Metaphor is one of the oldest and most important rhetorical devices. People express their feelings, explain the truth, write characters, describe things and scenery, vividly, draw pictures and color, which can be regarded as the first figure of speech. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle even said? Metaphor is a sign of genius? .
First, the role of metaphor
Metaphor can be used to describe scenery, express feelings, embody reason and describe people, that is, metaphor, metaphor, metaphor and metaphor. Specifically, there are the following aspects:
1, concretize abstract things.
Like what? Worried? It is an abstract human psychology. In poetry, poets concretize this abstract emotion with various metaphors, such as in Li Bai's poems? Worried? Has a length:? White hair three thousands of feet, sorrow as long? (Qiu Ge),? Does Yishui lead to Wan Li's sorrow? (Hengjiang Ci); In Lu you's poems, there is more than length: ten feet of sorrow for the city to be clear? (Mountain Garden), and the volume:? Leisure is not equal to wine? (cursive song); There is even a range:? Besides Kyushu, there is also Kyushu. This statement is true, just to worry me? ("Drunk flute playing in Jianglou"); In Li Qingzhao's words? Worried? You can also walk around: one kind of acacia, two places of leisure. There's nothing I can do in this situation but frown, but do you mind? ("A prune? Red lotus root fragrance residual jade autumn "); In Li Yu's words, sorrow is like spring, and the spring water is rolling eastward, which is unstoppable. How much sadness can you have, like a river flowing eastward? . Like spring grass spreading everywhere: staying away from hate is like spring grass, but it can live farther and farther. ("Qingping Music"); He Zhu's Jade Case shows the diversity, density and continuity of leisure with five visualized things: smoke, grass, wind, floc and rain. Excuse me, spare time to make a Sichuan cigarette, full of wind, Huang Meiyu. , forming a compound metaphor.
Another example is music, which is a kind of sound that acts on hearing. Invisible and intangible, how to make it visible and tangible, Bai Juyi's Pipa Travel achieved this through metaphor. Poets use it? Humming, whispering-and then mixing them together, like pouring pearls of all sizes into a plate of jade? To describe the interlacing of light tone and stress in music, it is not only auditory but also visual; Use? Guan Yingying's ass was slippery when she spoke, and we heard a stream sobbing painfully on the beach. By checking its cold touch, this string seems to be broken. Why don't you have a rest? Describe the two realms of fluency and coldness in music, not only hearing, but also touch. Another example is Li He's "Li Ping's Elegance", in which Li Ping's touching power of elegance is almost visual, such as? Empty mountains and clouds don't flow? 、? Hunan, Hubei and Zhu Xi? ,? Lotus tears and vanilla smiles? ,? The cold light melts in front of the twelve gates, and the twenty-three silk moves the purple emperor. Nu Wa makes up the sky by refining stones, and the stones break the ground to stir up the autumn rain. Dream into the holy mountain to teach the gods, and the old fish dance with the waves. Wu sleeps in osmanthus trees, flying barefoot and slanting wet rabbits? Wait a minute. Touch, imagination and exaggeration are caught in the middle. It is the same for Han Yu to listen to the clever teacher playing the piano. There are not only a lot of auditory metaphors, but also vision and touch. For example, a series of metaphors at the beginning are the combination of hearing and vision. What about children? Jealousy is just like you. The brave men rowed gorgeous paddles and walked towards the enemy's battlefield. Clouds and catkins have no roots, and heaven remains our neighbourhood. .
2. Make the specific image beautiful and moving.
For example, Zhang Dayou in the Tang Dynasty wrote a doggerel: There is an ordinary river with a hole in the well. Black dog and white dog swollen? . Poetry has a good sense of humor, isn't it? Zhang Dayou? Although the metaphor of this poem is accurate, the image is not beautiful enough, and beauty is an element of metaphor. For example, when we describe the love between husband and wife, we can compare them to mandarin ducks and tie branches. No one has ever compared them to schistosomiasis because they are ugly and harmful to human body. However, in terms of accuracy, Schistosoma japonicum is hermaphrodite and never separates. "The Newspeak? The text recorded such a story:? Xie An held a family reunion on a cold snowy day, explaining poetry with his son and nephew. Suddenly it began to snow, and Gong said cheerfully. What does snow look like? Brother and son Hu Er said? Is it possible to sprinkle salt in the air? ; Brother and daughter? If catkins weren't for the wind. ? Laughter? . This brother and sister praised by Xie An is the famous talented woman Xie Daowen. Compare the metaphor of Xie Lang (nicknamed Hu Er)? Is there any salt in the air? , Xie Daowen? Catkin due to the wind? Really much smarter. Imagine what it would be like for countless salt particles to fall from the air. Catkin dancing with the wind is wonderful and beautiful. Cen Can's Bai Xuege describes flying snow? Like the spring wind, it blows at night and blows open the petals of ten thousand pear trees? ; Xu Ling? Three mornings are full of joy and six mornings are full of flowers? Luo Yinxue: Long Yun Jade Leaves, Crane Snowflakes New? Wu Jun's "Singing Snow": Wandering in the air like fog and condensing the finished product like flowers? , Lu Meipo? The snow in Mei Xu Xun is white, but the snow has lost a kind of plum fragrance? , Lv Benzhong? Snow is like plum blossom, and plum blossom is like snow, which is both strange and beautiful. , Bird? Three million Yulong was defeated, and the black sheep's bones were flying all over the sky? Wait, what's going on here? Snow? In addition to accuracy, metaphor is beautiful or magnificent, which gives people a beautiful enjoyment.
