How to master the skills of learning ancient poetry 1
Junior high school Chinese textbooks, each textbook has an ancient poem unit, plus one poem a week, and more than 20 ancient poems will be learned in one semester. Mastering the skills of learning ancient poetry is of great significance for actively feeling the treasures of ancient Chinese literature, accumulating classical culture and improving the ability of appreciating ancient poetry. So how to master the skills of learning ancient poetry? We can start from these aspects: reading ancient poems, understanding poets, understanding artistic conception and grasping the essentials of appreciation.
First, read the ancient poems aloud.
To learn ancient poetry, we must first pronounce, rhyme and rhyme. You can set the situation in advance and read in a certain situation, which can be a happy situation or a sad situation. You can read beautiful poems when you are happy, and bold or idyllic poems when you are sad. The purpose of reading is to read the rhythm of poetry, the artistic conception of poetry and the feelings of poets. For example, only by reading the word "Yu Meiren" written by Li Yu, Queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty, can we grasp the priorities of its tone and rhythm and understand the poet's mood. In particular, the words "There was an east wind in the small building last night, so my country could not bear to look back at the bright moon" and "How much sorrow is like a river flowing eastward". Without reading, you can't grasp the length of luck, and you can't know the emotions without reading. At the same time, through reading, we can also firmly grasp the key words in poetry-poetic eyes or word eyes, as well as specific images. For example, "you" (key word) in "Small Building Last Night and the East Wind" and "bright moon" (image) in "The Old Country is unbearable to look back on the moon". Reading can make students feel the outline of poetic mood and the author's emotion. Although vague, it laid the foundation and guided the direction for the in-depth appreciation of poetry.
Second, understand the poet
Understand the poet's life experience, poetic style and writing background. Different poets have different experiences, and the content of their poems is also different. China's poems can be divided into many types, such as lyric poems for borrowing scenery, ancient historical poems, exile travel poems, pastoral poems, sentimental poems, frontier poems, farewell poems, in my heart forever's poems and so on. Each poet has his own unique style, such as Li Bai's fresh and elegant, Su Shi and Xin Qiji's bold and unconstrained, Liu Yong, Jiang Kui and Li Qingzhao's graceful and restrained, Li Yu and Liu Yuxi's meaningful, Xie Lingyun's natural, Du Fu's depressed and frustrated, Qu Yuan's vigorous and solemn, Wang Anshi's vigorous and lofty, Tao Yuanming's distant and quiet, Wang Wei's. Only by understanding the writing background of poetry can we better feel the content of poetry. For example, if you read Li Bai's "Early Sending Baidicheng", you can first understand that Li Bai was demoted as a yelang because of his political involvement. Just as the poet was traveling to Baidicheng in Kuizhou, the news of the emperor's amnesty came suddenly, and all sinners were exempted from punishment. At that time, the poet's mood was really ecstatic, so it is not difficult to understand that "a thousand miles away in Jiangling".
Third, realize the artistic conception.
First of all, we should understand two concepts: image and artistic conception. Image is an object with the author's subjective feelings. For example, when I looked up, I found that it was moonlight, and the moon was no longer a simple image, but an image related to homesickness. Artistic conception is an artistic realm formed by images. Image is a typical object to express meaning, a subjective image, and it is perceptual and concrete. Artistic conception is a kind of realm and artistic conception, which is expressed or induced by images and needs to be understood and abstracted.
We should also understand the general types of images forming artistic conception: First, an image forms an artistic conception. For example, Wang Mian's Mo Mei: "The trees near my home in Xiyan Lake are covered with faint ink marks. Don't praise the good color, just leave the air full of dried Kun. " There is only one image in the poem-Mo Mei. But this plum is not the plum in nature, but the plum in the author's heart, a plum with ink color and personality. After careful tasting, we can feel that there is an artistic realm in the poem, which is unrestrained, maverick and comfortable. This realm is formed through this plum tree, which is the unique artistic conception of this poem. Generally speaking, most poems describing objects are like this. Secondly, the combination of images forms artistic conception, that is, multiple images form a picture of life and form a whole artistic conception. For example, Li Bai's "Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou": "An old friend said goodbye to the West Yellow Crane Tower, and fireworks went down to Yangzhou in March. The lonely sail is far from the blue sky, and only the Yangtze River flows in the sky. " This poem consists of a series of independent images-Yellow Crane Tower and Smoke.
