This was the same in ancient times. But because of the long history, we can only see the written language of the ancients now, but we can't hear their voices. This makes it impossible for us to know clearly how the ancients pronounced it!
However, according to the existing evidence, it is very fluent to read the documents left over from the Song Dynasty and before (until the pre-Qin period such as the Spring and Autumn Period) in Chaoshan or Fujian dialect, and even articles such as The Analects of Confucius and Hundred Family Names have many rhymes-it is inferred that the ancients (before the Song Dynasty) may have come from the Cantonese department in Fujian. However, there was no concept of "official necessity" at that time, so it was not clearly defined. As a result, there is no written proof in this respect (but there is evidence that many words in Shuo Wen Jie Zi in Han Dynasty have ancient phonetic notation, and the pronunciation is very close to Fujian Cantonese-at least people in these two places can understand what this word is, indicating that the ancients should be able to speak this language).
2. Did ancient people generally speak in classical Chinese? First of all, I want to correct a misunderstanding, that is, what the ancients said was classical Chinese, because many people understood this thing in this way.
Actually, it's not. Not all the ancients were speaking classical Chinese. As a written language, classical Chinese is different from the expression language. Just like we modern China people. The tone of our composition now is different from that of our speech.
Therefore, we can also fully realize that the classical Chinese of the ancients is only written language, and the words of the ancients are quite normal.
Because China's ancient classical Chinese is usually spread among some knowledgeable and literate literati, most of the common people are illiterate. Most civilians don't even know Chinese characters. How can they say something with special meaning?
In ancient China, scholars were regarded as saints. Therefore, it is said that intellectuals were still highly respected in ancient China. Moreover, some classes in ancient China were very low.
In a bureaucratic society. This kind of people can touch or write profound things, ordinary people, we call it Ding Bai. They generally have no access to these things, and even if they do, they can't understand them.
Moreover, the hierarchical system of ancient feudal mechanism was very serious. Students who participate in scientific research also have specific requirements. For example, children in the fast-catching class can't take the college entrance examination, because the status of fast-catching is very low in the feudal mechanism. Moreover, children who commit treason cannot take the imperial examinations. And the status of businessmen is also very low.
Therefore, under the feudal system of bureaucratic mechanism, only some literati and officials can have access to writing, while civilians can't have access to these things.
If a person can't even touch this kind of thing, how can he make classical Chinese speak? And those obscure languages can only be understood by bureaucrats.
I think classical Chinese is used to distinguish literati, bureaucrats and civilians. So I hope you don't have any misunderstanding, thinking that ancient people speak like classical Chinese, which I think is incorrect.
3. Classical Chinese is divided into several stages, what are the representative works in each stage, and ancient vernacular Chinese is divided into several stages. Poems of various stages in ancient China, generally called old poems, refer to poems written in classical Chinese and traditional metrical forms. In a broad sense, China's ancient poems can include all kinds of ancient Chinese rhymes such as Fu, Ci and Qu, while in a narrow sense, China's ancient poems only include ancient poems and modern poems. It is a form of cultural expression produced by many nationalities in the process of language development. Most ancient poems are written by literati, who express their thoughts by writing poems and singing.
Development sequence: The Book of Songs-Chu Ci-Yuefu-Cifu-Tang Poetry-Song Ci-Yuanqu.
The Book of Songs pays attention to reality and expresses the true feelings caused by real life. This creative attitude makes it have a strong and profound artistic charm. It shows the great artistic achievements of the earliest poetry works in China in terms of form, language skills, artistic image and expression techniques.
Stands for "Guan Guan Ji Ge"
The overall characteristics of Songs of the South are magnificent structure, rich imagination and flexible sentence patterns. Representative writers are Qu Yuan and Song Yu, and representative works include Li Sao and Nine Songs and Nine Chapters by Qu Yuan.
The Artistic Features of Han Yuefu
1. The most prominent feature of Han Yuefu's artistic expression is the enhancement of narrative elements. First of all, complete narrative poems such as "On Mulberry" and "Ancient Poetry as Jiao Zhongqing's Wife" appeared in Han Yuefu, which played a powerful role in promoting the development of China's narrative poems and marked a new and more mature development stage of China's narrative poems. Secondly, some lyric poems in Han Yuefu are also very narrative; These poems often grasp the characteristic fragments of life to express their feelings on the spot, which has vivid and real artistic effects.
