According to the regulations of the Games, a period of "Holy Truce" will be implemented throughout Greece before and after the Games (initially for one month, then extended to three months). During the "truce", no one is allowed to use the army to start a war, and offenders will be punished. In the competition activities, people enhance mutual understanding and strengthen unity and friendship through exchanges, which is naturally conducive to easing the relationship between the city-States. Therefore, unity and friendship became the pillars of the ancient Olympic Games. In addition, in ancient Greece, during weddings, funerals and harvest seasons, celebrations were often held to pay tribute to Zeus, the head of the gods. During the celebration, poetry reading, singing and dancing performances and sports competitions were held, which was also one of the important reasons for the formation of the ancient Olympic Games. When the Games first appeared, there was no unified organization, but they were scattered in Corinth, Athens, Olympia and other places, among which the Games held in Olympia were the largest. By the eighth century BC, sports meetings in other regions had disintegrated and started to be held in Olympia, which is why the ancient Greek Games were named after Olympia.
In 776 BC, the 1 ancient Olympic Games was held. It is held every 14 17 days (that is, every 4 years). In the first few sessions, there was only one sprint (192.27m), and later, long-distance running, long jump, javelin, discus, horse racing, racing and pentathlon (running, long jump, discus, javelin and wrestling) were gradually added. Of course, the method of competition is different from today. For example, in the long jump competition, athletes should hold dumbbells in both hands, accompanied by flutes. Another example is boxing, where athletes wear leather covers with spikes outside, which is more cruel than modern boxing matches. Participants in the competition were initially limited to adult men, and teenagers began to participate in the 37th session in 632 BC. According to statistics, there were 24 events in the ancient Olympic Games, including 8 events for adults/kloc-0 and 6 events for teenagers. Due to the gradual increase of events, the duration of the sports meeting was also increased from one day to three days, and later extended to five days. Most of the athletes (not all, such as armed competition, wearing clothes) are naked, naked and covered with olive oil. Therefore, nudity was all the rage and became a major feature of the ancient Olympic Games. There will be a solemn award ceremony at the sports meeting. The winner will receive an olive crown symbolizing honor, and the name of each winner will be engraved on the wall of the sports ground. In addition, for athletes who have won the championship three times, statues will be made for them next to the temple of Zeus to show their recognition and commemoration.
Modern modern Olympic Games
/kloc-At the end of 0/9, European countries witnessed vigorous economic and cultural development, increasingly frequent international exchanges and increased sports exchanges, and the first batch of international sports organizations appeared. 188 1 year, the international gymnastics Federation was established. 1892, the international skating Federation and the international rowing Federation were established one after another. From 65438 to 0887, Germans exhibited a large number of cultural relics excavated from Olympia in Berlin, which had a great response. German ruler William deliberately used the enthusiasm of the masses to disguise himself as the initiator of the Olympic Games in an attempt to dominate Europe. Europeans need a peaceful environment and think that restoring the Olympic Games is a good way to seek peace, but the ambitious William can't be the initiator of the modern Olympic Games. It is under such historical conditions that Frenchman Pierre De Coubertin proposed to restore the Olympic Games.
