This article is about Qu Yuan in Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan and Biography of Jia Sheng, in which the full text of Qu Yuan's Huai Sha was deleted. This is the earliest complete historical data about Qu Yuan and an important basis for studying Qu Yuan's life.
Qu Yuan was the first great patriotic poet in the history of China. He lived in the middle and late Warring States, when the seven countries competed for hegemony, and the most powerful were Qin and Chu. Qu Yuan once played an important role in Chu's internal affairs and diplomacy. Although he was demoted and exiled, he still cared about state affairs and loved his motherland. Finally, he resolutely threw himself into Miluo and died for his ideal. This paper eulogizes Qu Yuan's outstanding talent and persistent pursuit of ideals with strong feelings. Although his deeds are brief, his words are gloomy and depressed, and he repeatedly recites and discusses. This is a unique critical essay.
Qu Yuan's surname is Ping and Chu's surname is also (1). Drawing for Chu Huaiwang (2). Knowledgeable, strong-willed, know how to control chaos and be good at rhetoric. When he entered the DPRK, he negotiated with the king about state affairs and gave orders; When you go out, you have to meet guests and deal with princes. Wang is willing to do it. Shangguan doctors are in the same column, competing for favor and hurting energy (3). Chu Huaiwang made Qu Yuan a constitutional decree (4), and Qu Ping's draft is pending (5). When the Shangguan doctor saw it, he wanted to take it away, but Qu Ping refused, because he said, "Everyone knows that the king ordered Qu Ping to be safe. Every time I give an order, I will categorically say,' I can't do it without doing it'. " The king was angry and shunned Qu Ping.
King Chu Ping refused to listen to his illness, and flattery covered up the Ming Dynasty. This evil song hurts the public, and Fang Zhengzhi can't stand it. So he wrote Li Sao with sadness and meditation (6). People who are "Li Sao" still have a lingering fear. The husband of heaven, beginning of life; Parents are the foundation of people. If you are poor, you will carry your roots, so you will be very tired. The illness was terrible, so I didn't hesitate to call my parents (7). It is a pity that Qu Ping went straight on the right path, exhausted his loyalty and wisdom, and served the monarch. Believe and see doubt, be loyal and slander, can you have no complaints? Qu Ping's Li Sao is full of remorse (8). Guo Feng is lascivious but not lascivious, and Xiaoya is resentful but not chaotic. If it is Li Sao, it can be said that it is both (9). It's called "Shang" and "Xia", and it describes that Tang and Wu stabbed the world in the middle (10). The morality of the Ming Dynasty is broad and lofty, and it is consistent to control chaos, which is not obvious (1 1). His words are implicit, his ambition is clean, and his actions are mean. It is said that the text is small but meaningful, and the quotation (12) is far-reaching. Wu Fang (13) because of his pure ambition; It is cheap, so it is not allowed to die. It is also (14) that cicadas slough in mud without being polluted by floating dust. Push this ambition, although it is as glorious as the sun and the moon.
Qu Yuan is short of money (15). Later, Qin wanted to cut Qi, and Qi and Chu were close relatives, from which Wang benefited (16). Therefore, Zhang Yi pretended to go to the State of Qin, and Hou Qian entrusted the State of Chu (17), saying, "Qin hates Qi, Qi and Chu are close relatives, and Chu is definitely Qi, and Qin is willing to offer merchants and land 600 Li (18)." Being insatiable and believing in Zhang Yi, he is absolutely Qi, making him like Qin. Zhang Yi lied: "It's about six miles with you, but six hundred miles is unknown." Chu made him very angry and returned to Wang Huai. The king of Qi was furious, and Daxing division attacked Qin. When Qin Fa-bing attacked, he defeated the strategist of Chu State and Xi, beheaded 80,000 people, and captured Hanzhong of Chu State (19). Nai sent China soldiers into Qin to attack Lantian (20). Wei attacked Chu to Deng (2 1). Chu soldiers were afraid and came back from Qin. But Qi was angry, and without saving Chu, Chu was trapped. Next year, Qin will cut the land of Hanzhong and Chu (22). The king of Chu said, "If you don't want to get the land, you'd better get Zhang Yi." Upon hearing this, Zhang Yiwen said, "Take Yizhi as the land of Hanzhong, please go far to Chu." Such as Chu, but also because of the thick currency minister Jin Shang (23), and in the favorite sophistry. Chu Huaiwang listened to Zheng Xiu and released Yi Cheung. At that time, because Qu Yuan Shu was no longer in office, Qi looked back (24) and remonstrated with King Huai: "Why not kill Zhang Yi?" Wang Huai regrets, chasing yi cheung, not as good as.