Flowers, solitary sails, the Yangtze River, etc. Together, it becomes a realistic picture, with feelings hidden in the scenery. Although there is no love, the feelings are hidden in the scenery and deeper. The poem does not directly express the attachment to friends, but the image of a poet who disappears through a lonely sail. The river grows, and he has lost something by the river for a long time. On the surface, this poem is about scenery, but actually every sentence is lyrical, which arouses readers' endless aesthetic imagination and forms a meaningful artistic conception of this poem. Image is inseparable from artistic conception. Without the artistic conception of the whole poem, "Mei" has lost its unique meaning in the poem, and "Lonely Sail" has nothing to do with leaving love as soon as possible.
Fourth, grasp the essentials of appreciation
In lyric poetry by borrowing scenery, it is necessary to understand the artistic conception of the blending of scenes in the poem, understand the feelings expressed by the poet in writing scenery, and grasp its writing skills and language characteristics: sing history and cherish ancient poems, connect with the background, and understand emotions (feeling the rise and fall, or pinning grief, or satirizing the present); Poetry in the journey is the longing and yearning for the distant hometown caused by what the wandering poet saw and heard. Landscape pastoral poetry is a kind of idyllic life created by the poet who takes landscape pastoral poetry as the aesthetic object, throwing delicate strokes into quiet Shan Ye and leisurely fields to express his dissatisfaction with reality and yearning for a quiet and peaceful life. It means that the poet tries to express his ambition by putting his own ideals and personal interests under the guise of something specific. Frontier fortress expeditionary poems may reflect the fighting spirit of frontier fortress soldiers who are brave in danger and defend their country, or describe the deep feelings of soldiers and their loved ones who miss each other, or satirize and admonish arrogant rulers. Send a friend a farewell poem, use the scenery to render the desolate atmosphere when leaving, and express reluctance or encouragement; The poem that will always be in my heart is about a boudoir woman complaining about her husband's long absence, or longing for her husband in the frontier, and so on.
How to master the skills of learning ancient poetry II
To understand classical Chinese, we can start with the following steps:
The first step is to understand the meaning of each word.
The biggest difference between classical Chinese words and modern words is that classical Chinese words are composed of monosyllables. The meaning of some classical Chinese words can be explained by adding words, such as "we must carefully (carefully) examine (observe) its texture"; Some need to be explained in another word, such as "hold your head high".
Use "adding words" and "changing words" to understand the meaning of words. "Adding words" means expanding words, expanding monosyllabic words into disyllabic words, paying attention to the relevance of meaning and combining sentences to experience.
When explaining "changing words", we should pay special attention to the different meanings of ancient and modern words. The meaning of key words needs to be remembered. The notes below the text are generally listed, and there are other special words that need to be supplemented appropriately and memorized skillfully.
Other words, such as "qi" and "zhi", can refer to anything that appeared in the last article, and they appear frequently and need to be mastered skillfully.
The second step is to relate the meanings of several words to understand.
Generally speaking, the content of an understanding is roughly equivalent to the specification of a phrase. To operate, the interval between punctuation marks shall prevail, and commas are also acceptable. Compared with our predecessors who read ancient Chinese, we should be considered lucky. In the past, China ancient books were all arranged vertically, without punctuation marks. Now the classical Chinese presented to us are punctuated, which helps to understand the meaning and reduce the difficulty.
This step should pay attention to the word structure and omitted components in the sentence. It is not a problem to master "changing words" and "adding words" to explain words. Students who are good at thinking can even draw inferences and discover potential laws. If there is, it will exceed the expected effect.
The third step is to understand the whole sentence.
Connect short sentences into complete sentences, subject to the period interval. Understanding a complete sentence can be said to be a big leap. Several sentences are connected to form a paragraph, and several paragraphs are connected to form an article. Along the way, the problem was solved step by step. Specific methods of literal translation of ancient Chinese prose
The concrete methods of literal translation of ancient Chinese mainly include translation, transfer translation, addition translation, deletion translation and reservation.