3. Make emotional expression richer and more touching.
The most important feature of poetry is lyricism. Without lyricism, there is no poetry, and narrative poetry is no exception. Therefore, we must be emotional about what is praised in poetry, and using metaphor is one of the ways to make poetry lyrical. Such as He Zhu's poem Half-dead Child:
Overcoming the door is wrong, what is the difference? Wutong was half dead. After first frost, Bai Yuanyang lost her partner.
The original grass, the first dew, the old habitat new ridge. Lying in an empty bed listening to the rain from the south window, who will mend the clothes at night?
This is a mourning poem, which shows the author's deep yearning for his dead wife, Zhao, and is sentimental and good at writing articles. In his poems, he expressed his feelings by revisiting his hometown, remembering the deep love cultivated by the author and his dead wife in their long-term life of sharing joys and sorrows. The words are painful, sincere, sad and touching. In the last film, in addition to the first two sentences, metaphors are also used to directly express their feelings, making their sadness and yearning more sad and profound. First of all, the epitaph "Half-dead Child" is a very accurate metaphor. Who is the wife Cui of Tianguan in Li Qiao's Elegy of Wu in Tang Dynasty? Qin Ai is half dead? In other words, He Zhu drew a metaphor. He lost his spouse, just like a half-dead phoenix tree. Li shangyin's poem Shicheng:? Yuanyang has two white heads? , He Zhu cited rewrite again? The white-headed mandarin duck lost her companion? , what else? Indus half dead, after the Qing Dynasty in first frost? Form a subtle double metaphor sentence. Compared with Li Qiao and Li Shangyin's poems, it is not only neat in antithesis, but also more exquisite in form. Because the transition from single comparison to compound comparison is more sad and emotional. Followed by? Original grass, first dew? With the funeral song "Autumn Dew" in Han Yuefu? What happened to the dew? , what else? Indus half dead, after the Qing Dynasty in first frost? Are the two sentences * * * the same? Apollo? From mourning for your dead wife to life is short? How difficult is it to go to Japan? The deeper the sadness. From this, I not only felt He Zhu's profound literary accomplishment again, but also saw the poet's extremely ingenious skills in using metaphors.
Wu Wenying, who is later than He Zhu, has a poem "The Wind Into the Pine", which is also a multi-purpose metaphor:
Listen to the wind and rain, worry about plants and flowers. In front of the building is a dark road, a wisp of willows and an inch of tenderness. In the cold spring, I was drinking wine, and I dreamed of singing warblers.
Wu Wenying was born in Siming (now Ningbo, Zhejiang). Its dictionaries are elegant, harmonious, subtle and euphemistic, which is unique from the beautiful Zhou Bangyan and the lonely Jiang Kui, thanks to the use of metaphors. Wu Wenying has never been an official in his life, but he is not a hermit. As a vagrant, he is attached to the door of bureaucratic power, and his source of life is not lacking. Wu Wenying fell in love with a Hangzhou woman when he was young and lived a very romantic life. In the ten years since he left Hangzhou, the poet has recalled this love affair many times, all of which are metaphors of willow, rain, lotus and lonely swallow. Tears smell wet lonely mountain rain, thin waist breaks six bridges? (Jin Tang),? The West Lake has broken the bridge and broken the road. I think the horse is hanging down, but it is still tilted. Kwai Mai is in the ethereal place, asking the lonely swallow to leave the nest and fly to whose home? (recalling the past). Ten years later, the poet went to Hangzhou again. When he heard that the woman had died, the poet was very sad. He personally wrote "Jade Box" to show his respect, and the beginning of the word is also a metaphor for willow trees. Short pavilion, fragrant grass, long pavilion, willow, peach leaf, Yanjiangkou? . In this song "The Wind Into the Pine", the poet not only plays up the environment and contrasts the atmosphere, but also uses metaphors, such as? Worried about grass and flowers? Is to compare people with flowers, with? Flowers? Metaphor beauty is gone, go? Worried about grass and flowers? A metaphor for mourning for an ex-lover. Recalling the past, the footprints on the path in front of the building, Liu Xia's laughter in front of the flowers, and the sadness when her hands were separated all evoked the hidden pain that the poet could not eliminate. A willow, an inch of tenderness? This apt hint makes this pain more vivid and touching.