Later, the warlord * * * attacked Chu, broke it and killed his general Tang Yi (25). At that time, King Qin Zhao married Chu (26) and hoped to meet Chu Huaiwang. Wang Huai wanted to do this, and Qu Ping said, "The state of Qin, a land of tigers and wolves, cannot be trusted. It is better not to do it. " Wang Huai's youngest son Zilan advised Wang Xing: "Why not Qin Huan!" Die pregnant with the king. When he entered Wuguan (27), Qin's ambush was definitely behind him, because he was pregnant with the king in order to divide the land. Wang Huai was angry and refused to listen. Zhao is not included (28). After the restoration of Qin, he died in Qin and was buried.
Wang Li, the eldest son, accepted his disciple Lan as Ling Yin (29). The Chu people blamed Zilan for persuading Wang Huai to enter Qin without opposing it. Qu Ping was jealous of it. Although he released it (30), he cared about Chu and thought about the king. He never forgot to oppose it. I'm glad one of you realized that a custom has changed. Save the king and rejuvenate the country, but want to repeat the old trick. In an article, it leads to three goals. However, there is nothing to do and it cannot be violated. This is a way for a pawn to see the end of his life.
No one is ignorant, wise and virtuous. He wants to be loyal and self-reliant and help others. But the so-called loyal ministers are heartless, and the so-called sages are not virtuous. If sages rule the country for generations, they will not see it (3 1). Chu Huaiwang was confused and deceived by Yi Cheung, and trusted Doctor Shangguan and your son Yin in Quping. He lost his soldiers, died in Qin, and laughed all over the world. I don't know about human disasters. Yi said: "I don't eat well, because I'm worried, so I draw." Wang Ming, and by its blessing (32). " How blessed is the king's ignorance! When Yin heard about it, she flew into a rage. The pawn made the Shangguan doctor lack Qu Yuan to help the king. King Xiang moved away in a rage. As for Qu Yuan by the river, it was published on the river bank, with a haggard color and a haggard description. When the fisherman saw this scene, he asked, "Isn't this son Dr. San Lv?" ? Why are you here? Qu Yuan said, "It's cloudy, and I'm alone. Everyone is drunk, I am alone, I can let go. " The fisherman said, "A man is a saint. He can coexist with the world without clinging to things. The world is cloudy, why not go with the flow and raise its waves? Everyone is drunk, why not give them a drink? Why hold Yu's hand and let him see it as (36)? " Qu Yuan said: I heard that the new bather plays the crown and the new bather shakes his clothes. People and who can observe with their own bodies, and those who accept things are ignorant (37)? It's better to bury it in the stomach and ears of a river fish. Can it be safe and clear, and the world is warm (38)? "is the Huai Sha fu (volume 39). So Shi Huai died in Miluo (40).
After the death of Qu Yuan, there were followers of Song Yu, Le Tang and Jing Ke in Chu State, all of whom loved writing, and they were called Fu Jian (4 1). However, all ancestors dared not directly remonstrate with Qu Yuan in the end. Later, the State of Chu was conquered and destroyed by Qin for several decades (42). After Qu Yuan's sinking into Miluo for more than one hundred years, Jia Sheng was born in Han Dynasty and became the King of Changsha (43). After crossing the Xiangjiang River, throw a book to hang Qu Yuan (44).
Tai Shigong said (45): "I have read Li Sao, Tian Wen and Evocation and Mourning, and I feel sorry for my ambition (4 6). Suitable for Changsha. After Qu Yuan sank, I couldn't help crying and wanted to see him. When Jia Sheng hanged him, he accused Qu Yuan of traveling with other materials to his ministers. Why did the country not allow it, but he ordered it! Reading "On the Ostrich", life and death are the same. If you go into battle lightly, you will lose yourself (47). "
Selected from punctuation history books of Zhonghua Book Company.