1. Translation
Translation is word-for-word translation according to the original word order. This is the most basic method and the first step of literal translation. For sentences with the same word order and syntactic structure in ancient and modern Chinese, it is not necessary to change the word order of the original sentence when translating today, as long as the words in the original sentence are selected from modern Chinese. For example:
Qi Shi attacked me. Male will play, Cao Gui, please see. (Cao Gui Debate)
The Qi army attacked our country. Zhuang Justice wants to fight, and Cao Gui asks to meet him.
The advantage of translation is word for word, which can avoid missing translation, which is a common problem for beginners in learning. Because there are many similarities between the sentence structures of ancient Chinese and modern Chinese, we should translate them as much as possible. Only when the translation is difficult or the meaning expression after translation is not clear enough and the sentences are not fluent, can the appropriate adjustments be made by adding and shifting.
transfer
Shifting means that some word orders and expressions in ancient Chinese are different from those in modern Chinese, and words should be moved according to the expression habits in modern Chinese when translating. For example:
( 1)
A small country that is not suitable for it will not tolerate women. ("Zheng killed Shen Hou")
Don't go to a small country, it can't hold you.
Adjustment: Don't go to a small country, which can't accommodate you.
(2)
Original: Who did it? Who told you to listen? (Sima Qian's Bao Ren An Shu)
Jiang's A Piece of Plum
Who do you work for? Who told me to do this?
Adjustment: Who do you work for? Let who listen to me?
(3)
Original: Li Qihou. ("Battle of Qi and Jin _")
Li Xia drove to Qihou.
Adjustment: After the summer blooms.
(4)
Original: Jin Hou drank Zhao Dun wine. ("Jin Linggong is not a gentleman")
Jin Hou drank wine.
Adjustment: Jin Hou let Zhao Dun drink.
(5)
Original: Mr. Wang is not ashamed, but he is responsible for Xue? ("Feng Xuan Guest Meng Changjun")
Mr. Li is shameless. Are you deliberately trying to help me collect debts from my schoolmate?
Adjustment: Mr. Wang is not ashamed to ask questions, and even plans to collect debts from my junior for me?
The "female" in the example (1) is a prepositional object, and should be moved to the back of the verb "Rong" in translation. "Who" and "Who" in Example (2) are interrogative pronouns as prepositions, which should be moved to the back of the preposition "Wei" and the verb "Ling" in translation. The "Yu Qi Hou" in Example (3) is also a special verb-object relationship. The object is not the object of behavior, but the verb moves for the object, and the word order in translation should be adjusted to "catch up". Example (4) The verb-object relationship between "cause" and "Zhao Dun" is unique in the causative usage of ancient Chinese. Translated today, the word order should be adjusted to "Let Zhao Dun drink". Example (5) The word "shame" is a verb, and "Yu Xue" is a complement, so it should be adjusted as an adverbial in translation.
add
Supplement refers to the places that were omitted or expressed too simply in ancient Chinese, and should be supplemented when translating today. For example: a momentum, and then decline,
The first drum beat boosted morale, and the second drum beat dropped.
Addendum: The first drum beat boosted morale, and the second drum beat [morale] declined.
Original: three and tired. (Cao Gui Debate)
Translation: I was exhausted after the third time.
Supplement: The third [drumming] and [morale] are exhausted.
The original text omits the predicate verb "drum" before "zai" and "San" and the subject "morale" before "decline" and "exhaustion". In translation, "drumming" and "morale" are added separately, so as to make the meaning clear. Be careful when adding words, and cherish words like gold. Only when the original meaning of a word cannot be clearly expressed can words be added.
delete
Contrary to "supplement", deletion means that individual words in the original text can be deleted without translation. Some expressions and function words in classical Chinese are no longer used in modern Chinese, and there are no similar syntactic structures and corresponding function words. In this case, as long as the meaning of the original text has been clearly expressed in the translation, individual words can not be translated. For example, the wolf is far from Jane. (The Legend of Zhongshan Wolf)
The wolf estimated that Zhao Jianzi was far away.
The auxiliary word between "Jian Zi" and "Qu Yuan" in the original text cancels the word "Zhi" which is independent of the sentence, and there is no corresponding expression in modern Chinese, so it cannot be translated.