Coubertin was born in a noble family in Paris on New Year's Day in 1863. He became interested in the history of ancient Greece when he was in middle school, which had a great influence on his later participation in the Olympic Movement. 1883, Coubertin proposed for the first time to hold a competition similar to the ancient Olympic Games, but it was not a simple inheritance, but to expand the sports games previously limited to Greeks to the whole world. From 65438 to 0892, he visited all European countries and publicized the Olympic ideal. In the same year1October 25th, 165438+ delivered a famous speech entitled "Reviving the Olympics" in Paris. 1893, in order to restore the Olympic Games, he held the first international sports conference in Paris. In June, 1894, 1, he also wrote to sports clubs in various countries to discuss matters related to the resumption of the Olympic Games. On June 24th of the same year 18, the International Sports Conference was held in Paris again. The meeting decided to set up the International Olympic Committee with 12 member countries, and elected the Greek poet Wei Ze kailash as its chairman and Coubertin as its secretary-general. The meeting also decided that 1 Modern Olympic Games will be held in Athens, Greece in 1896. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is a corporate body with legal person status and permanent inheritance rights, and is not for profit. Headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland. Its main purpose is to make sports serve the harmonious development of mankind and improve human dignity; In the spirit of friendship, unity and fair competition, young people from different countries, different nationalities, different colors and different beliefs can get together, communicate with each other, strengthen understanding and enhance friendship, thus contributing to the establishment of a beautiful and peaceful world. The slogan of the Olympic Games is "Faster, Higher and Stronger". It was put forward by Didong, a close friend of Coubertin, and was officially approved by the International Olympic Committee in 19 13.
The Olympic flag is white with five connected rings printed in the middle, which is what we call the Olympic rings. The colors of the five rings are blue, yellow, black, green and red from left to right (they can also be drawn in monochrome). The pattern of the Olympic flag is designed according to Coubertin 19 13. 19 14 In July, the Olympic flag designed according to Coubertin's idea was hoisted for the first time at the International Olympic Committee meeting held in Paris to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the Olympic Movement. 1920 The flag printed with the five rings was officially hung in the 7th Olympic Games. At that time, the five colors of the ring were interpreted as representing five continents: Europe-sky blue, Asia-yellow, Africa-black, Australia-grass green and America-red. Later, the official explanation was that they represented the colors of the national flags of all countries participating in the International Olympic Committee. In the Olympic Review (No.40) published in 1979, the International Olympic Committee emphasized that the meaning of the five rings symbolizes the unity of the five continents, and athletes from all over the world gather at the Olympic Games in a fair and frank competition and friendly spirit.
The Olympic anthem is a beautiful and solemn classical orchestra. Composed by Greek Spiros samaras and Kostis palamas. This piece of music was played at the opening ceremony of 1896 Athens 1 Olympic Games. However, since then, the Olympic anthem has been decided by the host country, and it was not until 1958 that the 55th meeting of the Tokyo International Olympic Committee officially decided to use this song as the permanent Olympic anthem.
Organization and holding of the Olympic Games
After more than 100 years of ups and downs, the modern Olympic Games has developed into the largest and grandest sports event in the world, and has also formed its own unique and systematic organization and hosting rules.
The choice of the host city of the Olympic Games.
According to Coubertin's ideal, the Olympic Games should be held by cities all over the world in turn, which is conducive to the spread of the Olympic spirit. At present, the procedure for the IOC to determine the host city of the Olympic Games is:
1. The bidding city shall submit a written application to the IOC. Because the preparations for the modern Olympic Games need enough time to complete, the International Olympic Committee started the bid eight years before the Olympic Games and set a clear deadline. Cities wishing to host the Olympic Games must apply to the International Olympic Committee in a formal written form before this date. The application report must be approved by the National Olympic Committee and signed by the government to show its support. If more than two cities in the same country intend to bid, the Olympic Committee of that country will decide one of them. In other words, the IOC only allows one city in each country to bid for one Olympic Games.
2. The IOC Executive Board conducts a preliminary screening of the bidding cities. The Executive Committee of the International Olympic Committee examines the qualifications of bidding cities, and according to their own statements and their understanding of the basic situation of isolated cities, several cities are screened out and entered the formal bidding process.
3. The IOC Evaluation Committee conducts field visits to the bidding cities. The IOC and the IFs in charge of the Olympic Games issue relevant forms and questionnaires to investigate the conditions of bidding cities. These problems are very specific and detailed, involving all aspects of hosting the Olympic Games. The bidding city will sum up its own answers to these questions and bind them into hundreds of pages of bidding report, which is actually a very detailed plan for hosting the Olympic Games. Submitted to the IOC six months before the IOC plenary vote. Then, the IOC forms an evaluation committee, which is composed of representatives from the following parties: IOC members, representatives of international individual sports federations, representatives of the National Olympic Committee, representatives of the former Olympic Organizing Committee, representatives of athletes, experts in environmental protection and finance, etc. The evaluation committee will personally go to the bidding city for on-the-spot investigation, and submit the investigation results to the IOC in the form of a written report, which will be distributed to each member as one of the reference basis for the members to vote at the final plenary session.