2. Another artistic feature of Han Yuefu is that. In narratives or narrative works, there are a lot of dialogue descriptions and detailed descriptions of characters' actions, which play a very good role in shaping characters, unfolding story lines and expressing the theme of works.
3. The language of Han Yuefu is straightforward and natural, showing the unique fresh and simple style of folk songs.
As an important style of China classical literature, Fu is far less popular with modern people than poetry, prose and novels. However, in ancient times, especially in the Han and Tang dynasties, poetry and fu were often neck and neck, as can be seen from Cao Pi's "Poetry and fu are all beautiful" and Lu Ji's "Poetry and fu are beautiful because of emotion, vivid and vivid".
Fu originated in the Warring States Period, flourished in the Han and Tang Dynasties, and declined in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. During the Han and Tang Dynasties, there were literati who only wrote poems without writing them, but there were almost no talented people who only wrote poems without writing them.
After Jian 'an and even the whole Six Dynasties, Fu was even praised as a poem. Qu Yuan's works are called Fu in historical records, and Qu Yuan's works are also called Fu in Hanshu. Later generations praised history and Han, so they called the works of Qu Yuan and others Fu. Fu is the most representative style in Han Dynasty, which can best reflect its spirit of the times.
On the basis of inheriting the tradition of "The Book of Songs" and moving closer to "Songs of the South", it blended the extravagant style of the articles of the Warring States and the related factors of the works of pre-Qin philosophers, and finally became a new style. Together with the poems of the Han Dynasty, it made the literature of the Han Dynasty brilliant.
"Ci" is a style, which is what we usually call Chu Ci. Chu Ci is a new style poem that originated in Chu area in the southern Yangtze River valley in the middle and late Warring States period. Chu poets absorbed the essence of southern folk songs and combined ancient myths and legends to create.
The form of Chu Ci is free, and the sentence pattern is plain. Generally speaking, four sentences are a section and two sentences are a group; Six-character short sentences broke the rigid format of The Book of Songs, which was a great liberation for the development of China's ancient poetry and also opened the second spring in the history of China's poetry.
Tang poetry is the highest realm of poetry and the most essential language art. The works of Tang poetry are rich in connotation, diverse in themes, skilled in skills, and famous in large numbers, making them the brightest pearl in the history of Chinese classical poetry.
Representative works "Yellow Crane Tower" and "Farewell to Vice Governor Du for his post in Shu"
Ci originated in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty, becoming the representative literature of the Song Dynasty. Song ci is a classic in ci, which, like Tang poetry, is the essence of ancient rhyme, with brilliant ci and beautiful rhythm.
Representative works: Niannujiao Red Cliff Nostalgia, Niannujiao Mid-Autumn Festival.
Yuanqu, also known as Tang Poetry and Song Poetry, has broad artistic conception, novel and rich content and flexible form.
On behalf of Yuan and Wangjiang Pavilion.
4. How did the ancients break sentences? Sometimes there are ways to break sentences in classical Chinese, and there are also keys to grasp.
In the teaching of sentence-breaking in classical Chinese, the author consulted a lot of materials and summed up a set of practical sentence-breaking methods through continuous exploration. Please remember the following formula first: don't be afraid of the difficulty of breaking sentences in ancient Chinese, and wait for leisure after careful consideration.
Don't ask about the length of the paragraph, it is the key to read it carefully. Only when you fully understand the main idea of the content can you break sentences.
Read the full text before and after, easy before difficult. Hold fast to "Yue", "Cloud" and "Speech", and dialogue is the easiest to find.
The commonly used function words are symbols, which are regular and can be used for reference. Master idioms, but don't break up fixed structures.
The meaning of part of speech should be carefully studied, and the grammatical structure is helpful to judge. Duality and repetition are parallel, and rhetoric provides good conditions; The same word is closely related, generally separated in the middle.
