There are * * * eight couplet 16 sentences in Eighteen Chapters of Zheng, except the first couplet and the last couplet, all the other couplets are antithetical sentences.
The first couplet: Taizhou is vast, the sea is dark, the clouds are long and the island is green.
According to the Records of Geography of Old Tang Dynasty, Taizhou is located in 4 177 in the southeast of Chang 'an, the capital city. This place, where the sky is high and the emperor is far away, has become a place to exile old friends. Of course, in the poet's mind, the sea and the sky are the same color, and the cloud and water can only be accompanied by the green island, which is desolate and lonely. "The rooftop (that is, Taizhou) is separated by three rivers, and there are no storms in the morning and evening", "One foot, a viper is as long as a tree" ("There are eighteen households in Taizhou"). Old friends stay away from Cape Town. Here, mountains and rivers are blocked, traffic is inconvenient, monsters are rampant, and human relations are blocked. In the long run, Du Fu was extremely anxious. This mood lasted until the end of this old friend's life.
Erlian: After the chaos, the old friend cried goodbye, and the spring city drove a duckweed.
The first sentence of this couplet recalls the scene of their separation, and the next sentence imagines the plight of Zheng Qian after he entered Beijing. In August of 756 AD (the first year of Zhide), Du Fu left his wife's small residence, Qiang Village, Zhangzhou, and went to Lingwu. On the way, it was acquired by the rebels and escorted to Chang 'an. In the spring of the following year, Zheng Qian fled back to Chang 'an from Luoyang Thief's Hospital. At the banquet held by Zheng Xu (sincere nephew) in Taiji, the best friend who never turns his back on me was lucky enough to meet again, and both of them were very excited. When the wine is warm and the ears are hot, they "dance in the spring night, and their tears are lingering" (Zheng Yima's Tai Chi meets Zheng Guangwen to drink together). But the good times didn't last long, and friends got together. In the early summer of the same year, Du Fu sneaked into Fengxiang. In September, loyalist recaptured Chang 'an, Zheng Qian and other officials trapped in a thief, namely Xuanyangli, and Du Fu never had a chance to meet him again. In the twelfth lunar month, people are preparing for family reunion, saying goodbye to the old and welcoming the new; But the white-haired 73-year-old man was forced to embark on a long journey. "Wan Li mourns for the sky, rejuvenating after a hundred years of decline" ("Send Zheng Eighteen Strangers to Taizhou"), where will you go? This is a sad scene. The problem is that, as a good friend of Zheng, Du Fu did not appear on the occasion of parting. Why the poet's "absent face" has become an unsolved case throughout the ages, and there are different opinions. At that time, the poet was in Zuo Shiyi's post. Although he is a small official of seven or eight products, he is the "near minister" of the emperor. "When you climb the steps and hold the jade album, you will hear the golden bell" ("Going to Today"), "Pass the book and seal it, and make a difference" ("Farewell to Secretary Ba Li"). The poet's environmental identity is very special when he enters and leaves the palace. If he shows up in public to send a demoted official away, he will be angry and learn a lot. Du Fu is also a man who is keen on fame, and he is not out of touch with human fireworks. Four months later, at the end of spring, flowers and birds are singing in the south of the Yangtze River, and the grass is flourishing. The poet misses the guests far away from the ends of the earth, just like duckweed without roots, floating in the wind, and his fate is unknown. Zheng Qian really troubled the poet, and his mood was very unstable.
Triple: whoever is lazy and dances with wine will not listen to poetry.
Du Fu and Zheng Qian are friends of poetry and wine. Most of Du Fu's 28 poems related to Zheng Qian are inseparable from the word "wine". "Laugh and dance in front of the lamp, drunken people sing", "When you wake up, the breeze will enter, and poetry will be divided in the quiet night" ("Traveling with General He"). Poetry wine is the medium they know; That is, poetry wine, let them become the difference between life and death. In "Drunken Songs" for Dr. Zheng Qian of Wenguang Museum, the poet sang emotionally: "If you have money, you can find each other. There is no doubt about selling wine. Get carried away and drink like a real teacher! " In Du Fu's view, only drinking happily is the real skill and the role model for men. They seem to "sell alcohol" as soon as they are "rich", and their addiction to alcohol has reached a paranoid level. At that time, it was no wonder that scholars such as "100 poems of Li Bai fighting for wine". Du Fu can't write a poem without drinking. "I have nowhere to go after drinking, and I sing alone" (Paradise Song). When it comes to poetry wine, we have to mention Su Yuanming, the object of Zheng Qian's begging for wine money. Du Fu knew him ten years earlier than Zheng Qian. "In my early years, I had a blind date with Su Zheng by drinking" ("Send Su Saburo Zhong Kui"), "My old friend pitied me and lived with Zheng and Su" ("Cry about Taizhou Zheng Su Shaojian"). Poetry wine is indeed their emotional foundation, and even sublimated into a rare confidant. But now, the old friend "offended Taizhou" (quoted above); No one can help the poet when he is too drunk to dance. Even if it is a song sung on a whim, there is no bosom friend to listen to. It can be seen that the lonely mood after parting appeals to the pen.