The IOC plenary session voted to decide the host city. The final determination of the host city of the Olympic Games is entirely in the hands of the IOC plenary session. The specific form is that at the plenary session of the International Olympic Committee held seven years before the Olympic Games, all members voted in secret. In the voting, as long as a bidding city gets more than half of the votes, it will be determined as the host city. In the case of competition among several cities, the city with the least number of votes is eliminated in each round by means of multiple rounds of voting. If the votes of two cities are the same, extra votes will be cast for them, and one will be eliminated. The president of the International Olympic Committee does not vote. If the votes of the two cities are equal in the final round, the president will vote for the organizer.
The International Olympic Committee signed a contract with the host city. Once the host city is determined, the city will sign a formal agreement with the International Olympic Committee-the Host City Contract, which will bear legally binding responsibilities and ensure that the Organizing Committee faithfully performs all the terms of the agreement in accordance with the Olympic Charter and the instructions of the International Olympic Committee.
Olympic organizing Committee
A temporary organization established under the auspices of the National Olympic Committee of the host country of the Olympic Games is responsible for organizing the Olympic Games.
The Organizing Committee is responsible for reception, finance, competition, safety, medical care, foreign affairs, TV broadcasting, cultural performances, construction projects, activity planning, Olympic equipment, insurance and so on. The work of the organizing committee is very complicated, including fund raising, venue construction, schedule, security, accommodation for athletes and officials, etc. The members of the Organizing Committee are mainly composed of people from all aspects of the host country of the Olympic Games. The chairman of the Organizing Committee is the mayor of the host city or the president of the host country's Olympic Committee, and the members must include the members of the international Olympic Committee of that country.
Since its establishment, the Organizing Committee has directly contacted the International Olympic Committee and accepted its instructions. At the same time, he is also responsible for keeping in touch with liaison officers appointed by national Olympic committees on all matters related to the Olympic Games. The organizing committee has the status of a legal person and can independently enjoy legal rights and undertake legal obligations. From the establishment to the end, all activities carried out by the Organizing Committee shall comply with the Olympic Charter, the agreement signed by the International Olympic Committee, the National Olympic Committee and the host city, and the instructions of the IOC Executive Committee. If the above rules are violated or the obligations under this agreement are not fulfilled, the IOC has the right to cancel (at any time and with immediate effect) the task of hosting the Olympic Games by the host city, the Olympic Organizing Committee and the National Olympic Committee.
Opening ceremony
The opening ceremony has always been the highlight of the Olympic Games. At the opening ceremony, we should not only embody the Olympic spirit with the aim of peace, unity and friendship, but also show the national culture, customs and organizational level of the host country, and at the same time express our warm welcome to the guests from all over the world. At the opening ceremony, in addition to a series of basic ceremonies, there are generally wonderful group calisthenics with national characteristics and literary or military sports performances.
The opening ceremony mainly includes the following ceremonies: the chairman of the Olympic Organizing Committee announced the opening ceremony. The President of the International Olympic Committee and the President of the Olympic Organizing Committee greeted the head of state of the host country at the entrance of the stadium and guided him to the special seat. Delegations lined up in alphabetical order according to the language of the host country, except Greece and the host country, where the Greek delegation entered first and the host country entered last.
Speech by the President of the Olympic Organizing Committee and the President of the International Olympic Committee. The head of state of the host country declared the Olympic Games open. Playing "Ode to the Olympics", at the same time, the Olympic flag enters the stadium in the form of horizontal expansion and rises from the flagpole of the stadium.
