1. perceptual cognition: (1) meaning: it refers to people's understanding of the phenomena, external relations and various aspects of things directly felt by sensory organs on the basis of practice, including three forms: feeling, perception and representation.
(2) Features: perceptual knowledge is the primary stage of knowledge, and directness is its outstanding feature.
Perceptual knowledge directly reflects the external world with concrete and vivid images, taking the phenomenon of things, that is, external relations, as the content, and has not deeply understood the essence of things.
(3). (Influence) Although perceptual knowledge is vivid and vivid, it is still not profound, which is its limitation and therefore the reason why it must rise to rational knowledge.
2. Rational understanding: ① Meaning: refers to people's understanding of the essence, totality, internal relations and regularity of things with the help of abstract thinking and on the basis of summarizing and sorting out a large number of perceptual materials.
② Features: Rational knowledge includes three forms: concept, judgment and reasoning. From concept to judgment to reasoning, it is the development of rational knowledge from low level to high level.
③ Influence: Rational cognition is the advanced stage of cognition, which has the characteristics of abstraction and indirectness. It is profound because it reflects the essence of things.
2. There is a close dialectical relationship between perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge.
1. Rational knowledge depends on perceptual knowledge, and rational knowledge must be based on perceptual knowledge. Adhering to the dependence of rational knowledge on perceptual knowledge is to adhere to the materialism of epistemology.
2. Perceptual knowledge needs to be developed and deepened into rational knowledge. Only by raising perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge can we grasp the essence of things and meet the needs of practice. Adhering to this point is to adhere to the dialectics of epistemology.
3. Perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge permeate and contain each other. The distinction between the two is relative, and people should not and cannot completely separate them.
Perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge are dialectical unity, and the basis of unity is practice.
If the dialectical unity of the two is separated, it will move towards rationalism and empiricism.
In practical work, dogmatism and empiricism will be committed.