Quadruple: Five Bridges flow east and hate water, while the north of Huangpi River is a sad pavilion.
This couplet uses scenery to express feelings and pour out the sadness and hatred suppressed in the poet's heart. According to the Records of Chang 'an and other books, Zheng Qian lived in Zheng Zhuang, which was located in Qu Weidong, south of Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty. There is Shaoling Plain in the northwest of Duqu in the east of the city, and Fan Chuan flows through it, which is Du Fu's residence. The two places were only five miles apart, and they were also called Dewey at that time. There are two famous scenic spots near Qu Wei: one is Huangzipi, or "Huangpi", which is named after Qin Huang Zi's tomb in the north of Beipi; The second is the Fifth Bridge, named after a family named Fifth by the bridge. These two scenic spots are both part of General He's forest. In the summer of 753 (the 12th year of Tianbao), Du Fu accompanied Zheng Qian to visit there. The next spring, they came to this place again. "I don't know Nantang Road, but I know the Fifth Bridge today. Famous gardens are surrounded by green waters, and wild bamboos are on the green clouds "("Accompanying General Mountain Forest "); "Clouds are thin and jade halls are thin, and Prince Tianqing is vicious" ("Yu He"). They rode Land Rover Range Rover together and sent their feelings to mountains and rivers. Seeing the sky is high and the clouds are light, and the environment is quiet, I feel very comfortable and carefree. But in front of me, the poet stood alone and hung together like a shadow; The environment remains the same, but the thoughts are different. The east of Wuqiao no longer flows with green water, but is filled with infinite resentment in the poet's heart; The blue sky and white clouds above the prince are nowhere to be found. The poet sat in the pavilion on the north bank, his chest clouded with gloom. Du Fu was extremely disappointed when he broke up with his old friend.
Wulian: Jia Sheng hurt Wang Fu against Yan, while Su Wu watched the sheep fall into the thief's court.
The former sentence focuses on healthy talents, while the latter sentence focuses on chastity: both are unfair. This combined transport uses two allusions. Jia Sheng, namely Jia Yi, was a famous political commentator and writer in the Western Han Dynasty. At the age of eighteen, he was praised by the county people for his ability to read poetry and write articles. Ting Wei Wu Gong recommended him to be a doctor in Wendi. Soon, I transferred to Dr. Taichung. Later, he was excluded by Zhou Bo, Guan Ying and other ministers, and was demoted as the teacher of King Changsha. After three years in Changsha, an ostrich flew into his residence. Faced with this ominous bird like an owl, Jia Yi felt sad about her life experience and wrote an inscription on the owl to console herself. Zheng Qian is a versatile literary master who is good at poetry, painting and writing. Known as the "three wonders" by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, he was also an ephemeris scientist, medical scientist and military strategist. At the end of Kaiyuan, he collected different stories and wrote more than 80 books. Some people secretly read its draft, accusing Qian of making up national history privately, and he was imprisoned for more than ten years. The situation of Zheng Qian and Jia Yi is similar. Both of them were demoted because of their talents, so it is inevitable that they are sentimental.
Su Wu was a stable supervisor in the Han Dynasty. BC 100 (the first year of Tianhan), a corps commander was sent to Xiongnu. After being detained for some reason, Xiongnu Khan coerced him to surrender. Su Wu refused and was moved to Beihai (now Lake Baikal), where he was allowed to graze the ram until it was born (threatening not to return to Korea). Su Wu chewed snow and ate grass seeds, and herded sheep in the Han Dynasty for nineteen years. However, festivals are unyielding. Later, Emperor Zhao ascended the throne and married the Huns. Sue was sent back to China and worshipped as a typical country. After Xuan Di ascended the throne, he was named as the "Hou in Guannei". When the Anshi Rebellion occupied Chang 'an, Zheng Qian and officials were robbed to Luoyang, the eastern capital. When Zheng was awarded the doctor of the Ministry of Water Resources, he said that he was ill and refused to take office, and wrote a secret seal to show his loyalty to Fengxiang Suzong Palace. When the loyalist recaptured Chang 'an, he was imprisoned and finally deported to Taizhou. Zheng Qian and Su Wu have similarities, but their endings are quite different. It is really chilling for Du Fu that such a talented and noble person should have suffered such bad luck.
Liulian: I can see that this person is very straightforward, and it is also a light punishment in the new country.
According to Su Zongji, an old Tang book, in December 757 (the second year of Zhide), the court tried the officials who caught the thief, and Daxixuan and others 18 people were beheaded, Chen Xilie and others were executed, and the remaining third-class prisoners were sentenced to a hundred sticks. Zheng Qian was ranked third and demoted to Taizhou Secretariat to join the army. In this regard, the poet's inner world is complicated. Starting from an old friend, the last sentence thinks that Zheng Qian is straightforward, open-minded and loyal to the court; And "Liu Zhizhu, at that time, was more vulgar and worse" ("Zheng is pregnant with 18 households in Taizhou"), like Ji Kang and Ruan Ji, it is inevitable to be relegated. From the standpoint of the imperial court, the next sentence thinks that the new monarch who has been enthroned for more than a year is lenient to Zheng Qian, which is a little "grace" of the emperor Lao Zi.