Qu Yuan's real name is Ping, and he has the same surname as the Chu royal family. He used to be a disciple of Chu Huaiwang. He is well-informed and has a good memory. He is familiar with the principles of governing the country and diplomatic rhetoric. To plan and discuss state affairs with Wang Huai internally and give orders; Receive guests and entertain the prince. Chu Huaiwang trusts him very much. Doctor Shangguan is of the same rank as him. He wants to please the king and is jealous of Qu Yuan's talent. Chu Huaiwang asked Qu Yuan to make laws, but Qu Yuan's draft was not finalized. When Doctor Shangguan saw it, he wanted to take it away. Qu Yuan refused to give it to him. He slandered Qu Yuan in front of Chu Huaiwang and said, "Your Majesty asked Qu Yuan to make laws, and everyone knows that. Every time he promulgated the law, Qu Yuan boasted of his contribution and said, "No one can do it except me." Chu Huaiwang was very angry and alienated Qu Yuan.
Qu Yuan was heartbroken that the king could not listen to good advice and distinguish right from wrong. He was blinded by slanderous flattery and let evil villains endanger just people. The upright and upright gentleman was not tolerated by the court and was sad and depressed, so he wrote Li Sao. Li Sao means leaving sorrow. Heaven is the primitive man, and parents are the foundation of man. When people are in trouble, they will miss their roots, so when they are extremely tired and tired, nothing is called heaven; I don't call my parents when I'm not sick or sad. Qu Yuan acted uprightly, tried his best to assist the monarch with loyalty and wisdom, and alienated him with evil villains, which can be said to be a dilemma. Honesty is doubted and loyalty is vilified. Can there be no resentment? Qu Yuan wrote Li Sao because of resentment. Although "National Wind" writes more about the love between men and women, it is not too much. Although Xiaoya is full of satire and accusations, it did not promote the uprising. Like Li Sao, it can be said that it has both characteristics. It satirizes the political events at that time by praising ancient Di Ku, modern Qi Huangong and medieval Shang Tang and Zhou Wuwang. It is fully demonstrated that morality is broad and lofty, and that the state governs the rise and fall of chaos. His writing is simple, his words are implicit, his interests are noble and his behavior is honest. Although the article is small, it is of great significance, and the examples listed are shallow, but the significance is far-reaching. Because of his noble interest, fragrant flowers and herbs are often used as metaphors in the article. Because of his integrity, he will not be tolerated by evil forces until his death. He left the muddy water alone, took off filth like a cicada, floated in the world, was not humiliated by the turbid world, kept the quality of light, and emerged from the mud without being stained. It can be inferred from this that Qu Yuan's ambition, even if competing with the sun and the moon, is ok.
Qu Yuan was removed from office. Later, the State of Qin prepared to attack the State of Qi, and the State of Qi and the State of Chu formed a vertical alliance and got along well with each other. This is what Qin is worried about. Zhang Yi was sent to pretend to break away from the State of Qin and give gifts and tokens to the King of Chu. He said to Chu Huaiwang, "Qin hates Qi, but Qi and Chu are married. If Chu can really break up with Qi, Qin is willing to offer a land of 600 miles between Shang and Yu. " Chu Huaiwang became greedy, trusted Zhang Yi, broke with Qi, and then sent messengers to Qin to accept the land. Zhang Yi denied it and said, "I agreed with the King of Chu that it was only 60 Li, but I have never heard of it." The emissary of Chu left Qin angrily and went back to report. Chu Huaiwang was furious and sent troops to crusade against Qin. Qin sent troops to fight back, defeated the Chu army in Danshui and Xishui, killed 80,000 people, captured the general Qu Kun alive, and seized the Hanzhong area of Chu. Chu Huaiwang also mobilized the national army, went deep into the State of Qin to attack the State of Qin, and fought in Lantian. Hearing this, Wei attacked Chu all the way and hit Deng. The Chu army was afraid and retreated from the state of Qin. Qi didn't come to the rescue because he hated Chu, who was in an extremely embarrassing situation. In the second year, Qin cut the land of Hanzhong and made peace with Chu. King Chu said, "I don't want land, I just want Zhang Yi." After hearing this, Zhang Yi said, "Make a land of Hanzhong with Zhang Yi, and I request to go to Chu." When he arrived in the State of Chu, he bribed the Shanxi merchants, the minister of the dynasty, with a lot of gifts, and made up a set of lies in front of the king's pet Zheng Xiu. Chu Huaiwang listened to Zheng Xiu and let Yi Cheung go. At this time, Qu Yuan had been alienated and not served in Korea, but was sent to Qi. When he came back, he advised Chu Huaiwang to say, "Why not kill Zhang Yi?" Chu Huaiwang regretted that it was too late to send someone to kill Yi Cheung.