The Olympic torch relay ran into the stadium. The last relay runner walked around the track, lit the Olympic flame, and then released the pigeons. The flags of the delegations formed a semicircle around the podium, and an athlete from the host country boarded the podium. Holding a corner of the Olympic flag in his left hand, he raised his right hand and read the following oath: "In the name of all athletes, I promise to participate in this Olympic Games with true sportsmanship and respect and abide by the rules guiding the Olympic Games."
Then, a referee of the host country boarded the podium and read the following oath in the same way: "In the name of all referees and officials, I promise to perform my duties completely and openly in this Olympic Games with true sportsmanship and respect and abide by the rules guiding the competition."
When the national anthem of the host country is played or sung, the delegation leaves. After these ceremonies, there will be group gymnastics or other cultural performances. This is the biggest workload, the longest preparation time and the most expensive project in the opening ceremony of previous Olympic Games. The host country often starts to prepare one or two years in advance and tries its best to attract guests with great momentum and unique national spirit. The success or failure of the opening ceremony depends largely on the effect and performance of group gymnastics.
Closing ceremony
The opening ceremony was solemn and grand, and the closing ceremony was even more joyful. The basic procedure is that the flag-bearers of delegations enter the stadium in a row according to the order of the opening ceremony, followed by the teams of athletes from all over the world, and the flag-bearers form a semicircle behind the podium.
The President of the International Olympic Committee and the President of the Organizing Committee of this Olympic Games boarded the podium. The Greek flag rises from the right flagpole of the central flagpole where the champion flag is raised, the flag of the host country rises from the central flagpole, and the flag of the host country of the next Olympic Games rises from the left flagpole. The mayor of the host city boarded the podium and handed the flag to the president of the International Olympic Committee, who then handed it to the mayor of the host city of the next Olympic Games.
The President of the Olympic Organizing Committee delivered a speech, and the President of the International Olympic Committee delivered a closing speech. Then, the Olympic flame was extinguished in the sound of the trumpet. While playing the Olympic national anthem, the Olympic flag was slowly lowered and sent out of the stadium in the form of horizontal expansion, followed by the flag bearer. Meanwhile, play farewell music. The delegations withdrew.
Finally, give a wonderful performance.
Flame ignition and transmission
Before every Olympic Games in ancient Greece, people held high the torch lit in front of the temple of Hera and went to various city-states to convey the message of the armistice Oracle and the Olympic Games. After the modern Olympic Movement was founded, it did not inherit this tradition at first. Until 1920, the seventh Olympic Games in Antwerp, in order to mourn the people who died in World War I, the organizers lit the torch symbolizing peace in the main venue, but there was no torch relay and the fire was not collected from Olympia. 1934, the International Olympic Committee made a formal decision in Athens. During the Olympic Games, the Olympic flame will be burned at the main venue from the opening to the closing. The flame must be collected from Olympia and passed to the host city of the Olympic Games in the form of torch relay. Since then, the torch relay has become an essential ceremony for every Olympic Games.
Starting from 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, before each Olympic Games, a solemn lighting ceremony will be held in front of the ruins of the Temple of Hera in Olympia, attended by the International Olympic Committee, the host city of the Olympic Games and local officials. Greek girls dressed in ancient costumes collect fire with a condenser, and then spread it to Athens with a torch, and then from Athens to the host city. The whole process of torch relay is very grand, and politicians and famous athletes often participate in it personally. During the torch relay, in case of mountains, rivers, lakes and seas, it can be transported by plane or ship. The flame must arrive in the host city one day before the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. During the opening ceremony, one person held the torch and lit the "Olympic Flame" in a prominent position in the main stadium amid cheers from people. Most of the people lucky enough to undertake this mission are famous athletes.
