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The appearance of ten gifted scholars marks a new trend of poetry after Dali period. Si ku quan Shu catalog? 6? 4 "Summary of Qian Zhongshu Collection" said: "The poetic style has changed at the beginning. Kaibao's vigorous spirit is drifting away, the tone of the wind is high, and the trend is slightly floating. It is the duty of the ten sons to rise and fall. This sentence correctly points out the role and influence of ten talented people in the development history of Tang poetry.
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As far as the aesthetic taste of "taking leisure and elegance as the purpose" (Excerpts from the Art Garden by Wang Shimao) is concerned, although the ten talented people in Dali are not far from the prosperous Tang Dynasty, their poems are "sound and air are not separated" (ibid.), but their spiritual essence is quite different. Hu Zhenheng said: "Liu, Lang, Huang Fu, Cui, Geng" and others are "dedicated to Huan Zhuo, but it is difficult to raise their hands, exhausted and declined, narrow-minded, specializing in five words, and arbitrarily dismissed them. In addition, his great works are concentrated "(Tang Yin is expensive). This theory also appropriately summarizes the basic characteristics of the content and form of the poems of ten gifted scholars. The so-called "self-defeating" and "exhaustion" should be understood as the lack of lofty political ideals and profound social connotations. The reasons for the formation of this poetic style by the ten talented people in Dali need to be found from the times and society. 7 M3 b ']5a & amp； y，v，E！ ]( E
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After Guangde, the Anshi Rebellion was initially put down, and Hebei rebels became buffer regions. Dozens of northwest States were gradually annexed by Tubo, and Uighurs constantly plundered the two capitals by virtue of their merits. The imperial court didn't want to cheer up, just wanted to seek peace in the contradiction between eunuchs and buffer regions, and in the cracks between domestic troubles and foreign invasion. As a result of years of war, "hunger, hunger, demand for transportation, all walks of life, population depression, empty territory" ("Old Tang Book? 6? 4 Yang Yanchuan), coupled with the heavy exploitation of the people by officials at all levels, aggravated class contradictions. Although the basic situation of the country has been like this for the past 30 years, the situation has been slightly stable during the calendar year. Ada is in charge of salt and iron transshipment, and it is also a world property tax with outstanding achievements. Han Kun also reformed the method of collecting and collecting the difference, which made the use of the army somewhat admirable. In the six years of the Dali period, "the value is abundant year after year, and it is boundless, so it should be accumulated" (Volume 224 of Tong Jian).
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8 @$ U！ [( M8 W) When Dezong succeeded to the throne at the end of the Dali period, "the world thought that it could not be ruled by him" (Zi Zhi Tong Jian, Volume 225). This made some short-sighted literati start the dream of rejuvenation again. Geng Kun's "Five-phase Duke Feng Hedeng's West Tower of Poyang County" said: "The blockade group is complex and there are hundreds of soldiers. The son is in the barren mu, and the trench is Muwei New Village. The sound of fishing in the wild is overflowing, and the deserted temple is inspiring. It truly reflects the scene that rural production began to recover after the war. Although everything has yet to be completed, there is hope for peace, which is encouraging: "Despite the inspection rate of officials and Cao Cao, the country has been razed to the ground day by day." (Lu Lun, "Dr. Chang, when do you think the past 50 years are? Just look at the four early poems written by Wang Wei, Jia Zhi, Cen Can and Du Fu when Su Zonggang recovered the two capitals, and it is not difficult to understand why Dali poets are so keen on praising Taiping. 2 @) [* f2 W# q
& amph .[5d/D-C]L2 C If the dream of rejuvenation is the main reason why the poems of ten gifted scholars seem to flourish in the Tang Dynasty, then their internal decline is mainly due to their mediocre thinking, low character, "far from being strong", lack of ambition of the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty to help the poor and live and work in peace and contentment, and their mental outlook is quite different from that of the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Ten talented people in Dali grew up before the Anshi Rebellion and reached the first place after Tianbao or Anshi Rebellion. At this time, the imperial court did not have the courage to open up the road of virtue and seek talents to help the world through the prosperity of Kaiyuan. Ten gifted scholars were subjected to the dark rule of traitors such as Li, Yang, Yuan Zai and so on. This trend of the times will inevitably breed some snobbish and unambitious literati. * T * A & amph* |: I* m2 |$ h4 Z/ e
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Dali's ten gifted scholars have neither the lofty sentiments of the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, nor the cynicism of Han and Meng in the middle Tang Dynasty. Such as sikongshu attached to the door of Yuan Zai; Lv Lun recommended Yuan Zai and Wang Jin to be officials. Han Yi drafted a performance for the aspirant Li Xilie to usurp the position; Cui Yaoxian Yuan and Wang Shi said that he did not seek to be the pillar of the country, but sought the door of the powerful minister: "How can I get the benefits of the building and go out expensive?" "("Painting Komatsu Door ") Qian Qi humbled himself in front of dignitaries:" Wren has no wings, I hope it is a fake bird. " (Ni Qing Yi Ying Wang Xian Shiyu) and compared himself to a pool of "soft and familiar" and "turbid and clear", and pursued a philosophy of "retreat if you are ignorant" to "recommend it to the princes" ("transverse pollution fu"). This is in sharp contrast with the moral ideal of honesty and incorruptibility generally advocated by Kaiyuan poets! :i4 \ & ampt(D & amp； r0？ :N”o； I3 a
3 $ B8L8H, N9J0V's poems of ten gifted scholars also contain some grandiose words that seem to be in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In fact, they just have confidence in their talents and have no ambition to help the country. For example, Lu Lun, who has worked hard for so long, is glad that he is idle and does not have to be responsible for the national crisis: "A talented person should not be a stagnant guest, but be willing to be an idle person in times of crisis." (Untitled) This is far from Du Fu's spirit of "not loving yourself in times of crisis". Therefore, when he later stepped into his official career and faced with a serious social crisis, he praised the peaceful and prosperous times:) F0b% k; y； m
Many people train and many people dance.