Look back after the topic is finished and check it carefully as required. Lay a solid foundation for reading textbooks and cultivate a sense of language to read classics; Do a thousand songs, watch a thousand swords, and break sentences often.
1. Don't ask questions about the length of the article. It is the key to read and think carefully. Only when you fully understand the main idea of the content can you break sentences.
When candidates break sentences in classical Chinese, one of the common mistakes is to break sentences while reading. After reading the article, the sentence is broken. Looking back, I feel that there are many inappropriate places. In fact, this "one-step" method is not feasible.
Understanding the content is closely related to sentence breaking. Reading carefully and understanding the general idea is the premise of correct sentence breaking, because if you don't understand, you will continue, and if you don't understand, it will be bad. It's not normal, if you seem to understand it, it's not normal, if you read it twice, you won't read it.
When we get an ancient prose without punctuation, we must first read the whole text and study it repeatedly. As the saying goes, "read a book a hundred times and you will understand its meaning." Read it several times, and you will naturally understand the meaning. Then, according to the content of the article, break several large sections or levels first, and disconnect the places that are sure.
2. read the full text before and after, the first is easy and the second is difficult. It is usually easy and difficult to punctuate an article.
After we have roughly grasped the meaning of the article, we can first disconnect what can be disconnected and gradually narrow the scope, and then concentrate on analyzing difficult sentences. This is a method that is easy first and difficult later.
For example, according to some obvious signs (such as function words, dialogues, etc. Mentioned below), sentences that are easy to distinguish can be broken first. In addition, we should have full-text awareness. For places that are not easy to break sentences, we should contact the meaning of the context and carefully scrutinize them to determine where to break sentences.
3. Hold fast to "yue", "cloud" and "speech", dialogue is the easiest to find. Classical Chinese often uses words such as "Yue", "Yun" and "Yan" when describing the dialogue between characters, which provides convenience for correct sentence breaking.
When we encounter words such as "Yue", "Cloud" and "Yan", it is easy for us to judge the speaker and content according to the context. For example, Shi Ji Shuo in Guangdong Volume.
4. The commonly used function words are symbols, which are regular and can be used for reference. In classical Chinese, there are many function words, such as "only Hu Zhe". Ouyang Xiu's Drunken Pavilion uses 27 "leaves" throughout, and almost every sentence ends with the word "leaves", which is a beautiful talk.
The main function of function words in classical Chinese is to express grammatical relations and mood, which is often an important symbol to distinguish between reading sentences. In our study, we are familiar with the usage of various commonly used function words, especially their common positions in sentences, which help to break sentences: ① The modal particles at the beginning of a sentence, such as "Qi, Gai, Wei, Mi, Fu, Qi Fu, Ruofu", are often used as prime ministers' exclamations about independence, such as "Qi Fu", "Mo Hu" and "Alas". (2) The modal particle "Ye, Ye, Ye, Zai, Hu, Yan, Er, Jiu" at the end of the sentence can be broken; ③ Some related words commonly used at the beginning of a sentence, such as Gou, Zong, Shi, so, however, in any case, Zhi Ruo, even then, Ran Ze, can be used to break sentences. ④ Time words that often appear at the beginning of a sentence, such as "knowing each other", "knowing each other", "a few days later", "Yu Er" and "You Er", are also helpful to break sentences.
For example, in the Qing Dynasty, Peng Duanshu wrote "Show your sons and nephews for learning": "What is the matter in the world, is it difficult? For it, it is easy and difficult; If you don't do it, it's hard for easy people. I can't catch people because of ignorance, and I can't catch people because of incompetence; Learn once and for a long time, but don't be lazy, you will achieve it, but you don't know its vagueness and mediocrity.
My talent is smarter than others, and my materials are more sensitive than others; Abandoning it is tantamount to fainting and mediocrity. However, it is both stupid and clever. How can it be common? "This passage is quite typical.
There are seventeen sentences and seventeen punctuation marks in the whole paragraph. Among them, there are eleven modal particles at the end of the sentence (Hu, Yi, Ye, Yan and Zai), three conjunctions and solidified structures (Ze, Er and Ran), two pronouns (Zhi), and the modal particles at the beginning of the sentence (Ye?