1936 German track and field athlete Hilgen lit the flame at the opening ceremony of the Berlin Olympic Games. Because it was the first time that the torch relay was held in the modern Olympic Games, Coubertin personally lit the ceremony and delivered a speech. The torch relay passes through Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia and Germany, with a total length of 3,075 kilometers. Each of the 3075 athletes from all countries ran 1 km with the torch. After 1 1 days and nights, the torch was sent to Berlin Olympic Stadium. At the 1952 Helsinki Olympic Games, two Finnish long-distance runners, nurmi and Kolehmainen, shared the glory of lighting the flame. Nurmi ran into the stadium with the torch in his hand, first lit the main torch on the field, and then handed it to 64-year-old Kohler Herminen. When he boarded the 83-meter-high torch platform with vigorous steps and lit the flame, the audience applauded. 1964, the Japanese are unique. It was a boy 19 who lit the flame. He was born in1August 6, 945, the day when the United States bombed Hiroshima with an atomic bomb. At Mexico City 1968 Olympic Games, a woman undertook this mission for the first time. Her name is Desort, and she is a 20-year-old track and field athlete. 1976, Canadians launched a new trick, two teenagers lit the flame together. They are Sandra Henderson, a girl aged 65,438+06, and Stephane Prefontaine, a boy aged 65,438+05. This time, there is another difference. The flame is not passed by torch, but by satellite and laser technology to Montreal. This laziness has been criticized for losing the original meaning of this activity. Results 1980 Olympic Games resumed the traditional relay mode.
1984 Olympic Games was held in Los Angeles, USA, and Ueberroth boldly applied the method of commercial operation to the torch relay. The torch relay spans 50 states in the United States, *** 15000 km. Different from the past, any individual, region, group or company can designate a person to run 1 mile with a torch with a donation of 3000 dollars. The torch relay began in the United States on May 8, with Jim? Thorpe's grandson, Bill Thorpe, finished it. When the Olympic Games opened on July 28th, Jesse? Owens' granddaughter Gina? Humphrey ran into the main venue with the torch, and then handed it to Johnson, the decathlon champion of Rome Olympic Games, who lit the flame of Rose Bowl Stadium. At the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games, Ali, who won the championship together with Parkinson's disease, lit the torch with trembling hands and ignited the enthusiasm of the audience. They used cheers to express their reverence for the legendary figure and their love for the Olympic movement. In the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, Fleman, an indigenous female athlete, lit the flame in the main venue.
◇ Award Ceremony (Award Ceremony)
The awarding ceremony is one of the most exciting moments in the Olympic Games, both for the winning athletes and spectators.
It must be held in accordance with the etiquette stipulated by the International Olympic Committee: during the Olympic Games, medals shall be awarded by the president of the International Olympic Committee (or a member selected by him) accompanied by the president of the relevant international single sports federation (or his representative). If possible, after each competition, the prizes will be awarded in the following ways at the venue: the athletes who won the top three will be dressed in formal clothes or sportswear and boarded the podium, facing the official seats. The champions stand higher and announce their names. The flag of the champion delegation should be raised from the central flagpole, and the flags of the second and third delegations should be raised from the flagpoles near the left and right sides of the central flagpole respectively. When playing the national anthem of the champion delegation, medal winners should face the national flag. The ceremony was solemn, grand and exciting. When many athletes saw Ran Ran raising the national flag, they couldn't help crying.
Medals (medals)
Medals and awards for the Olympic Games are provided by the organizing committee of each Olympic Games, but belong to the International Olympic Committee, which gives them to the winning athletes. The medals awarded in the Olympic Games have an evolutionary process. 1896 In the first Olympic Games, only the first two medals were awarded, the champion won the silver medal and the runner-up won the bronze medal. At that time, the medal was designed by French artist Elder Shaphron, with a diameter of 50 mm. At the same time, according to the ancient tradition, the organizing committee also presented a wreath to the winning athletes. The wreath of the first place is made of olive branches, and the wreath of the second place is made of laurel leaves. In addition, the winners also won trophies, vases and other prizes issued by the conference. The winner of the shooting competition is the most affordable. They got short guns and rifles as prizes.
