1, ancient poetry. The earliest poetry is the original poetry in the pre-Qin period, also known as the original ballad. At that time, social productivity was extremely low and there was no writing. People can only express it through word of mouth and oral creation. The ideological content and artistic form of primitive poetry (various songs and tunes) have their distinctive characteristics. The theme of poetry involves the description of working life, the praise of love life and the expectation of natural life. But after all, there is no written record, and most of them have not been handed down. Later, after collecting and sorting out, it became the earliest collection of poems in China, and then there were Chu Ci and Yuefu poems in the Han Dynasty.
The Songs of Chu was written by Qu Yuan, the first real poet in China during the Warring States Period, including Li Sao, Jiu Ge, Jiu Zhang and Tian Wen. The original meaning of "Songs of Chu" refers to the words of Chu (now in the area of two lakes). Besides Qu Yuan, Songs of the South also includes works by Song Yu, Jia Yi and Dong Fangshuo.
Han Yuefu is another great collection of ancient China folk songs after The Book of Songs, which is different from the romanticism in The Songs of the South and creates a new realistic poetic style. Female works play an important role in the folk songs of Han Yuefu. He used popular language to get close to real life, and used narrative methods to portray characters, and the story was relatively complete. Moreover, the typical description highlights the ideological connotation, which opens up a new stage of the development of narrative poetry and is also an important stage of China's five-character poems.
North and South folk songs. Due to the long-term confrontation between the north and the south, the political, economic, cultural and folk customs are far apart, and the natural environment is different, so the folk songs of the north and the south also show their own styles and emotional appeal. Beautiful and lingering folk songs in the Southern Dynasties reflect pure and sincere love life. The folk songs in the Northern Dynasties are rough and bold, reflecting the turbulent social reality in the North and the living habits of ethnic minorities. The famous lyric Long song's "Xizhou Qu" in the Southern Dynasties folk songs and the classic narrative poem "Mulan Poetry" in the Northern Dynasties folk songs represent the highest achievements of the Southern and Northern Dynasties folk songs respectively. During this period, "five words and four sentences" were the main ones, as well as "seven quatrains", "seven words" and "miscellaneous words", which had a great influence on Tang poetry.
It emphasized metrical poetry and had a far-reaching influence on the development of metrical poetry in the Tang Dynasty, which was produced in the Yongming period of the Southern Qi Dynasty. At that time, the society was relatively stable and the economy was relatively prosperous, which provided a good external environment for poets to study the laws of temperament and poetry creation. Its representative figure is Shen Yue (a native of Huzhou, Zhejiang), a historian and writer of the Southern Dynasties. Xiao Ze (the eldest son of Xiao Daocheng, Emperor Qi and the second emperor in the Southern Dynasties). Yongming style is a change of poetic skills, which marks the turning point of China's poetry from ancient poetry of primitive natural art to modern poetry of artificial art, and is a prelude to modern poetry. And put forward the "four tones (four tones of words: flat, up, go, into) eight diseases" in the creative concept.
2. Modern poetry. Formed in the Tang Dynasty and prevailing in the world, it was named modern poetry to distinguish it from classical poetry. The requirements for meter are extremely strict, which are mainly manifested as follows: the text has definite sentences, the sentences have definite characters, the characters have definite sounds, the rhymes have definite positions, the meter has definite connections, and the connections have definite pairs. Compared with classical poetry, modern poetry is more orderly and rhythmic, but it also adds more restrictions and constraints. Therefore, these strict regulations on poetry creation have two functions, that is, they are conducive to standardizing poetry creation and making poetry more mature. On the contrary, it is not conducive to the development of poetry, increasing the difficulty and causing restrictions.