5. Reservations
Reservation means that some words in the original text can be retained directly in the translation without translation. All words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, especially many basic words, such as people, cattle, mountains, grass and so on. Of course, you can keep it from being translated; Words that represent ancient things that have disappeared, such as names of people, countries, historical place names, country names and official numbers, year numbers, posthumous title, proper names, specialized academic terms and even professional terms, can generally not be translated. For example:
( 1)
Original: At the beginning, Zheng Wugong married Shen Yu, named Wujiang, and gave birth to Zhuang Gong and Gong Shuduan.
At the beginning, Zheng Wugong married a wife named Wujiang from Shen State, and gave birth to Zhuang Gong and Uncle Duan. ("Zheng Haihan Duan")
(2)
Original: Zi Hou died in 14 years1October 8th at the age of 47. Liu Zihou's Epitaph: Zi Hou died on November 8th, the 14th year of Yuanhe, at the age of 47.
(3)
Original: Tao can be said, which is extraordinary. ("Lao Zi")
Translation: Tao can be expressed in words, but it is not the right way.
Names and country names in the original (1) remain untranslated; In the original (2), "Zi Hou" is the word of Liu Zongyuan, and "Yuan He" is the year number of Tang Xianzong, which is also untranslated. "Dao" and "Chang Dao" in the original (3) are philosophical concepts with specific meanings, and they also retain their original appearance.
Among the above five specific methods, translation is the most basic, and others are adjusted according to the specific situation on the basis of translation. Modern translation should use various methods flexibly in order to accurately translate the original content, write smoothly and conform to the grammatical norms and expression habits of modern Chinese.
How to master the skills of learning ancient poetry 3
Learning methods of ancient poetry;
First, the hierarchical understanding method.
To remember a poem, you must first understand its meaning. For example, according to narrative, scenery description and lyricism, we can summarize and understand the general idea of the whole poem, and then read it repeatedly, and the impression will be deep.
Second, grasp the guiding syntax.
This often happens when reciting, and some recited poems often get stuck in the middle. At this time, if someone prompts the leading word of a paragraph, you can follow it quickly. This shows that "quoting words and sentences" can induce thinking and help memory.
Third, the image reproduction method.
Good poems generally have vivid images. Often reproduce the artistic conception and picture of that poem in your mind, and it will be very smooth to recite.
Fourth, regular fast reading.
Give yourself a limited time and a limited number, such as reciting eight lines of poetry in five minutes. When reading, gradually speed up, first faster, then faster. We should be quick and not chaotic, fast and good. This forces one's energy to be highly concentrated, so that the memory information can be quickly input into the brain and a strong impression can be obtained, thus achieving the purpose of quick memory.
Fifth, learn by singing ancient poems with sign language and beautiful melody.
First of all, read aloud on the basis of reciting ancient poems and new words. On the basis of reading ancient poems correctly, learning from the method of "rhythm memory" in rapid memory, reading or even reciting them rhythmically can enhance the grasp of the language sense of the whole poem and store it in the brain in a short time. However, ancient poetry should also reflect its appreciation, so simple "reciting" is not enough. That kind of "chanting" with a certain rhythm can better reflect the artistic conception of ancient poetry.
How to master the skills of learning ancient poetry 4
Poetry is a highly concise and concentrated literary genre. We study ancient poetry in order to make this language condensed and concise. Concrete, the so-called concrete, I think is to reorganize the artistic conception of the poem with my own language, reproduce the poet's feelings, and integrate the poem with the reader's thoughts. Knowing this, when we study and appreciate ancient poetry, we should systematically and step by step analyze ancient poetry and understand its meaning.
First of all, stick to the theme of poetry and understand the content.
In some ancient poems, the title is the eye of the content, such as Xin Qiji's "Night Tour of the Xijiang River on the Huangsha Road", which mainly describes what the poet saw and heard on the Huangsha Road on a summer night, such as Cha's "Night Book Seen on the Boat", which describes what the poet saw on the boat at night. To learn this kind of ancient poetry, we should first understand the topic, and then stick to the topic, so that students can guess the content and understand what the poet wrote in the process of guessing.
Second, guess the theme around this poem.
Because the ancient poems are short and pithy, they leave us a broad space for association. It is precisely because poetry is extremely simple and rich that it is inevitable to rely on "guessing" when reading poetry. This means that we must grasp the limited poetry and understand the theme of poetry: reflecting people's suffering, expressing personal feelings, condemning the corruption of state affairs, or feeling sorry for our miserable life? For example, Gong Zizhen's "Falling red is not a heartless thing, but turning into spring mud can better protect flowers", on the surface, writing residual flowers is not heartless. Next spring, it will become soil to nourish and protect flowers. It's actually a metaphor for itself. Although persecuted, the ideals and beliefs will not change. This is what students need to guess.