1904 In the third Olympic Games, the first place won the gold medal. 1907 in may, the international Olympic Committee decided to design a pattern for the Olympic medals. After two years, the regulations are as follows: the front of the medal is a unified pattern, and the back can be designed by the Olympic host. But it was not until 1928 that the designs on the obverse of the medals in the 9th Olympic Games were formally unified. It uses a pattern carefully designed by Florentine artist Giuseppe Cassiodi. The design is that the goddess of victory with palm leaves in her left hand and laurel branches in her right hand is beside the sports ground. The number, place and year of the Olympic Games are written on the playground. The words "victory, unity" are written on both sides of the medal. The specifications of medals are also stipulated, and they are round, at least 60 mm and 3 mm thick. At least 92.5% of the first and second place medals are silver. The gold plating of the first medal is at least 6 grams of pure gold, the second is silver and the third is bronze.
All previous Olympic medals were based on this model and specifications. However, there are some breakthroughs in the medal design of the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics, with irregular circles and three-dimensional surfaces.
The International Olympic Committee also stipulates that medals and certificates for the Winter Olympics should be different from those for the Summer Olympics, but there is no uniform standard. Every Olympic Games, whether in summer or winter, the design of medals must be approved by the International Olympic Committee.
From design to final inspection, each medal has to go through 20 processes, and the last process includes the ribbon of the medal. 1998 Nagano Winter Olympics medals combine traditional lacquer art, cloisonne and carving techniques. There are different rules for awarding medals and certificates according to different events and the nature of participants. For individual events, the first prize is silver gold-plated medals and certificates, the second prize is silver medals and certificates, and the third prize is bronze medals and certificates. Medals should indicate the events they won and be fixed on a detachable chain or belt so as to be hung around the athletes' necks. The athletes who finished fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth have certificates but no medals. If the first, second or third place are tied, each athlete tied will get a medal and a certificate. For team events and team events in other events, 1 medals and certificates will be awarded to the champion who participated in at least 1 games during the Olympic Games. Each player who won the second place won a silver medal and a certificate, and each player who won the third place won a bronze medal and a certificate. Other members of these teams only issue certificates. Team members who won the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth places should receive certificates.
Commemorative medals and certificates
In order to make more people love the Olympic Movement and carry forward the Olympic spirit, the organizing committee of each Olympic Games should make commemorative medals and distribute them to every athlete, coach, referee and staff who has participated in the Olympic Games as souvenirs.
Olympic pin is made of copper, which is generally round, and there is no uniform design. Take the commemorative medallion issued by the 23rd Olympic Games as an example. 60mm in diameter and 4mm in thickness, packed in exquisite blue velvet boxes. On the obverse of the medal is the emblem of the 23rd Olympic Games, with the words indicating the year and two separate olive branches below, and the words of the host city, Los Angeles, above the emblem. On the back of the commemorative medallion is the torch symbolizing light, unity and friendship, and the number of the Olympic Games. In addition to medals, the organizing committee of the Olympic Games will also issue Olympic certificates to each contestant. Take the 23rd Olympic Games as an example. The certificate is 38x38, wrapped in a big envelope. The certificate says: xxx, thank you and reward you for your contribution to 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games. In the middle of the certificate is the Olympic emblem. The following are the signatures of the President of the International Olympic Committee and the President of the Olympic Organizing Committee.
According to the provisions of the Olympic Charter, medals or certificates awarded at the Winter Olympics must be different from those awarded at the Summer Olympics. Commemorative medals and certificates cannot be issued to members of delegations who have withdrawn from the Olympic Games. If an athlete participating in the Olympic Games is disqualified, his medals and certificates must be returned to the International Olympic Committee. In addition, the design of the commemorative medallion is the same as that of the medal, and its copyright belongs to the International Olympic Committee. If the host country requests the transfer of copyright, the organizing committee of the Olympic Games must draft the necessary documents in writing and ask the IOC to sign them.
olympic commemorative card
According to the provisions of the Olympic Charter, Olympic commemorative cards will be issued to all athletes (including Olympic medal winners), officials and other staff members of sports teams, IOC members, presidents and secretaries-general of international federations recognized by the IOC, presidents and secretaries-general of national or regional Olympic committees, and referees, timekeepers, inspectors and linemen officially appointed by relevant international federations within the limits set by the IOC as souvenirs for the above-mentioned personnel to participate in the Olympic Games.