Seven couplet: Mi Heng is really afraid of Jiangxia, and Fang Shuo falsely passes on the old star.
In the last sentence, the poet compared Mi Fei to Zheng Qian, with a tragic ending. Mi Fei was a writer at the end of Han Dynasty. His eloquence is poor and his writing is good, but he is arrogant. Cao Cao wanted to see him, but Mi Heng claimed to be crazy and refused to go. Cao Cao called him a drum history and wanted to insult Mi Fei in public when he was a guest at the conference. The result was insulted by Mi Heng. So Cao Cao was furious and designed a knife to kill people. Liu Biao sent him to Jingzhou, but he didn't cooperate; He was transferred to Huang Zu, the satrap of Jiangxia, and was finally executed. Zheng Qian's character is a little unruly, and almost like Mi Heng. Besides, Mr. Wang was over 70 years old and was banished to Taizhou, four thousand miles away. "You should know your husband forever, and Jiuzhongquan Road will make the delivery date" ("Send Zheng eighteen dollars to demote Taizhou lay man"). The poet is really afraid that Zheng Qian, like Mi Fei, will never return and die. Unfortunately, however, Lao Du was right. This is the greatest tragedy of scholars.
The next sentence of this couplet is a metaphor for Dong Fangshuo, implying that Zheng Qian's behavior was not understood by the emperor. Dong Fangshuo was a famous writer in the Western Han Dynasty. His personality is humorous and funny, and he is also a jester of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. According to Dong Fangshuo Biography, after the death of the new moon, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked Tai Huanggong, "Have you always known Dong Fangshuo?" Taishang Laojun replied, "I don't know." "What do you always have?" "Very familiar with the ephemeris." "Are all the stars there?" "It's all there. I haven't seen the old star for eighteen years, and now it appears in the sky. " Emperor Wu sighed: "Dong Fangshuo has been by my side for eighteen years, but I didn't know he was an immortal star!" The emperor turned a blind eye to the immortal star (that is, Jupiter, which was used by the ancients to date and was regarded as a lucky star), just as Zheng Qian did not appreciate the "three wonders" of poetry and calligraphy, but decided that his loyalty was a "false biography". This is like Dr. Qu in the eyes, and the injustice is hard to see.
Tail couplet: the poor alley is silent, and the desk is dry watching fireflies.
Facing Mr. Zheng Lao's former residence, the poet lamented the impermanence of life and the coldness of the world. Think at the beginning, when Zheng Qian was studying for a Ph.D. in Wenguang Museum or working as a secretary in the province, there must be a lot of people near home. Although there may not be many dignitaries in the meantime, there must be many gentle literati; But now, Zheng Zhuang, who is also Qu Wei, is like a magician. In a blink of an eye, the door was deserted, and even the fireflies used for desk lighting and reading died. The allusion of "reading fireflies" comes from "Biography of Che Yin in the Book of Jin": "Yin is knowledgeable and versatile, and the family is poor and often gets oil, while the practice holds dozens of fireflies to take pictures day and night." It seems that Zheng Qian is an honest official and can't even afford lamp oil. No wonder, "gentlemen are all on the stage, but Mr. Wenguang is cold. A song with greasy pork, Mr. Rice shortage "("Drunk Songs "). It seems that in feudal society, honest officials will not come to a good end.
Over the past ten years, Du Fu's contacts with Zheng Qian and countless beautiful scenery have vanished with his old friends who went to Taizhou. Presumably, when the poet finished writing this sad and angry poem, he was already in tears.
What Lao Du didn't expect was that after Zheng Qian was demoted from Kyoto to Taizhou, he took education as his responsibility regardless of adversity. After he arrived in this seaside town, he chose folk children, set up an account and taught in person; We should also pay attention to etiquette and change customs. As a result, great changes have taken place in Taizhou's folk customs, and the Confucian style has gradually changed. Especially in the Southern Song Dynasty, as the political center moved from Kaifeng to Lin 'an, it promoted the further development of Taizhou culture and education. In the meantime, talented people came forth in large numbers, sometimes called "Little Zou Lu". Context has been extended to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Republic of China and even the contemporary era. People in Taiwan Province praised Mr. Wang. At present, there are still historical sites such as Wenguang Temple, Wenguang Road and Ruoqiang Lane in the ancient city of Taizhou. Zheng Qian has lived in Taizhou for eight years, and has never been in contact with each other. Starting from the traditional concept, it is really sad that the remains cannot be buried in the ancestral graves of their hometown. But his contribution to Taizhou culture and education will be immortal. If Du Fu had underground knowledge, he would have died laughing.