Third, grasp the key points and taste the image.
Images in China's ancient poems often express subjective feelings with the help of objective images, such as flowers, grass, mountains and rivers. Therefore, when we study ancient poems, we should also see the inner feelings through the appearances of these things. For example, Wang Wei's poem "The desert is lonely and the smoke is straight, and the long river sets the yen". Why is the "smoke" straight? Why is the "long river" round? In fact, this poem describes the perseverance and beauty of the frontier fortress, and at the same time, the word "circle" gives people a kind and slightly boundless feeling, which is also the inner feeling of Wang Wei who was excluded from the capital at that time.
Fourth, understand the author and historical background.
The creation of many ancient poems is related to the author's identity and historical background. For example, when Wen Tianxiang wrote Crossing the Ocean, Song Bing was besieged by nomads from afar, and Song Jun was in danger of defeat. Seeing all this, Wen Tianxiang, as a patriotic general, lamented that "the mountains and rivers are broken and the wind is floating, and life experiences are ups and downs." However, due to the corruption and incompetence of the imperial court, he saw no hope of serving the country. Finally, he expressed his childlike innocence with a sentence that has been passed down through the ages, "Who has not died since ancient times, pay attention to the history of youth."
Fifth, read repeatedly and experience poetry.
As the saying goes, "Read it a hundred times and you will understand what it means." Reading should be a key to the teaching of ancient poetry in primary schools. A poem must be read through first, which is the foundation. Then read the feelings on the basis of understanding the general content of the poem, which is the focus and the last link of classroom learning of ancient poetry.
How to master the skills of learning ancient poetry 5
Teachers have accumulated many effective experiences in the teaching practice of ancient poetry and reached some understandings, such as: understanding poetry with annotations and reading the charm of ancient poetry; By knowing the author, you can appreciate poems such as ancient poems. As a junior student in primary school, there are some ways to learn ancient poetry, which are very suitable for the character and knowledge of junior students. Let's take a look at these methods together.
Keywords primary school Chinese interest understanding
First, follow the principles of reading and memory.
Following the principle of focusing on reading and memorizing, the focus is not on the mastery of lexical and syntactic knowledge, but on the process of students' memorization and accumulation, that is, whether they can understand the meaning of difficult words with the help of text notes and reference books, so as to understand the theme of poetry and whether they can understand the sense of language, emotion and beauty of poetry. Reading language sense means that they can reflect their understanding of words and their usage habits (such as putting the subject in front of the predicate) in reading. In layman's terms, they are required to convey the basic correct and relatively complete meaning of the sentence; Reading out emotions refers to the psychological reaction that can reflect the affirmation and negation of external stimuli in reading. Generally speaking, it can reflect two completely different attitudes of love and hate; Specifically, it can show love, anger, sadness, fear, admiration, disgust and so on. The aesthetic feeling of reading is to ask them to show their feelings or experiences of beauty. From the content, it can reflect the feeling or experience of artistic beauty, natural beauty or social beauty; Formally speaking, they are mainly required to show clear rhythm and outstanding rhyme, which makes people feel pleasing to the eye, that is, to produce a feeling of beauty. Such as seven-character quatrains, four beats per sentence, how to divide the style of talent and emotion?
Show a clear rhythm? It is not determined by words, but by meaning: instead of taking two words in the first three beats and one word in the next (not 222 1), it is divided by meaning. The correct division should be based on intention:
Lake light/autumn moon/harmony, pool surface/no wind/mirror/unpolished.
Looking far away/Dongting/landscape/color, silver/vegetables/snails.
Second, use games to stimulate the interest in learning ancient poetry and experience the artistic conception of ancient poetry.