Group performance ranking
According to the provisions of the Olympic Charter, the Olympic Games is a competition between individual athletes. The International Olympic Committee does not rank countries in the world, but the Olympic Organizing Committee has established an honor book to record the names of medal and certificate winners (the top eight) in each event, which is kept by the International Olympic Committee. In addition, the name of each medal winner should be announced in a prominent position in the main stadium and displayed permanently. The rankings seen by various media are informal.
This ranking generally has two criteria, one is based on the points of the delegation, and the other is based on the number of gold medals or medals won by the delegation.
Qualifications of athletes
To participate in the Olympic Games, an athlete must first meet the following basic requirements: the national Olympic Committee to which the athlete belongs must be a member of the International Olympic Committee, and the athlete must abide by the Constitution of the International Olympic Committee and the rules of international individual sports organizations approved by the International Olympic Committee. For example, in 1958, the Chinese Olympic Committee announced that it would leave the International Olympic Committee, and China athletes would have no chance to participate in the Olympic Games. It was not until 1979 that the International Olympic Committee resumed and China resumed its membership that China athletes returned to the Olympic Games in 1980. There are also some specific requirements in the IOC constitution, including not using prohibited drugs and methods, fair competition and non-violence spirit. Athletes who violate these regulations will be disqualified and their results will be invalid.
In addition to the above basic requirements, there are other restrictions. Including: ① age limit. There are no other restrictions on Olympic athletes except for health reasons in the competition rules of IFs. However, with the consent of the International Olympic Committee, individual sports organizations may limit the age of athletes in this event. FIFA stipulates that only three players from each team participating in the Olympic Games can be over 23 years old. ② Nationality of athletes. An athlete participating in the Olympic Games must be a national of the country selected by the National Olympic Committee. If an athlete is a national of two or more countries at the same time, he can only represent one of them in the Olympic Games, and this country is his choice; Athletes who have represented a country in the Olympic Games, continental or regional sports games, world championships or regional championships recognized by the relevant international individual sports federations, if they change their nationality or acquire a new nationality, must wait for three years after changing their nationality or acquiring a new nationality before they can represent the new country in the Olympic Games. However, with the consent of the relevant NOCs and IFs, and with the approval of the IOC Executive Board, this period can be shortened or even cancelled. If an athlete's country is a newly independent country, or his national Olympic Committee is newly recognized, he can choose to represent the new or original country in the Olympic Games, but this choice is only once. For example, after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, athletes from newly independent countries can now choose to represent the new country or Russia in the Olympic Games. All disputes over the nationality of Olympic athletes shall be settled by the IOC Executive Board in accordance with the above principles.
Referee
The technical problems of the Olympic Games are generally the responsibility of international individual sports organizations, and referees are no exception. Before the Olympic Games, individual organizations sent invitations to international referees from various countries to organize them to judge the projects under their jurisdiction. And those referees who perform auxiliary work, such as linesman, linesman and recorder, are mostly sent by the host country. The expenses of referees invited to participate in the Olympic referee work shall be borne by the OCOG. During the Olympic Games, they didn't live in the Olympic Village, but stayed in hotels according to the project. They enter the competition venues with their ID cards, but they can't enter the Olympic inner floor where athletes live.
The Olympic Games requires that the referee work be fair and accurate, and accept the supervision of international individual sports organizations, technical committees and arbitration committees. Unfair referees will be prosecuted or replaced. Of course, in any competition, it is impossible to completely avoid misjudgment or even intentional bias.