Among the ancient poets in China, there are many outstanding examples of lyricism by metaphor, such as Qin Guan? Gentle as water, dreamlike? ,? Free flying flowers are as light as a dream, and the continuous rain is like sorrow? ; Li Wei? Stay away from hate like spring grass, but you can live farther and farther. ,? Is it sad to keep cutting and being messy? ; Where is Yan? Falling Flowers Independent, Rain Shuang Yan? ,? At that time, the moon was there, like a colorful cloud. ; Zhou Bangyan? The sword is like water, and the house is better than snow? ,? When the storm comes, the state buries the Chu Palace. What is the smell of the falling land? , Huang tingjian? When the moon falls in the water, the geese return to the ink book. ,? Don't leave a cup of spring dew to help Yushan and Lang? Wait a minute.
4. Make the philosophy of life in the poem richer and deeper.
Metaphors in China's ancient poems are different from those in China's. The metaphor in rational prose is only used to illustrate the truth. Rational prose, as long as it can explain the truth, can use different metaphors, which are unreasonable, such as buying bamboo slips and pearls, carving a boat for a sword, and honest people buying shoes. Poetry, on the other hand, is different. Metaphor of poetry often becomes a part of poetic image, and the interpretation of philosophy through metaphor becomes philosophical poetry or the interest contained in poetry. This implication lies in the image, not in the external pursuit, such as Mianchi Huaizi by Su Shi:
What is life like everywhere? It should be like flying in snow.
I accidentally left my fingers and claws in the mud, and Hong Fei was driving that complicated thing.
The old monk is dead and has become a new tower. There is no reason to look at the old topic with a broken wall.
I don't know if the past was very bumpy, and the long road was full of people.
While lamenting the unknowability of life, this poem is also mixed with sighs that life is short, things are yellow and things are transformed, and it is full of a kind of confused and unpredictable philosophical speculation. Because Su Shi and his brother Su Zhe (Ziyou) once passed Mianchi, because the horse died, they had to ride a lame donkey to the monk temple to stay. When the team arrived, I wrote a poem on a wall of the temple. This time, Su Dongpo revisited his old place. The old monk who received them has long since passed away, leaving only a stupa. The wall where the two brothers wrote poems also collapsed. Seeing things inhuman, Dongpo wrote this poem with mixed feelings. Metaphor plays a key role in this poem. In Su Shi's view, life is like flying in the world, full of unknowns, and the trace of life is like a swan goose accidentally leaving paw prints on a snowy field during its flight. After Hong Fei melted, everything ceased to exist. However, after all, it flies by, and Hong Fei's lightness in walking through the snow, his free and easy wherever he went, his romance at a glance, and the regret of coming and going have gone without a trace. This is the most beautiful attitude towards life that Su Shi understands!
Su Shi also has a poem entitled "Yan Ling Wang's main book draws two broken branches?" First, which one is right? Spirit likeness? The connotation of "being a further explanation";
On the similarity of paintings, look at neighborhoods with children.
The poem must be this poem. You must not know the poet.
Poetry and painting are unified, ingenious and fresh.
Su Shi also used similes in the process of interpretation, pointing out? Shape? My opinion is as childish as a child. Poetry, like painting, should be exquisite? Spirit likeness? Pay attention to the truth of essence rather than the similarity of appearance. This simile not only makes readers vividly see the shallowness of metaphor theorists, but also shows Su Shi's frankness and seriousness. In Su Shi's poems, metaphor is often used to illustrate philosophy, such as the poet's application in the title of Xilin Wall. Look over the ridge to a mountain peak? This metaphor is used to illustrate that different angles of observation lead to different conclusions; "Road flyovers in the Tang Dynasty said that every thunder and lightning in the thunderstorm was overlooked on Tianmu Mountain, but I heard the voice of a baby in the cloud and I didn't smell Lei Zhen". What's the use? Mountains are only for babies, and people are lost in the infinite world? To illustrate the same truth. In "The Wind of Thumbnails in Cihu Lake", what is used? And on the other side of the water village, where is it not a rock? To lament that the world is cold and the people are sinister. In "Hokkeji Hengcui Pavilion", use? When will the carved fence be ready? It's not just the fence that makes people old. It's even sadder to promote waste for a hundred years. You know the grass is going to become a pool. To illustrate the understanding of life that a leopard cannot change his spots and life is short.