The development of Tang poetry has experienced four stages: early Tang, prosperous Tang, middle Tang and late Tang. Four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty, Yang Jiong, Lu and Lu, started the frontier poems. Finalization of Five-character Rhymes and Seven-character Rhymes in Early Tang Dynasty. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the five-character and seven-character rhymes are complete, and the masterpieces are like clouds, each with its own beauty. Poetry is rich in subject matter and content. Scenery and countryside, frontier customs, farewell, travel and service, friendship and love, human feelings, nostalgia, etc. , all-encompassing, too numerous to mention. Poets emerge one after another, famous artists come forth in large numbers, schools coexist, styles are diverse and colorful. The most outstanding contribution of the prosperous Tang Dynasty to China's poetry was the birth of two great poets, Li Bai and Du Fu. "Li and Du Wen are in full bloom" (Han Yu) has long been the knowledge of thousands of generations. The mid-Tang Dynasty was the heyday of Tang poetry, with many poets and brilliant works. Among them, Bai Juyi, Li and Du are also called "three great poets" in the Tang Dynasty. Although the poems in the late Tang Dynasty were not as good as those in the prosperous and middle Tang Dynasties, there were also famous poets such as Du Mu and Li Shangyin.
Song Ci flourished in the Song Dynasty, but it originated in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, or even earlier. Ci was not noticeable in the Tang Dynasty, but in the Song Dynasty, Ci became the most outstanding culture in the Song Dynasty with its comprehensive essence, and there were also representative poets, such as Qin Guan, Zhou Bangyan, He Zhu, Su Shi, Ouyang Xiu, Li Qingzhao, Lu You and Xin Qiji.
Compared with Tang and Song Dynasties, there were only a few outstanding famous poets and poets in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
3. Modern poetry (also known as new poetry and free verse). It began with the May 4th Movement in the last century. With vernacular as the language carrier, it adapted to the needs of political changes at that time. On the basis of a complete break with classical poetry, it broke the situation that classical poetry dominated the world and brought about changes in creative concepts. With the active response and participation of Hu Shi, Guo Moruo, Liu Bannong, Wang Jinzhi, Bing Xin and others, modern poetry has gone through a revolutionary process from language form to content, once again breaking the rigid and rigid metrical shackles, establishing the authentic status of vernacular Chinese and creating a brand-new form of people-friendly poetry. Only with the appearance of modern poetry can poetry become people's poetry.
Modern poetry has experienced a short period of prosperity from campus to the city, and also experienced a major period of saving the country and national liberation. Inspired people's patriotic enthusiasm, a large number of poets emerged, and poetry was well received by the people. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, influenced by the political environment, the theme of poetry changed from praising "new life" to "continuing revolution". During the Cultural Revolution, a large number of poets became Rightists and were deprived of the right to write. China's poetry, including modern poetry, has also been excluded from mainstream literature and reduced to underground literature. After the reform and opening up, a large number of poets came back and wrote many "return songs"; Young people's "misty poems" began to appear, giving people a refreshing feeling. In the 1990s, especially in the new century, great changes have taken place in social and cultural life, and consumption has become the main content of culture and entertainment. Poetry, as a kind of pure literature, has been seriously impacted, and it is no longer expected and concerned by readers as before. Modern poetry, like old-style poetry, gradually lost its dominant position in society, unable to compete with popular culture, and gradually tended to be marginalized. The whole literature and art is not as good as before. Although it is sometimes full of vitality, after all, the general trend is gone and irreversible.
The name of "wine" in ancient poetry
1, Du Kang
Legend has it that he was the first person to make wine, so he later called wine by his name.
Cao Cao's "Short Songs": "How to solve your worries? Only Du Kang. " Yuan Hao asked "Partridge Sky": "There is always a way to forget Du Kang, and wine is more unforgettable."
Step 2 take action
Originally, it was two drinking utensils, and it was also synonymous with wine.
Cao Zhi's Ode to Wine: "Indulgence is forbidden by the former king and rejected by the gentleman." Wei's "Ji Jian Guanjian Waterfall": "Tea fruit invites true lovers, and we must work together."
3. Green ants
The green foam floating on the wine surface is named after it looks like an ant. Also used as a synonym for wine.
Xie Tiao's "Sick in the County, Showing Shen Shangshu": "Jia Yu can recommend it, and the green ants hold it alone." Bai Juyi gave my friend Liu a suggestion: "There is a ray of green in the old bottle and a little red in the static furnace."
4. Bo Huang
Because wine can relieve anxiety and bring joy to people, it is named "Huanbo".
