. "Chang 'e should regret stealing the elixir, the sky is blue and the night is bright. "When the poet saw the moon, he thought, is the legendary Chang 'e always lonely? Will she regret stealing the elixir? This is the poet. How many young people, in order to write poems, try to be sad, but what they write is only empty and pale language. Only when they really understand, learn to care and learn to be considerate can they show their true feelings. Out of true feelings, there are poems. Teenagers don't know the taste of sorrow, fall in love with the floor, fall in love with the floor, and talk about sorrow for giving new words. Now I know what it's like to be sad. I want to say that I still have a rest, but I want to say that I have a good autumn.