Later, the governors of various countries jointly attacked Chu, defeated the Chu army and killed Tang Mei, the general of Chu. At this time, Qin Zhao, the king of Chu, married the king of Chu and asked to meet Chu Huaiwang. When Chu Huaiwang was leaving, Qu Yuan said, "Qin is a land of tigers and wolves. You can't trust it. It is better not to go. " Zilan, Chu Huaiwang's youngest son, advised Chu Huaiwang to go, saying, "How can we break off diplomatic relations with Qin!" Chu Huaiwang finally went. As soon as he entered Wuguan, he was cut off by the ambush of Qin, so he detained him and forced him to cede territory. Chu Huaiwang was very angry and refused to listen to Qin's threats. He fled to Zhao, who refused to accept him. I had to go to the state of Qin again, and finally died in the state of Qin, and the body was transported back to Chu for burial.
Chu Huaiwang's eldest son Qing Xiang acceded to the throne and appointed his younger brother Zilan as Lingyin. Chu people complained about Zilan because he suggested that Wang Huai enter the State of Qin, but he didn't come back in the end. Qu Yuan also resented Zilan. Although he was exiled, he still loved Chu, thought of Wang Huai and never forgot to return to the imperial court. He hoped that the monarch would wake up one day and the secular world would change one day. Qu Yuan cares about the king and wants to rejuvenate the country. He has repeatedly considered this issue, which is repeatedly shown in each of his works. However, I was helpless in the end, so I couldn't go back to court. As you can see, Wang Huai never realized.
No monarch, whether stupid or wise, wise or fatuous, does not want to seek loyal ministers to serve him or select talents to assist him. However, the destruction of the country has occurred one after another, and the number of generations of wise monarchs governing the country has not appeared. This is because the so-called loyal ministers are not unfaithful, and the so-called virtuous ministers are not virtuous. Chu Huaiwang was confused by Zheng Xiu at home because he didn't understand the position of loyal minister, and was deceived by Yi Chang outside, alienating Qu Yuan and trusting doctors Shangguan and Ling. His army was defeated, his land was cut, he lost six counties, he was detained and died in the state of Qin, and he was laughed at by the whole world. This is not understanding the harm of people. Yijing said: "The well has been cleaned, and no one has drunk the water inside, which makes me very sad, because well water is for people to drink." If the king is wise, everyone in the world will be blessed. " If the king is not wise, can he still be blessed? Yin was very angry when he learned that Qu Yuan hated him, and finally let Doctor Shangguan speak ill of Qu Yuan in front of Xiang Wang. King Xiang was furious and exiled Qu Yuan.
Qu Yuan came to the river, curled his hair, and walked along Shui Ze chanting. He has a haggard face and a thin body. When the fisherman saw him, he asked, "Aren't you Dr. San Lv? Why did you come here? " Qu yuan said: "the world is turbid, but I am innocent;" Everyone was drunk, and I was the only one awake. So he was exiled. " The fisherman said, "saints are not bound by external things, but can change with the world." "The whole world is overcast, why not follow the crowd and add fuel to the fire? Everyone is drunk, why not eat some distiller's grains and drink some thin wine? Why do you want to embrace the quality of Meiyu, but you are exiled? " Qu Yuan said, "I heard that people who have just washed their hair must shake the dust off their hats, and people who have just taken a shower must shake the dust off their clothes. Who can let his innocent body be polluted by foreign objects? I'd rather throw myself into a flowing river and bury myself in the belly of a river fish. How can I let my noble quality suffer from worldly dirt? " So he wrote Huai Sha Fu. So, he held the stone and threw it into the Miluo River and died.
After Qu Yuan's death, there were Song Yu, Le Tang, Jing Ke and others in Chu. They all loved literature and were praised for their good works. But they all imitated the euphemistic and implicit side of Qu Yuan's rhetoric and never dared to speak out. After that, Chu became weaker and weaker, and was finally destroyed by Qin after decades. More than 0/00 years after Qu Yuan sank into the Miluo River/KLOC, there was a Jia Yi in the Han Dynasty who was a teacher of Changsha King. When passing by Xiangshui, I wrote a tribute to Qu Yuan.