Of course, we should also pay attention to flexibility when using function words to break sentences. For example, the sentence "Born before me, learn from it first", "Hu" is used in sentences with "Yu" as the preposition, and the part of speech has changed. "Ye" is used in sentences to ease the tone, with or without punctuation.
5. Grasp the special sentence patterns, but don't disassemble the fixed structure. Remember the following typical sentences in classical Chinese, such as "What crime?" (What was the crime in Song Dynasty? ); "Like ... what" (like the Taihang Wangs? ); "Only ... is ..." (only Ma Yu followed closely); "Not only that ... but also ..." (Not only the weather, but also the suppression. )
; "Don't worry ..." (Don't worry? ); "Why ..." (Qin rude, why see? ); "Nothing ... almost (nothing is not? ); "Can you get it? "(can you get it? ); "Nothing ..." (Nothing unusual? ), etc. , can help break sentences. Remember the fixed phrases in classical Chinese and don't split them, which can reduce sentence-breaking errors.
Such as something, nothing, something, nothing, what if, enough, nothing is, why, etc. 6. The meaning of part of speech should be carefully studied, and the grammatical structure helps to judge.
The ancients didn't know the grammatical structure, but only punctuated sentences with a vague sense of language. We can use grammar knowledge to analyze the sentences in classical Chinese and determine how to break sentences according to grammar analysis.
Sometimes it is difficult to determine that some words in the article belong to the higher and lower levels, but when using grammar knowledge.
5. Ancient prose is divided into three parts for the first time: Ming: an ancient word carved on an object to warn oneself or describe merit, called "Ming".
Inscriptions carved on the tablet and placed on the right side of the case for self-defense, such as Liu Yuxi's "Humble Room Ming", are called "mottos".
An epitaph is carved on a stone tablet to describe the life of the deceased and praise the memory. Such as Han Yu's epitaph of Liu Zihou.
Travel notes: Travel notes are a form of prose that describes travel experiences. Travel notes have a wide range of materials, which can describe the beauty of famous mountains and rivers, record the peculiar richness of local customs, reflect the daily life of a person and a family, and also record the major events of a country and express the author's thoughts and feelings.
The style of writing is relaxed, vivid and informative, which gives people rich social knowledge and a good feeling. Travel notes are argumentative essays, such as Yueyang Tower and You Bao Chan. There are scientific ones, such as the Three Gorges in Li Daoyuan; There are also those with * * * colors, such as Liu Zongyuan's The Story of Little Stone Pond.
Foreword: Stylistic name. In ancient times, poetry was used to bid farewell, which was called the preface of giving and answering.
For example, Han Yu's Preface to Sending Stones to Chu Shi: "Therefore, all Dudong people ... hence the name" Six Rhymes of Songs and Poems ",which is sent to the preface cloud. After that, all articles that bid farewell to others without poems are also called preface, and the content is often praise, praise or encouragement.
We studied Song Lian's Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Yang in the Ming Dynasty. Say: the floorboard of a kind of ancient articles.
It is not much different from Lun, so it was later collectively referred to as essays on reasoning and analysis. Preface of article analysis: "Speaker, interpreter, explain meaning, and explain with your own meaning."
We have studied this genre of articles: teacher's comments, horse's comments, young chinese's comments, snake catching comments and Huang Sheng's comments on borrowing books. Inscription of proverbs: an ancient article carved on a vessel to warn yourself and others, or to praise merit and encourage yourself.
This kind of article contains profound and accurate warnings, which can enlighten and awaken people. The language is finely crafted.
For example, the humble epitaph, Liu Zihou's epitaph, etc. Parallel prose: Also known as Liu Siwen, it uses four words and six sentences to determine sentences alternately, emphasizing gorgeous words, neat sentence patterns and harmonious phonology, but its content is empty and far from social life, which is of little value.
Parallel prose originated in Han and Wei Dynasties, formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and prevailed in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The more famous is Wu Yun's Book with Zhu. Poetry: The earliest literary genre in China, which originated from the labor sound of primitive people, is a kind of literature with rhyme and singing.
