Therefore, research friends can pay due attention to some relevant theoretical knowledge and analyze some relevant real questions. Only by making full preparations can they get high marks!
1. What is an opera?
Opera is a comprehensive art that integrates music (vocal music and instrumental music), drama (script and performance), literature (poetry), dance (folk dance and ballet) and stage art. It usually consists of aria, recitation, duet, chorus, overture, interlude and dance scene. Sometimes used to speak plain English and recite.
2. What is the transmission of music in opera? Vocal music and instrumental music.
Instrumental part: Usually, there is a prelude or prelude to the opening of the whole drama, and there is also a prelude to dedication (including vocal music) in early operas. In each scene, instrumental music is not only the accompaniment of singing, but also plays a connecting role. Scenes are often interspersed, or each scene has its own prelude.
Overture: A piece of music played by the band before the official opening of the whole opera is called overture. Some connect the main musical themes in the opera together, so that the audience can feel the main content of the opera in advance; Some are relatively complete instrumental music with the theme of opera, which indicates the development and ending of the plot; Some overtures play the role of depicting the environment and rendering the atmosphere, and are directly connected with the first act of the opera.
Intermittent: An interruption or interlude in an opera. It plays a role in connecting, transitioning, buffering and aggravating the development of the plot.
The role of the band: singing contrast, formal intention, psychological description, environmental description, action contrast, details embellishment.
3. Opera types:
Theme styles include opera, comic opera, grand opera, operetta, operetta, musical comedy, chamber opera, musical and so on.
(1) Orthodoxy: Serious operas with lofty themes often adopt the story of heroic pastoral in mythology. Generally, there are six or seven roles, three of which are soprano, tenor and baritone, and sometimes a second soprano is added. There are often three acts. Music is basically composed of recitations and arias alternately. Arias are solemn and exquisite, with few choruses and no ballet. The duet is mainly duet, each role has a aria, and the important roles are sung by eunuchs. The use of three-step aria makes the story stagnant and the music dull.
Representative works: Mozart's Idomenius and Tito's Kindness.
(2) lyric opera:
Lyric opera was formed in France in the second half of the19th century. This is an opera form between grand opera and operetta. Its length is longer than ordinary opera, but it is not as flashy as grand opera, but it makes people feel more cordial because it is based on reality, close to life and expresses true feelings. This kind of opera evolved from romantic comedy opera, which is relaxed and pleasant, and attaches importance to the detailed description of the characters' psychology and emotions. It is not as heavy and exaggerated as grand opera, but it often arranges necessary dance scenes in the form of grand opera. The content mostly adopts the plot of love in literary masterpieces. Music is some common songs, dances and marches, paying attention to the appeal of lyrical melody, and using spoken language instead of recitation.
Representative works: Cournot's Faust and Romeo and Juliet; Masnier's Mistresses Manon and Tess; Thomas's "Fan Niang"; Samson and Darila by San Sang, etc.
(3) Happy opera: also known as "harmonious opera", is the antonym of opera. Prevalent in the eighteenth century. The theme is taken from daily life, and the music style is light and humorous. It includes some common features: expressing familiar life scenes and characters, with comedy factors, often ending in reunion or victory, light music, using national languages and so on. Xi opera is mainly popular in France, Italy, Germany and other major European countries. It also brought bass to the opera stage.
Pei Gleich's "housekeeper and maid" (also known as "maid's wife")
(4) operetta: it has the widest meaning, generally referring to operetta, comic opera, funny opera, etc. Traditionally, works with pop songs, relaxed themes and lyrical content are often confused with operetta. Traditional Chinese opera originated from cross talk and traditional Chinese opera, so dialogue can be used freely. The theme of the script is popular and relaxed, and the content is mostly lyrical. The structure is usually short, mostly in the form of one-act drama. In addition to solo, duet and chorus, there is plain English in the play. The melody is smooth and beautiful, and the orchestration is bright in color, which is in sharp contrast with the rigorous style of opera.
Offenbach's Oflo in Hell, Beautiful Helen and The Story of Hoffman.
(5) Grand Opera: It was a serious opera popular in France in the first half of the19th century, compared with the comic opera at that time. Generally, it is a large-scale opera with four or five acts, which embodies historical content and pursues luxurious stage effect. The play is interspersed with gorgeous ballet scenes, using grand scenes such as chorus and big band, without recitation. Its characteristics are: serious theme, large scale, gorgeous scenery, needless to say, ballet, all recitals are accompanied by bands, emphasizing the use of chorus, often divided into five acts. The hero is played by a powerful tenor and the heroine is played by a delicate soprano.
The most important masterpieces are Meyer's Protestants and African Girls.