Tai Shigong said: I read Li Sao, Tian Wen, Evocation and Mourning, and I am sorry that his ambition cannot be realized. When I arrived in Changsha, after Qu Yuan sank, I cried and missed him. When I saw Jia Yi's article, I blamed Qu Yuan for lobbying the vassals with his talents. Which country would not give in, but chose such a path! After reading Fu on the Owl, I treated life and death equally, and abandoned my official as if there was nothing, which made me feel lost. (Wang Congren)
Note (1) The surname of Chu is the same as that of Mi (mǐ m), but the son of Xiongtong was blocked, so the descendants took Qu as their surname and the ancestor of Qu Yuan was Qu Yuan. ② Chu Huaiwang: Xiong Huai, son of Chu Weiwang, reigned from 328 BC to 299 BC. Left: The official name of Chu, ranking second only to Lingyin. (3) Doctor Shangguan: Doctor Chu. Shangguan, compound surname. (4) Constitutional order: an important decree of the state. (5) Genus (zhǔ main): writing. (6) Li Sao: Qu Yuan's masterpiece, a long poem describing his life. There are two theories about the topic of poetry. The word "Li" is interpreted as "bitterness", and Li Sao is bitterness. The second is to interpret "leaving" as parting, and leaving Sao is the sadness of parting. (7) anti-book: remember the roots. Reverse, pass "back" Sadness (Dada): Sadness. (8) Cover: a conjunction used to explain the reason. (9) National Style: The Book of Songs contains 160 folk songs, including Nan Zhou and Zhao Nan, among which many poems reflect the love between men and women. Xiaoya: It is also an integral part of The Book of Songs. * * * Seventy-four articles, most of which criticize the lack of current politics and satirize current events. (10) Di Ku (ku): the name of the emperor in ancient legend. According to legend, Qi Huangong, the great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor, was named Gao Xin and Qi Huan. He was one of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period, and his reign lasted from 685 BC to 643 BC. T: The founding monarch of Shang Dynasty. Wu: It means that the Shang Dynasty was destroyed and the Western Zhou Dynasty was established. (1 1) Coherence: Organization and Truth. See "now". (12) means: same as "purport". Er (Cr): near. (13) Calling things fragrant refers to the metaphor of orchids, osmanthus, Hui, Zhi and other fragrant flowers and plants in Lisao. (14) Sparse: Leave. Zhuonao (zhuó nào): Dirty. Tui tui: This means to get rid of them. Gain: defile. Zi: Tong Zi, black. Haze (called jiào) is natural: white appearance. Me (zǐ Zi): dirty and black. (15) shortage (chù): pass "ù", scrap and recall. Refers to Qu Yuan being dismissed as a leftist. (16) from (zūng school): same as "vertical". From the pro, vertical blind date. At that time, six countries, including Chu and Qi, jointly fought against Qin, which was called Hezong, and was once a vassal. Wang Hui: From 337 BC to 3 BC11year, Qin reigned. (17) Zhang Yi: Ren Wei advocated the "Lian Heng" and lobbied six countries to serve the State of Qin, which was highly valued by King Hui of Qin. Detailed: pass "false". Committee: Attendance. Quality: Pass the "basket" and pledge. (18) Shang and Yu (w pollution): Qin place names. Shang, in the southeast of Shang County, Shaanxi Province. Yu, in today's Henan Neixiang East. (19) Dan and Xi (xρ): the name of Shuier. Fresh water originated in the northwest of Shangxian County, Shaanxi Province, and flowed into Henan in the southeast. Xishui originated in the south of Lushi County and flowed into fresh water southward. Qu Kun: (Beggar's Sect): General Chu. Hanzhong: the area in northwest Hubei and southeast Shaanxi. (20) Lantian: the name of Qin County, in the west of Lantian, Shaanxi. (2 1) Deng: In the Spring and Autumn Period, he was Emperor Cai, and later he belonged to Chu, in Deng County, Henan Province. (22) Next year: refers to the 18th year of Chu Huaiwang (3 1 1 BC). (23) Shanxi merchants: Dr. Chu. Say that doctor Shangguan above. (24) turn back: come back. Reverse, pass "back" (25) Tang Wei: Chu River. In the 28th year of Chu Huaiwang (30 1 BC), Qin, Qi, Han and Wei attacked Chu and killed Tang Mei. (26) Zhao Haoqi, King of Qin: son of King