On the influence of chivalrous thought on Li Bai's poems
Yanping
Chivalry is the same expression of many poets in the Tang Dynasty, but Li Bai is even more so. Li Bai lived in the Tang Dynasty, where the city was developed, the business was prosperous and the citizen class grew. In addition, a noteworthy phenomenon in society at that time was that chivalry was in full swing. Under the influence of this social atmosphere, some talented and ambitious people in the middle and lower classes of the ruling class often yearn to rely on their own talents to be brave, seek a way out, make contributions, and achieve the goal of making a name for themselves and sealing their wives and children, thus the revival of ancient chivalrous thoughts and values emerged. Li Bai accepted this idea and integrated it into himself, making it an inseparable part of his complex ideological character.
First, the chivalrous thought in Li Bai's poems.
Although Li Bai sometimes calls himself a Confucian scholar, he doesn't want to be a Confucian scholar who is poor in classics and lacks practical ability. He especially despises the rigid life of Confucian scholars. What he deeply admired was the generous elegy, heroic attitude towards life and ranger spirit pursued by ancient chivalrous men, so he said, "Confucian scholars are not as good as rangers, so what's the use of losing their heads!" Because of this, he dared to despise feudal order and ethics, to break traditional idols, to mock Confucianism, to despise Yao and Shun, to mock Kong Qiu, to make friends with princes on an equal footing, and to make great efforts. Li Bai's life behavior and attitude towards life are often chivalrous. It is natural for him to praise chivalrous behavior and chivalry. According to Biography of the New Tang Dynasty, Li Bai is "charming and fond of vertical and horizontal skills, and his swordsmanship is Ren Xia." He also wrote a book for General Pei, who is famous for his sword dancing, and was willing to learn from him. Xu Wei even said that he had "arrested several people by hand". At the age of fifteen, he "learned fencing and spread it to the princes", and at the age of twenty-five, he "took his sword to the countryside and left his relatives for a long journey." Not only did he go out of Datong with swords and shadows, but he also acted boldly, even to the point of spending money like water. Soon after I left Shu, I traveled. "In less than a year, I scattered more than 300,000 yuan" (History of Shang 'an Peichang). He regarded the hero of the Warring States as the object of worship and imitation: "Wu Menhao, a strong man in Yannan, made a dark knife with lead fish. "I think your kindness is heavy, and your life is heavy. Taishan throws a feather." The poet warmly praised Gao Jianli and Zhuan Xu's style of valuing promises like mountains and ignoring life like feathers. For the sake of Jing Ke, Hou Ying and Zhu Hai, they helped the weak and resisted violence, and walked on, risking their lives for justice and dying.
Li Bai regards the spirit of ranger as one of the principles of his political activities, so he repeatedly said, "I will retire from Wulingyuan after my success." The combination of Taoism's cynicism, returning to nature and chivalrous spirit is the ideological basis for him to attack the feudal order and moral norms with rebellious spirit, despise the dignitaries in the feudal ruling group with a arrogant attitude, and tirelessly pursue personal freedom and personality liberation.
Li Bai has a great ambition of "helping the poor and saving the country" and a strong spirit of making progress and becoming famous. The meritorious service of heroes and righteous men has a great influence on him. In poetry creation, it is manifested in the enthusiastic pursuit of ideal politics. As a poet with distinctive personality, Li Bai stubbornly expresses himself and pursues his ideals persistently. The self he showed embodies the vigorous characteristics and heroic spirit of the times. He compared himself to Dapeng: "Dapeng rides the wind and soars in Wan Li in one day. If the wind stops, it can still lift away the raging water. " ("Li Shangyong") He often harmonizes and warmly praises those heroes who value righteousness over wealth and are generous and selfless. For example, in the tenth part of Antique, Lu Zhonglian wrote: "However, the voice of Qin Gui is heroic and finally shines all over the world. Meaning light daughter ceremony, Gu Xiang plain smile. I am also a slut, and my clothes can be adjusted in one tone. " When Li Bai's strong desire to make achievements was frustrated politically, he wanted to achieve it by serving the country and killing the enemy. We can see the influence of heroes and chivalrous men in the Warring States period from the poems such as White Horse, Journey to the North of Jibei, Song of Xia Sai and Youth Journey. He enthusiastically praised chivalrous deeds and longed to gallop on the battlefield. After the An Shi Rebellion broke out and Lin wrote three books, this desire was transformed into his action of going down the mountain to join the army and his determination of self-sacrifice: "A strong man is far-sighted and is determined to solve disputes in the world. ..... Long policy sweeping Heluo, would rather kiss your grave. Today, centuries later, Green has a wonderful honor. " (Send Zhang Xiucai to join the army) However, there is always a sharp contradiction between the poet's lofty and naive political ideal and the dark reality, and "Since God has given talents, let them find jobs!" It can only be an unrealistic fantasy. Therefore, the poet's feelings of talent and disorientation are always in his pen generate: "It's not that I gave up the world, but that the world gave up on me." ("Give a bear to Cai Sheren") "Zhu Yu buys songs and laughs, and dross talents." ("Antique" 15) and "Difficult to Walk" III. "Xuanzhou Xie? Uncle Yun and Farewell Letter to School concentrated on his contradictory struggle between pursuit and disillusionment, hope and disappointment. It can be said that Li Bai's life is a tragic life to realize his ideal. This kind of tragedy seems to inherit the tragic plot of ancient chivalrous men.