Jiao Gan's "The Turn of Yilinkan": "Wine is a joy, and sorrow is a joy." Yuan Hao asked Liu Yuexuan: "Three people met and got back together. Huanbo is my song, and the toad and rabbit are moving. "
5. Liu Xia
The metaphor of good wine.
"Bao Puzi dispels doubts" contains: "Xiang Man went up the mountain to learn immortality and returned after ten years. His family asked him why, and said,' There are immortals, but he is not thirsty if he drinks a glass of Xiaxia with me.' "Yu Xin's Answer to Wang Wei's Giving Mulberry Wine": "I mourn the people sitting in a narrow evil and like to send clouds and cigarettes." Li Shangyin's "Drunk under the Flowers": "You don't feel drunk when you are looking for incense, and the day of leaning against the tree is already oblique."
6. Lao Chun
In the Tang dynasty, wine was often called spring, so wine was called old spring.
Li Bai's "Crying for Xuancheng to Brew Jizuo": "Jizuo should brew old springs in the yellow spring." Han Yi's "Tianzang Cao Dongting Drinking Spring Words in Summer Night": "Yu Pei welcomes the first night, and the golden pot is drunk in the old spring."
7. Qu Sheng
Personalization of wine.
Zheng Bai's "Telling Heaven" records: "Ye Fashan will visit dozens of guests and think about drinking. Suddenly, a man proudly went straight into it. He was a scholar, who had difficulty arguing with others and had sharp words. Fashan was suspected to be a ghost and was attacked by a small sword in the dark. His man fell down the stairs and turned into a bottle of good wine. Everyone said,' you must not forget the taste of bending.' "Lu You's" Early Spring with Chengdu ":"When you get sick, you die with Qu Sheng, and there is a temple in Yancha. "
8. Frozen mash
Spring wine. This is a wine brewed in cold winter and matured in spring.
"The Book of Songs Wind July": "The rice was harvested in October, so we celebrated our birthday with spring wine." Chuan: "Spring wine, frozen mash also." Shu: "Lao Zi is another name for wine. This wine is brewed when it is frozen, so it is called frozen mash. " Du Mu's "Send My Brother-in-law and Friends to Cui Zhou" has twelve rhymes: "Rain invades cold dreams, and plum attracts frozen mash." Lu Guimeng's "Lu Jiu Towel": "The spirit is high and the wind is unattainable, and this towel still falls into the frozen mash room."
9.pepper sauce
In ancient times, wine soaked in pepper was often used to worship gods.
Qu Yuan's Nine Songs of the East Emperor Taiyi Nanjiu: "Drink osmanthus wine and pepper paste." Wang Wei's Jiaoyuan: "Jiaojiang is a Yao seat and wants to go to the clouds." Li's "People in the South of the Yangtze River Play God at Night": "After the rain, it will clear up the island and relax, and the pepper paste will be drunk to welcome God back."
10 What's in the glass?
Because I drank too much, I called it.
Tao Qian's Responsibility: "Heaven is so lucky, it is in the cup." Huang Tingjian's "Two Rhymes and Six Passes Searching for Wang Wentong": "The heart is still in the cup, and the spring scenery cannot be beautiful."
1 1, sweep the broom and catch the poem hook
Because wine can sweep away sorrow and evoke poetry, it is called.
Su Shi's "Dong Ting Chun": "No need to ask names. You should call a poem hook and sweep the broom. "
Qingzhou City, Pingyuan County 12
"Qingzhou is engaged in" is the code word of fine wine. "Duyou in the Plain" is the code word for bad wine.
Liu Yiqing's "The World Tells the New Yu Shujie" states: "Duke Huan has a master book, so he is good at distinguishing wine and tasting it first. The good one is called Qingzhou engagement, and the bad one is called Pingyuan Duyou. " Engaged in, American officials; Du You, a humble post. So, this is the ratio. Pi Rixiu's "Send a pot of Lu Wang, the stunt of the drunken man": "The meaning of the drunken man cannot be relied on, so send it to Qingzhou to do it." Huang Tingjian's "Wine Clam Restores Suoshunquan": "Shang Lue Du You has a bad taste, which is unbearable in front of clams."