Hui of Qin, reigned from 306 BC to 25 BC1year. (27) Wuguan: the southern gate of Qin State, located in the east of Shangxian County, Shaanxi Province. (28) Inner: Same as "Na". (29) King Qingxiang: Xiong Heng, reigned from 298 BC to 262 BC. Ling Yin: Chief Executive of Chu State. (30) Although released, the following narrative about Qu Yuan's exile is inconsistent in time and meaning, which may be out of order. (3 1) World: Thirty years is a world. (32) I Ching: I Ching, also known as I Ching. Here is the slogan of Yijing jinggua. Zhong (laugh): Wash away the dirt. Here, clean water is compared to a saint. (33) quilt: pass "wear". Wearing hair means that it is messy, not combed or tied. Doctor: an official in charge of Zhao, Qu and Beijing affairs. (35) Feeding (Bubu): Feed and eat. Bad: wine residue. Sip: Drink. Star anise: thin wine. (36) Gold and jade: both are beautiful jade. The interrogative modal particle "Wei" (37) Inspection: the appearance is white. Wen (door) Wen: It looks very muddy. (38) Hao Hao: Ying Jie's appearance. Moon Hee (Hu Huo): The appearance of dust. (39) Huai Sha: In this edition of Songs of the South, it is one of the nine chapters. Many people think that Qu Yuan misses Changsha's poems. (40) Miluo: Ming Jiang in the northeast of Hunan Province flows through Miluo County and enters Dongting Lake. (4 1) Song Yu: According to legend, Chu was a disciple of Qu Yuan, and nine debates and other works were handed down from generation to generation. Le Tang and Jing Ke: At about the same time as Song Yu, they were both poets at that time. (42) "Decades" sentence: In 223 BC, the Qin Dynasty destroyed Chu. (43) Jia Sheng: namely Jia Yi (200 BC 168) and Luoyang (now Luoyang East, Henan). Political commentator and writer of the Western Han Dynasty. Changsha King: refers to Wu Cha, the great-grandson of Wu Rui, the founding hero of the Han Dynasty. Teacher: The king's assistant official. (44) Xiangshui: In today's Hunan Province, it flows into Dongting Lake. Book: refers to Qu Yuan Fu written by Jia Yi. (45) Tai Shigong: Sima Qian claimed to be. (46) Tian Wen Evocation and Mourning: All Works of Qu Yuan. The theory of evocation was written by Song Yu. Mourning is one of the nine chapters. (47) On the Ostrich: By Jia Yi. Go: refers to demotion and exile. Gang: It refers to serving in North Korea.
Biography of Qu Yuan is an excerpt from Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng, a biography with unique style. Historical Records is the first biographical general history in China, which records the history of about 3,000 years from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the early days of Emperor Gaozu. It is divided into five genres: biography, biography, book and table. Biography is used to record the deeds of people other than the emperor. Sima Qian was relegated because Qu Yuan and Jia Yi were both writers and incompetent. Jia Yi's Qu Yuan Fu aroused his emotion, so he and Jia Yi co-wrote Qu Yuan Biography. None of the ancient books before the pre-Qin period recorded Qu Yuan's life story, and Historical Records is the earliest and most complete document that recorded Qu Yuan's life story. Wang ren made it: "be a leftist", "enter the country and discuss with Wang to give orders; If you go out, you will meet the guests and deal with the princes. " (Left: official name of Chu. It is equivalent to a doctor, second only to Lingyin. It is a very important position to participate in politics and draft imperial edicts beside the king.
Narrating Qu Yuan's life story, especially his tragic political experience, shows that Qu Yuan's life is closely related to the rise and fall of Chu State, and praises his patriotism and integrity. The author made a biography of Qu Yuan, taking "responsibility, sparseness, lack, moving and sinking" as the clue, and wrote around Qu Yuan's "ambition" in chronological order: the first article commented on Li Sao, "pushing his ambition", and the next article focused on the national crisis, highlighting Qu Yuan's "caring about the Chu State and cherishing the king" and "repeatedly trying to protect the monarch and rejuvenate the country, and changing his ambition once in a while".