(6) Traditional operas: ①17th and18th centuries, generally referring to all kinds of small operas, such as burlesque, singing opera and folk opera. ②/kloc-in the second half of the 9th century, it refers to a small opera with dialogue, singing and dancing. European countries' operas have their own characteristics. In France, similar to French interesting opera, it is often a one-act play. In Germany and Austria, Viennese operetta has formed a genre, and its music emphasizes dance features (especially waltz), such as J. Strauss's Bat and F. Lehar's The Happy Widow. In Britain, it is close to British comic operas, such as Sullivan's The Emperor of Japan. American operetta appeared at the end of 19, with jazz styles, such as Naughty marietta by V Herbert and Rose Mary by R Friem. After World War I, the United States often equated operetta with musical comedy, which was difficult to distinguish.
4. Opera singing
Sound classification
The roles played by singers are classified according to their different skills, flexibility, strength and timbre.
Male singers: bass, baritone, tenor, falsetto tenor.
Female singers: contralto, soprano, soprano.
Soprano can also be subdivided into coloratura soprano and lyric soprano. Basically, the range of male voices is lower than that of all female voices, but some falsetto tenors can sing to the range of alto. The falsetto tenor singing is more common in the roles sung by eunuchs written in ancient times.
After classification by range, some adjectives about singing are often added, such as soprano: lyric soprano, dramatic soprano, solemn soprano, coloratura soprano and light soprano; Tenor: lyric tenor, dramatic tenor, coloratura tenor; Baritone: lyric baritone, dramatic baritone, dazzling baritone; Bass: singing bass, drama bass, deep bass, clown bass.
vocal music
The vocal part includes solo, duet and chorus.
Vocal music styles include aria, aria, recitation, duet and chorus.
aria
Aria is the main aria for the protagonist to express his feelings in opera. Their music is very beautiful and the structure is relatively complete, which can show the singer's vocal skills. Appear in the form of solo, appear in the key part of the plot development, express a specific situation, temporarily stop the plot development, pay attention to both beautiful melody and exquisiteness. Aria is highly skillful and expressive. Almost all the famous opera works, the arias of the protagonists are well-known masterpieces. For example, the aria "A Sunny Day" in Madame Butterfly, "Why is My Heart So Excited" in La Traviata, and Lin Xiawei's aria "There is a Voice in My Heart" and so on.
Reciting
Also called reciting. Appearing in the form of solo in opera, it is a kind of singing tune based on language tone, which is used to replace the singing of dialogue, with free rhythm and simple accompaniment. Often used before an aria, as an introduction, or as an antithesis to an aria. Used for dialogue, the melody has no fixed structural format, and the opera plot continues and develops as a narrative before the aria and a transition between two arias.
An ensemble of two or more singers.
Duet is the simultaneous singing of several different characters according to their specific emotions and dramatic plots, which often appears in narrative or strongly contradictory situations. When two people sing at the same time, it is called a duet. Sometimes they hold both positive and negative roles and are organized in one work. It could be a trio, a quartet, a quintet. Rossini's The Barber of Seville has a sextet, and Mozart's The Wedding of Figaro even has a sextet, with more than a dozen people singing together. Another form is the chorus of mass scenes, which can be male voice, female voice, mixed voice or children's voice according to the requirements of the plot.
5. Musicals
Also known as musical, it is a dramatic performance that integrates music, songs, dance and dialogue. Humor, satire, sentimentality, love and anger in the play, as well as the plot itself, are conveyed to the audience through the actors' language, music, movements and fixed deduction. Musical, music, singing and dancing are equal to a furnace, full of humor and comedy. Its music is easy to understand, so it is very popular with the public.
Musical drama is a new comprehensive stage art that appeared in the 20th century. It integrates music (soul), dance (an important means of expression) and drama (foundation), widely adopts high-tech beauty dance technology, and constantly pursues the perfect combination of visual effect and auditory effect.
The difference from opera: Musicals often use some different types of pop music and musical instruments; Dialogue without music accompaniment can be allowed in musicals; Musicals have no tradition of opera, for example, there is no distinction between recitation and aria, and the singing method is not necessarily bel canto. Opera is limited by the complete form, and musicals are much more free. Various kinds of music express plot conflicts and emphasize the compactness of rhythm. The aria in opera is difficult to imitate, while the melody flow of songs in musicals is easy to catchy, and the range is more suitable for ordinary people to sing and close to the real voice. The actor's performance emphasizes the shaping of the role, and the actor sings and sings. Narrator singing is also a major feature of musicals.
Musicals generally have more dance elements than operas, and early musicals were even song and dance performances without scripts. In contrast, drama and dance elements in musicals are more important.
Musicals emphasize the coherence of the plot. The atmosphere of the opera stage tends to be dignified and the plot unfolds slowly. The first element of a musical is its dramatic element, and the fundamental requirement is to have a good story. It is very different from opera, which emphasizes music rather than drama.
6. Types of opera:
Baroque opera, classical opera, romantic opera, nationalist opera, realistic opera, impressionist opera, expressionist opera.
(The article comes from the Internet)
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