X: Q8 {\ (U3R) I have nothing to protest about, but I am embarrassed to ring the doorbell. ("Offering the Provincial Duke in the Early Yuan Dynasty")
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Only one of the top ten gifted scholars, Geng Kun, once expressed the sense of responsibility that "the country still has a heavy burden" (Poem in the Rain), but his negative nihilism thought is also very strong: 7W9V1k; w# }' t' p
What happened to today's floating world? There is indeed an empty door. 6 e* M4 I! _9 V
Life and death are dreams, sadness and joy fit.
. S+q-"C5L4L6V}+) T $ s (n Away from grass, light connected with water, spring away from dust. +]-]* G3 I G8 P7 { 5o % U+S & lt； Br> Who are the poets in your spare time? ("spring outing") < br>% o1l & t' m2 H( u' | V0？ 1 R $ c)Q % K+Q0 F & lt； Br>'s gray and indifferent outlook on life prevents him from paying more attention to reality, so the most intense tone of his criticism of real politics is nothing more than two cynical words: "Leave him far away, and there will be more white hair tomorrow" (the first part of Spring is Things). & ltbr & gt5u(B4[ 1 K4 x； e & ltbr & gt6 ? 9[ 1 W * Z7 { 6 Z/M & lt； br & gt5 B # Z8 { ' d $ S-& lt； Br> & x2d.z7 |) v 'p3i-x6f2q Of course, all the ten talented people in Dali live in a turbulent society, and most of them have experienced difficult days. For example, Lu Lun, Li Duan, Geng Kun and others have exposed some realities because of their lonely origins or bumpy official careers, and their poems are inevitably obscured by the times. At that time, some of the most prominent social problems, such as the generals' striving for success, the soldiers' weariness of war, the desolation of their homes and the depression of people's livelihood, were inevitably reflected in their poems through their personal life experiences. ; q7 P2 d K！ r9 R(E " u & lt； br & gt& ltbr & gt 1 _)G $ X % B4 h p B& lt； Br>2 f) j: w: g: k. Q They rarely have poems that objectively reveal the sufferings caused by war, such as Every Sick Soldier by Lu Lun, Every Sick Village in the South, Su Shi's Shop by Li Duan, and The Old Man by the Road by Geng Kun. These poems show sympathy for Wan Li's returning home, for the wounded soldier who fell ill halfway, for the woman who lost her husband in the war, and for the lonely old man whose family was ruined and displaced. Although it is only an occasional glimpse of reality, it is rare in the poems of the top ten gifted scholars. & ltbr & gt6y {/m .[2 S9 } 4 p * n z:W & amp； F s 1 Q
However, it should be pointed out that even in these poems that touch reality, they rarely start from the destruction of society, but pay more attention to the moon dew with chaotic remnants. Such as Si Kongtu's "Thief Ping Descendants Sent to the North":
% U)H ' `:~-j . w0a； ~) The two of us came to the south when we were in danger, and now you go to the north safely without me.
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Xiao and his party must pass through many broken camps, and the night can only cover the desolate valley.
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Imagine that when my friend returned to the north, I saw my hometown again. Although I am deeply touched, the war left only a few white hairs and some remnants of the base in the poem. Li Duan replied to the old man in Daicun: "P: P! l”u0t； x
After the dust in Luo Jing, the fireworks in villages and towns became sparse. 1 u) }8 h7 n. E9 X: W3 F5 y
Teenagers have lost their homes. What do they want in their twilight years?
9 G+ t, ]7 X6 H+ @ Cry on the river at night and walk in the snow in cold weather.
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$ ]! Q0 Y8 `5 W+ [！ While expressing sympathy for the homeless elderly, l q9 w also deliberately showed the decadent indifference of the Han River. Geng Kun's Zhong Song;
4 w2 w2 e0 B！ X at dusk, Huang Yunhe is deep and thin. 7 y，s-\/I； Y
Trees are in the old village, and autumn grass is far away.