Second, chivalrous thought and Li Bai's fighting spirit
Li Bai's poems have profound political content and realistic color. The ups and downs of his official career have deepened Li Bai's understanding of the world, and his chivalrous spirit has also deepened from the superficial chivalrous behavior in his early years to his rebellious character. The Warring States chivalrous men's spirit of not being afraid of violence, daring to fight and dare to fight was carried forward by him, boldly exposing the reality, satirizing Xuanzong bitterly and despising the dignitaries. Fifty-nine pieces of "Ancient Style" inherited the tradition of Ruan Ji's "Yong Huai" and Chen Ziang's "Yong Huai Shi", either expressing current events directly or borrowing ancient times to describe the present, which has a strong fighting spirit. For example, its article 24 rebukes the arrogance of eunuchs and cockfighting children; Third, the king of Qin swept Liuhe and borrowed Qin Shihuang to collect herbs in Penglai, satirizing the foolish behavior of superstitious alchemists and immortals in Tang Dynasty. "Wuqi Qu" satirizes Xuanzong's indulgence and political loss through the absurdity of Wu Gong. "Farewell" warns the imperial court of the loss of monarch and minister and the downward shift of authority with the moving legends of Yu Shun and E Huang, which shows the poet's high political consciousness and deep concern about the fate of the empire. It can be said that Li Bai's attack on the upper ruling class and their break are brave, and this high and optimistic fighting spirit is the expression of chivalrous thought given to the poet himself and his poems.
Li Bai is arrogant and unruly, and his character of abusing power is also intrinsically related to chivalry. Qi ce San Yan? The debate with Qi Xuanwang about which is more important, scholars and kings, reflects that the "scholars" class in the Warring States period demanded to know their friends as a condition for their effectiveness and dedication, showing the spirit that scholars can be killed and humiliated. Li Bai's rebellious spirit is the inheritance and development of this spirit. He despised the powerful: "Being a man does not depend on the overall situation, and drinking does not care about the Shang Dynasty." Li Bai cares about the world, but he has always maintained the character of "self-improvement and inaction", calling himself "cloth" and "savage"; He dared to trample on the strict feudal hierarchy and demanded an independent and respected personality from the ruling class. He hoped that people could be as loyal as heroes and righteous people in the Warring States period, get to know each other and establish a sincere and harmonious relationship of equality and mutual assistance. This is the fundamental reason why his sincere and profound friendship with Du Fu, Meng Haoran, Wang Changling and Wang Lun in his poems is touching. Obviously, both Li Bai's contempt for feudal hierarchy and powerful forces and his yearning for sincere and equal interpersonal relationships are rooted in the heroism and chivalry of the Warring States period.
Third, the temperament of Xia Shang and Li Bai.
Li Bai is a very subjective poet. His pure, unconstrained and natural personality is also the embodiment of the free and easy temperament of ancient chivalrous people and the natural expression of chivalrous thoughts on poets. This personality characteristic is most fully manifested in his landscape poems, immortal poems and drinking poems. Li Bai's "Five Mountains are sacred mountains, and I don't think far, according to my unchanging habit all my life" (Lushan ballad). His bold and broad-minded attitude towards life restricts his aesthetic concept and makes him prefer magnificent scenery. His landscape poems mostly show the magnificent adventures of the motherland's rivers and mountains, splashing ink like clouds, writing like rafters, splashing water and chopping, with infinite strength, magnificent spirit and magnificent weather. Such as "Xiyue Yuntai Song to Dan Qiu Zi": "Xiyue is magnificent, and the Yellow River is like a silk sky." Hard road: "such a trip is more difficult than climbing the blue sky." "Lushan Ballad": "I climbed to the top. I look around the world, and the vast rivers are gone forever. The yellow cloud was blown away by the wind for hundreds of miles, and a snow peak was surrounded by a vortex with nine times the current. " "Send Pei 14": "The Yellow River fell into the sky and went to the East China Sea. Wan Li wrote it in his heart." Although these poems sometimes inevitably reveal the negative and decadent thoughts of living like a dream, eating and drinking, and being pessimistic about the world, the poet takes this opportunity to denounce the bitterness of "since the world can never answer our thirst", show his broad mind, and pin his thoughts on freedom and personality liberation. Its main spirit is still enterprising, positive and rebellious, and its growth is unstoppable.
