As far as Western Europe is concerned, realism is a literary trend of thought and creative method formed in the specific historical period from the Renaissance to the19th century, and it is also a literary phenomenon when the bourgeoisie in Western Europe stepped onto the historical stage and established political rule.
Realism, as a special literary term, first appeared in the theoretical works of German playwright Schiller in18th century. As a literary trend of thought, literary mud and creative method, "realism" first appeared in the French literary world. The word "realism" in French comes from the Latin word "realism". The emergence of realistic names is completely different from the existence of this literary trend of thought. In France, realism began in the 1950s. At first, the French novelist Fran? ois Flory (1821-kloc-0/599) used realism as a term to express a new artistic style, and he used this term for the first time as a symbol of criticizing realistic literature and art in his article 1850. Later, the French painter Courbet (18 19- 1877) advocated realism in painting.
1855, an exhibition of paintings was held in Courbet, which caused a big debate, known as the "realism debate" in the history of literature and art. In this war, Courbet founded a journal called Realism. 1857, Champolli, an enthusiastic supporter of Courbet, named his anthology "Realist". Since then, the flag of realism has been formally established in European literary circles, and this term has become popular in France. As we all know, Balzac (1799- 1850) is a writer in the deepest sense of realism, and his Human Comedy is a profound and standardized realistic literature. However, Balzac, like Stendhal, Dickens, Thackeray and Nikolai Nikolai Gogol, never used the term "realism" to express their new literary school. In Russia, Pisarev, a literary theorist, first used this term (see his Realist), but it was in the 1960s. Generally speaking, anything that can fully express the typical characteristics of real life with images is called realistic works. Generally speaking, realistic works have three characteristics: first, the authenticity of details. There should be real details to reflect social life with historical and concrete life pictures. Realistic works infect people with the authenticity and concreteness of images, so they can make readers feel personally and see people. The second is the typicality of image. Through typical methods, the real life materials are screened, refined and summarized, thus revealing some essential characteristics of life. It can be said that typicality is the core of realism and a sign different from naturalism. The phenomenon of life is diverse and complicated. Recording life truthfully is just a photographer's skill. Realism requires the author to select meaningful characters and events from colorful real life, and shape typical characters and typical environments through personalized and universal artistic processing. As Engels said, it is necessary to "truly reproduce the typical characters in the typical environment". The third is the objectivity of specific description. Through the objective and concrete description of real life, the author naturally reflects the author's ideological tendency and feelings of love and hate from the scenes and plots of his works, rather than saying it himself or through the mouth of the characters. Emile Faguet, a French literary historian, explained: "Realism is an artistic proposition that clearly and calmly observes human events and then describes them clearly and calmly. ..... We should select the most meaningful rhyming events from thousands of real events, and then sort out these events to make them have a strong impression. " This is basically consistent with Engels' definition that "realism requires the true representation of typical characters in typical environments in addition to the truth in details". If realism is not simply understood as the inner truth of various realistic arts, but only as a set of principles and artistic methods of character description, then in western Europe, it is generally believed that realism was formed during the Renaissance. From Renaissance realism to1critical realism in the 1920s, and1enlightenment realism in the 8th century. Renaissance realism is famous for describing the vivid and rich feelings, desires and feelings of characters. It shows the sublimity of people, the integrity, purity and poetry of characters. However, it is not as realistic as the Enlightenment in analyzing social relations. The latter is more social and analytical, emphasizing that creation should have a clear social purpose and ideological education.
/kloc-the trend of critical realism in the 0/9th century is both a historical inheritance and a realistic innovation. It summed up the literary experience before18th century, supplemented the historical concreteness of realism in the Renaissance, got rid of the rational principle of classicism, and overcame the didactic elements of realism and the subjectivity of romanticism in the Enlightenment. It also accepted the concreteness of character description from Renaissance literature, social analysis factors from classicism and enlightenment literature, and some passion from romanticism, but it gradually lost its unique optimism in the previous generation literature, but it was stained with pessimism that it could not get rid of. /kloc-the critical realism in the 0/9th century seems to be an organic combination of the realistic characteristics of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. It is also developed under the new historical conditions. It can describe people from the movement and development of things, from the various relationships between people and the environment, especially its representation of typical characters in typical environments, direct analysis of social life reality, and sharp exposure and criticism of reality, reaching an unprecedented level. In the history of world literature, the critical realism literature in the19th century became the peak of European bourgeois literature and art development ... neo-realism.
After World War II, it appeared in Italian film and literature.
Genre Neo-realism is the product of the resistance movement and reflects this fate.
The ideals and requirements of moving. It is a group of people who have been baptized by the anti-fascist struggle.
Step writers, artists, and strive for social progress, democracy and peace.
As the banner of thought, we should faithfully reflect the truth of history and the reality we are facing.
Art programs.
Neo-realism literature lasted for more than ten years from birth to decline.
It has gone through different stages of development.
Reflect the resistance movement and the southern issue, like a red line running through the early days.
In the new realism literature. Writers experienced the "darkness" of Mussolini's rule.
Dark twenty years "is still the experience of participating in the anti-fascist struggle, full of enthusiasm."
Describe the Italian people's opposition to fascism and German Nazi invaders.
The struggle of crying (Vigano: the death of Anne Si, 1949), to Fasi.
The heinous crime of hurting good people was mercilessly exposed and
Flogging (Primo Levi: If this is a person,1947); Yiju
Great realistic forces have exposed the amazing poverty and backwardness in southern Italy.
(Carol Levi: Christ stays in Ebola,1945); show
Southern farmers' struggle for land and their political consciousness (Iovine:
Holy land,1950; Botao: Tianhong,1947; strong
Thief, 195 1).
On the other hand, there are some problems in the early neo-realism works.
Visual defect. The writer can't understand the facts he describes correctly and profoundly.
Lack of artistic generalization and revelation of the facts themselves. They pointedly put forward
Problems, but can't dig the crux of the problem, more can't clearly solve the problem.
Method, so often reveal the consciousness of the petty bourgeoisie and sad mood.
The basic characteristics of these works are humanitarianism and writing truthfulness.
The creative principles of. Neo-realists describe kindness with sincere love and sympathy.
There are also weak people, such as the unemployed, the homeless, poor farmers and civil servants.
Member, they struggle with fate in order to get a piece of bread and a piece of land, but
All ended in failure, and all good pursuits went up in smoke. Writers are nobody.
Angry cries and protests were issued. These are full of humanitarianism.
God's works show that the working people in capitalist society are suffering the same hardships.
The profound conflict and opposition in reality exposed the misery and danger of the whole society.
There are dark scenes everywhere.