1, politics
China's early national political system began to appear in the Xia Dynasty. The main contents of the early political system in ancient China were hereditary system of the throne, enfeoffment system and patriarchal clan system (the core of patriarchal clan system was the eldest son inheritance system).
2. Economy
(1) Agriculture: The use of wooden farm tools was still very common in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties; During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, iron farm tools and Niu Geng were widely used in production.
(2) Handicraft: Handicraft represented by bronze casting in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties was monopolized by the government. During the Shang dynasty, people were able to burn primitive porcelain and weave all kinds of silk fabrics with looms. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, ironware appeared; During the Spring and Autumn Period, private handicrafts appeared.
(3) Commerce: In Shang Dynasty, commerce developed greatly, and shellfish became a kind of physical currency; During the Western Zhou Dynasty, markets appeared in big cities. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, metal coins were used.
3. Culture
China's first poetry collection, The Book of Songs, appeared at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, which laid the foundation for the realism of China's classical literature. During the Warring States Period, Qu Yuan created a new genre of Chu Ci on the basis of southern folk songs. Hundreds of essays in this period are valuable.
Second, the Qin and Han Dynasties
1, politics
The Qin dynasty established centralization with the emperor system as the core, and implemented the "county system" in local areas; In the Western Han Dynasty, in order to strengthen the autocratic monarchy, the "internal dynasty system" was implemented, and the emperor's cronies served as ministers and participated in the military to weaken the relative power.
2. Economy
(1) Agriculture: The farming method of "Niu Geng with iron plough" continued to develop, and the sowing tool-plough was invented in the Western Han Dynasty.
(2) Handicraft industry: In smelting and casting industry, the technology of blast furnace ironmaking and steel frying was invented in Han Dynasty; In the porcelain industry, mature celadon was fired in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the textile industry, the silk weaving industry in the Western Han Dynasty was developed, in addition to hemp weaving technology.
(3) Commerce: Most of the commerce in Qin and Han Dynasties was concentrated in cities, and most of the traded goods were enjoyed by nobles and bureaucrats. Due to the government's policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining business", business development is more difficult.
3. Culture
In the Han Dynasty, Chu Ci prevailed, and writers created a comprehensive Han Fu with half poetry and half literature.
Third, the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
1, politics
He has made many achievements in laws and regulations, such as the system of three provinces and six departments, the imperial examination system, and the two tax laws, which have a far-reaching impact on future generations. The imperial examination system sprouted in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and really took shape in the Tang Dynasty.
2. Economy
(1) Agriculture: During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, "Qu Yuan Plow" appeared in Jiangdong area, which can adapt to the farming requirements of various soils and different fields; In the Tang Dynasty, a kind of "pipe truck" was used for irrigation.
(2) Handicraft industry: In terms of porcelain making, the Tang Dynasty formed two porcelain making systems, namely, "southern blue and northern white"; In the silk weaving industry, the silk weaving technology in the Tang Dynasty was "light and refined", which absorbed the Persian weaving method and pattern style.
(3) Commerce: During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the rural fair trade developed, and cabinets and flying money serving commerce came out one after another.
3. Culture
Tang poetry is the greatest achievement in literature. Chen Ziang in the early Tang Dynasty, Li Bai and Du Fu in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen in the middle Tang Dynasty, and Li Shangyin and Du Mu in the late Tang Dynasty are outstanding representatives. The ancient prose movement advocated by Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan had a great influence on later generations.
Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy, Yan, Wu Daozi, Wang Wei's paintings, music and dances such as "Dancing in Dress and Feather", and numerous grotto arts are all passed down to later generations. In terms of science and technology, printing and gunpowder, two of China's four great inventions, appeared in this period.
Fourth, the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
1, politics
At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, in order to avoid repeating the tragedy of the late Tang Dynasty in which the vassal regions were divided and eunuchs frequently intervened, Zhao Kuangyin returned the general's power to the central government, adopted the national policy of worshipping and restraining the military, and implemented the general command system.
2. Economy
(1) Agriculture: After the Song Dynasty, the economic focus of China gradually shifted to Jiangsu and Zhejiang; In the Song Dynasty, there were also high-speed transfer vehicles using hydraulic power as irrigation tools.
(2) Handicraft industry: In terms of porcelain making, five famous kilns appeared in Song Dynasty: Ru kiln, Guan kiln, Ge kiln, Jun kiln and Ding kiln; There are many kinds of silk fabrics in Song Dynasty, and the brocade absorbs the realistic style of flower-and-bird painting, with lively patterns.
(3) Commerce: The Song Dynasty broke the boundary between "city" and "square" in the city, and trade activities were no longer directly supervised by official clothes; The foreign trade in Song Dynasty was also very developed. In the Song Dynasty, the "cross" of paper money appeared.
3. Culture
The unprecedented revival of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, under the influence of Buddhism and Taoism, produced a new Confucian thought-Neo-Confucianism. Including "Five Scholars of Northern Song Dynasty", Zhu and Lu Jiuyuan. Zhu, a master of Neo-Confucianism, believes that "reason" and "qi" coexist and are inseparable, but there are differences in order. Reason is the source of all things.
After the development of Cheng and Zhu, Neo-Confucianism developed into a complete philosophical system and became the official philosophy at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty. Later, Lu Jiuyuan thought that "the universe is my heart, and the heart is the universe" and "the heart is reason".
Verb (abbreviation of verb) in Ming and Qing Dynasties
1, politics
In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the prime minister system and set up a "Diange University" as a squire consultant; During Judy's reign, "Cabinet" began to appear; In order to strengthen the imperial power, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty set up a "southern study room" in his palace. Yong Zhengdi established "Military Department" to strengthen imperial power.
2. Economy
(1) Agriculture: cotton promotion, introduction of high-quality agricultural products, commercialization of agricultural products, and formation of specialized production areas.
(2) Handicraft industry: tool innovation (the emergence of yarn and silk machines), technical improvement (two-color printing technology), fine division of labor, huge scale, and budding capitalism.
(3) Commerce: With the expansion of the domestic market, the diversification of agricultural products and the development of international long-distance trafficking trade, towns famous for industry and commerce have appeared in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.
3. Culture
During this period, novels entered a stage of vigorous development. Represented by the "four classic novels".
Baidu encyclopedia-pre-Qin dynasty
Baidu encyclopedia-Qin and Han dynasties
Baidu Encyclopedia-Sui and Tang Dynasties
Baidu Encyclopedia-Song Yuan
Baidu Encyclopedia-Ming and Qing Dynasties