In addition to enjoying the scenery and visiting Taoism, Li Bai was also addicted to alcohol all his life. He was addicted to landscape poetry and wine all his life, excited and dry, with witty remarks like pearls. "Baling has unlimited wine, which kills Dongting in autumn", "Give up all the wine, and the north window is drunk as mud", "Oh, let a man with boldness of vision go where he likes, instead of pointing his golden cup at the moon!" . However, Li Bai's philosophy is full of anger and cry of his painful life, and full of his realistic sadness and loneliness: "A martyr comes out of the pot and cherishes his old age. Three cups of sword dance autumn moon, suddenly singing and crying. " This loneliness and anger stems from the disillusionment of the poet's real life value and the feudal system's bondage to his unrestrained and free-seeking personality. The poet's cherish of lonely and bold personality and his desire for free life are another inheritance of ancient chivalrous temperament. In a word, heroism with bold and unconstrained character and rebellious spirit as its connotation is Li Bai's deepening of the chivalrous behavior of heroes in the Warring States Period and an important feature of Li Bai's romantic poems. It can be said that chivalry shines in many of Li Bai's poems, which has a great influence on the formation of Li Bai's own character and the ideological content of his poems.
Fourthly, the chivalrous spirit in Li Bai's poetic style.
Chivalrous men not only had a far-reaching influence on Li Bai's thoughts, but also on the romantic style of Li Bai's poems. Li Bai combined his political thought of "saving the country and helping the poor" with the spirit of resisting violence, saving the weak and helping the poor in the ranger's thought, which made his romantic spirit broader than that of Qu Yuan and made the application scope of his romantic techniques wider. Diligence and self-confidence are the basis of communicating the chivalrous temperament of the Warring States, and also the momentum and strength of Li Bai's poems. Li Bai's persistent pursuit of ideals, self-confidence and conceit of his own talents, and resentful resistance to reality and fate all make his poems have the momentum of "flying over the eaves and climbing over the walls" and the power of "turning cliffs into stone thunder". Bold and elegant is the style feature of Li Bai's poems. Elegant people, such as cigarettes, such as autumn haze, such as flying from the sky, such as the waves on the sea, are natural and unrestrained, talented and heroic, without traces. This is the expression of his unrestrained and willful personality. Its bold and unrestrained colors are as follows: 1. Unique emotional expression. In other words, to adapt to the poet's bold and magnificent emotional tone, his emotional expression is explosive. Once it breaks out, it often travels thousands of miles in a rage. The second is a unique way of imagination. In other words, poets often "think for no reason", such as white clouds in the sky, which roll out and disappear without shape. The third is the unique image description technology. That is, in order to express explosive feelings and ever-changing imagination, pour out your passionate thoughts and feelings. The emotional tone of Li Bai's later poems became melancholy and angry. It not only runs through Li Bai's political lyrics, but also runs through his later works. That is to say, as far as drinking poems are concerned, the famous "Xiangyang Song" in the early stage is light in artistic conception and shows a wild character; Is Chang 'an's lonely moon depressed? , revealing a deep sense of loneliness and sadness that cannot be sent away; And for the sake of "going into the wine" and "thank you? However, in the later drinking poems such as A Farewell to the Building, there appeared the melancholy and resentment like the waves of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, which made a loud noise like Huang Zhong and Lu Da. This style is also the embodiment of the poet's integration of the elegant or heroic temperament of ancient rangers into poetry. In addition, the chivalrous spirit is also reflected in the language of poetry, showing a kind of unrestrained, passionate, frank and casual characteristics. For example, "Coming into Wine" and "Have you ever seen how the water of the Yellow River moves out of the sky and into the ocean, never to return? Did you see that in the bright mirror of the high room, lovely hair, though still silky black in the morning, turned into snow at night? Hard to go: hard to go, hard to go! Don't go astray! Where to go today. One day, I will ride the wind and waves, go straight to Yun Fan, and go straight to the deep sea. "All this gives people a feeling of rushing.
Chivalry thought, as a part of Li Bai's ideological system, has been completely integrated into the poet's character and poetry, and has had a certain impact on it. Many excellent qualities and some inner spirits of ancient heroes were absorbed by Li Bai and transformed into deeper and wider contents to be expressed in poetry creation; And adapted to it, he formed his own unique poetic style. Therefore, it can be considered that chivalrous thought has a great influence on the content and style of Li Bai's poems, which is an important influencing factor for Li Bai to form the characteristics of romantic poems and an important part of his ideological style.