Most of the ancient poems are four words, such as The Book of Songs, and most of them are five or seven words after the Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei Dynasty. There were ancient and modern poems in the Tang Dynasty, and new poems in the May 4th Movement.
In ancient China, happy poems were called songs and unhappy poems were called poems. Whether it is harmonious or not, it has a strong musical beauty.
Poetry is divided into ancient poetry, modern poetry and new poetry according to the times; Divided into narrative poems and lyric poems according to their forms of expression; According to the content, it can be divided into four categories: pastoral poetry, landscape poetry, science poetry and object-chanting poetry. 1. Classical poetry, also known as "ancient poetry" and "ancient style", refers to the poems before the Tang Dynasty (mainly during the Han and Wei Dynasties) and works that imitate the poems created before the Tang Dynasty.
It is developed from folk songs, without seeking opposition, level and rhyme freedom. Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen in the middle Tang Dynasty used Yuefu to create new poems, which still belong to the category of classical poetry.
2. Compared with classical poetry, modern poetry is also called "modern poetry" and "metrical poetry", which has strict rules on the number, number of words, level and rhyme of sentences. There are two kinds: metrical poems and quatrains.
3. Rhyme, a style of modern poetry, is divided into five laws and seven laws. There are certain norms and requirements in phonology, level tone, sentence pattern and antithesis.
The whole poem consists of eight sentences, which are divided into the first couplet, the parallel couplet, the neck couplet and the tail couplet. Quatrains are a style of modern poetry, divided into five quatrains and seven quatrains, which are generally considered as "half of a metrical poem".
5. Chuci, a poetic style, is named after it originated in the southern Chu area during the Warring States Period, and is represented by Qu Yuan's Lisao, also known as "Sao Style". Features: a large number of fairy tales, full of fantasy and romance; In addition to lyricism, layout methods are widely used; The sentence pattern is relatively plain, and the word "Xi" is widely used.
6. New poetry, also known as "modern poetry", refers to the new style poetry produced by China since the May 4th Movement. Formally, it broke the limitation of old-style poetry and adopted a relatively free form and colloquial vernacular, which was convenient for reflecting social life and expressing thoughts and feelings.
New poetry requires conciseness, rhyme and general neatness. 7. Gexing style, a style of Yuefu folk songs.
Song is a general term, boasting about skills and acting skills, which is not strictly different from "singing", "song", "quotation", "sigh" and "tune". Features: ① There is a fixed tone of words, but most of them have no definite sentences and sentences have no definite words, mainly miscellaneous words, colloquial, popular and visual; (2) Rhyme is relatively free in rhythm, and there is no need to talk about level and level; (3) Expression techniques: In addition to metaphor, parallelism is used to elaborate, narrative twists and turns, and people are good at dialogue and detail description to portray characters and shape images.
Ci: also known as the unique style of poetry, long and short sentences, and writing ci is also called filling words by sound. Ci originated in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty, which is the evolution and development of poetry.
Compared with poetry, ci is more lyrical, with less narrative content and less philosophical enlightenment. Its metrical restrictions are stricter than poetry.
For example, words have epigrams; "Xijiang Moon", "Broken Array", "Qinyuanchun" and so on, each word has a fixed number of words, a fixed number of sentences and a fixed rhyme. A epigraph has a kind of "three determinations" of epigraph, which is not arbitrary at all.
Each word has a musical title (Qupai), which specifies the music of the words that can be sung, as well as the number of words, sentences, rhymes, rhymes and so on. Most of them are in segments (segments), and "segments" are also called "times" or "que", which means that the music is sung at one time.
Ci sums up the length of musical tunes, which are divided into minor, middle tune and long tune (slow words). It's a small order of less than 50 words, not segmented.
Fifty-nine to ninety words are alto, which can be called up and down strokes or up and down films in sections. The word above 9 1 is a long tune, which can be divided into three folds and four folds ... In addition to strict requirements on the form of words, the content of each epigraph is generally fixed, and what feelings are expressed is also exquisite, so we should pay attention to it.
Qu: It is a verse form of harmony singing, and it is a long and short sentence with music. It evolved from words and became popular.