1 X I/ s+ z$ @( T$ s+ K) The blackberry moss in the abandoned well is thick and the path in the abandoned field is small.
0 o # v1l-p "e)' 5k0 is just near the mountains, which is relatively similar to Yiyi.
/{9L+L # D. E0 {/` "E: G writes about the shabby and filthy countryside, but the poetic desolation seems to be the poet's interest. The reality of broken mountains and rivers did not arouse their fierce enthusiasm for saving the world, but only evoked their depressed and sentimental life experience sigh. & ltbr & gt！ d & ampp-L6 M(v & lt； br & gt(o7a % G0 \； This tendency is also evident in Qian Qi's poems. Qian Qi once worried about the country when the soldiers contacted the victims, and was ashamed of his helplessness when watching the villagers plow the fields. He even wrote:1c.o0p4h. E * 6W3Q
9j & amp； _ 2b＄d 1 ~。 S will not be very successful, it will let the earth see the sunrise. 9u； q*？ 6 f" F" T: d3 t. y) p0 ]
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It's a pity that such a poem that sharply exposes class opposition is held back by a tail that praises "worrying about Yuan Yuan", which greatly weakens the ideological significance of this poem. But such poems are too few after all. The cruel reality is often painted with beautiful colors by his pen. Even on the way to escape, he can write an extremely ethereal and indifferent poem: "Shimenguan at dusk, Songshan Temple is cold." ..... Qing Yang has a hollow valley and a tiny mountain. "(Bridging the Bridge with Xue Waiwang at Nanshan Buddhist Temple in the Early Autumn of Dongcheng) If you don't read poetry, you can't smell any smoke at all. It is precisely because what he thinks in the turmoil is not the danger of the country's people's livelihood, but his personal "traffic worries" that he will "do nothing" about the bloody reality (ibid.). In addition to praising Shengping and a few poems reflecting reality, Dali's poems of ten gifted scholars sing about mountains and rivers and sing about seclusion are their basic themes. On the surface, this kind of poetry is "a great success for Wang and Meng", but its life basis and ideological basis are different. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, literati traveled all over the country, making friends and traveling around with like-minded friends. When they left, they gathered for banquets and recited poems, which gradually became a trend, and a number of landscape poems and farewell poems with more true feelings emerged. After a long time, things happened in all directions, and greetings in officialdom became more and more frequent. Sending and writing poems has become a routine. At that time, Han Yi and Qian Qi were both good at writing poems to send the Prime Minister out of town, and their farewell poems have become entertainment tools to entertain dignitaries. Most of the landscapes in this kind of poems are the suspense of the poet, not necessarily his personal experience, and the author is not as sincere as the poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, so it is easy to form stereotypes. 1h； f，[& amp； s9 `7 K# z( y
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In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Meng Haoran and Wang Wei lived in the mountains. Although they inevitably have the ideological contradiction between being an official and retiring, they can adhere to the principle of immunity to life, which has made some progress in passively resisting dark politics. The ten talented people in Dali have neither the ambition to live alone nor the reality of seclusion, so they simply take officials as hermits. Their praise for seclusion is nothing more than "hiding in the dust" (Li Duan's "Friends from the Mountain Send Two Members"), which is the way of seclusion described by Sikong Shu: "Being a white-headed man, neglecting the market. I moved to a deserted house and lived in poverty. " (Beyond Money) It's a little far from the city, and moving to the suburbs for illness is also a seclusion. In fact, they have never really concealed it, and Han Yi has repeatedly publicized: "I advise you not to learn advanced knowledge, and you should quit being a donkey cart." "(Farewell to Zheng Mingfu)" advised me to move to Feng Dan Que as soon as possible, and I don't need to love Bai Ou Group often. "("Send Tian Mingfu to my seclusion in Zhongnanshan ") Since even the superficial sublimity can't be preserved, the poems of ten talented people in Dali who praise seclusion can't obtain their noble style even if they can follow Wang Meng's fresh poetic style.
The poems of ten talented people in Dali often attack the cultivated land in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and there are few new ideas. However, due to the decline of qi and bones, the artistic expression has also changed accordingly. This change is mainly reflected in the gradual enrichment and purity of poetic style. Poets have always only paid attention to one aspect of the five-seven laws of ten gifted scholars, namely, gradual quietness (poetry), elegance (artistic outline) and gradual convergence (talking about poetry), but no one has talked about the other side of their ancient poetry. In fact, these two tendencies are the result of the poet's lack of thoughts and feelings. Generally speaking, the five laws of ten gifted scholars' poems are relatively empty, the seven laws are relatively smooth, the songs are extremely flashy, and the classical poems have no characteristics. They like things, but they are similar in appearance, and their lyrics are superficial and plain. Although there are small differences in attainments, the basic style is "not beyond Pingmei Xiu."