Younger students sometimes feel tired when they study ancient poems. At this time, teachers need to use some games to arouse students' enthusiasm. In fact, the vast majority of primary school students like to read ancient poetry, thinking that learning ancient poetry has a certain impact on themselves. Chinese curriculum standard requires 1-6 grade students to recite 160 excellent ancient poems. However, compared with the current arrangement of primary school Chinese textbooks, we can easily find that the proportion of ancient poems in Chinese textbooks is really too small: on average, there are about 4 ancient poems in each textbook, and all the ancient poems in primary school Chinese textbooks add up to only about 50, which is far from the number required by the curriculum standards. At this time, according to the actual situation, our school added extra-curricular reading materials of ancient poems for students. After reading for a while, students feel a little bored, so we use poetry competitions, ancient poetry relay, pairing and other games to stimulate students' interest in reading. After students are interested in learning, it is helpful to improve students' understanding of ancient poetry by interspersed with some situational performances and role performances.
In the first paragraph, the teaching goal of ancient poetry is clearly pointed out: reciting ancient poetry. This is a necessary link in the teaching of ancient poetry. Through the previous reading and singing, it is easy to complete this link. Reciting ancient poems needs to be completed on the basis of a certain understanding, and rote memorization is useless. The accumulation of ancient poetry by low-end students has a far-reaching impact on later middle and high-level ancient poetry.
Poetry study has played a good role in paving the way and laid a good foundation for further study of ancient poetry. Of course, the mastery of ancient poetry will also be enlightening. Because ancient poetry is easy to remember, it also plays a good role in promoting students' interest in learning Chinese.
Thirdly, downplay the meaning of poetry and respect personal understanding.
Poetry is not heartless, every word is from the heart. To write an ancient poem, the author has a specific background of the times. Different people will have different opinions after reading it. It can be said that different people have different opinions. It is wrong for teachers to impose their own understanding on students, which also inhibits the development of students' creative thinking. As the Chinese curriculum standard puts it, reading is a personalized behavior. Because each reader's life accumulation, cultural background and aesthetic taste are very different. Teachers should not replace students' reading practice with their own monologue analysis, but should "cherish students' unique feelings", so that students can deepen their understanding and thinking of the meaning of poetry in active thinking and emotional activities, thus being influenced by emotions and gaining ideological enlightenment. To understand the meaning of poetry, as long as students generally use annotations to understand it, with the growth of students and the gradual increase of life experience, they will make their own understanding of ancient poetry, fully embodying and respecting students' independent learning and mutual cooperation and exchange in understanding the meaning of poetry.
Fourth, comprehend the philosophy in painting and increase the depth of understanding.
The pictures are intuitive and vivid. With the help of pictures, students can understand poems more clearly and deeply.
There are two kinds of pictures used in the teaching of ancient poetry:
(1) Teaching decorative painting.
Generally speaking, every text has a picture. With pictures, students can understand the greatness of ancient poetry.
Meaning. Example: The illustration of Silent Night Thinking is clear to the students. Poets can't sleep at night watching the moon. This stimulates students' senses, enhances their visual perception, easily breaks through the teaching focus and sublimates students' emotions.
(2) Students create paintings.
This is a process that allows students to open their early imagination, exert their imagination on the existing knowledge, reproduce the scenes that have been portrayed with their own brushes, and let students enter the poetic process. Combined with the physical and mental development of students in the lower stage, let students describe the content and meaning of ancient poems themselves, so that students can enjoy a sense of accomplishment, enhance their interest in learning and feel the infinite charm of ancient poems.
Fifth, sublimate and understand the artistic conception contained in ancient poetry.
Because the time and space span of the content of ancient poetry is too large, and the students' experience background is relatively shallow, it is difficult for students to have the same feelings and ideas as poets. Therefore, creating an emotional atmosphere and doing as the Romans do is an important condition for teachers and students to successfully complete their teaching tasks. Imagine that if teachers are witty, cadence, full of emotion and humor, students will be intoxicated by this interesting class, and the so-called "preaching, teaching, dispelling doubts" and "perception, understanding and memory" will be quietly completed in this atmosphere. When students truly understand the artistic conception in poetry, they will properly express their inner feelings, read more emotionally, speak more accurately and write more humanely!
In short, the language of ancient poetry is concise and rich. In teaching, to guide students to exert their infinite imagination, we should not only understand the superficial meaning of ancient poetry, but also understand the meaning of poetry. The teaching of ancient poetry should follow the physical and mental characteristics of students, grasp the rhythm and methods flexibly and scientifically, and let students appreciate and learn ancient poetry in love, thus shortening the distance of teaching ancient poetry and producing aesthetic feeling.