Pan 'an Yushan is located at the northern foot of Pan Da, with an altitude of 600-800 meters. It is a top platform formed by volcanoes, surrounded by ravines, and the top of the mountain is hilly terrain. The soil formed by deep volcanic ash and humus formed by good vegetation for thousands of years are slightly acidic, and because of topography, there are many clouds all year round, which is an ideal place to grow tea. Because tea is abundant, tea trading has been very active since ancient times, and Yushan Tea Farm was born in this atmosphere. Yushan Tea Farm is located at the foot of Yufeng Mountain in Yushan, 40 kilometers away from Pan 'an County and 50 kilometers away from Tiantai and Xinchang. Historically, Wuzhou is next to the ancient post road leading to Tiantai, Xinchang and Ningbo. According to the Memorabilia of Pan 'an County, "In the next eight years (1443), the export of Yushan tea and Atractylodes macrocephala made a profit. There is a saying that' the first half depends on tea, and the second half depends on Atractylodes macrocephala'. " (1) Therefore, Yushan Ancient Tea Farm plays a very important role in the development and export of Yushan tea.
The Origin of Ancient Tea Garden
It is a very important question when the establishment of Yushan ancient tea plantation began. According to legend, Yushan ancient tea garden began in the Jin Dynasty. There is a story circulating among the people in Yushan. It is said that a Taoist named Xu Mingxun traveled to Yushan and saw that the natives of Yushan like to grow tea, and the quality of tea is very good, fragrant and mellow, but the life of the natives is very poor. Xu Xun was moved. He asked the local people for some tea, so that the Taoist children and disciples could take the tea and send it to the Taoist temple. Taoist priests and celebrities from all over the country felt refreshed after drinking tea from Yushan. As a result, Yushan tea is deeply loved by celebrities from all over the world, and famous tea merchants from all over the world have come to Yushan, making the tea here famous, and the local people have also benefited from growing tea. In the Tang Dynasty, the tea in this area was called "Wuzhou Dongbai" and became tribute tea. Under the Yufeng Mountain in Yushan, a tea trading place, namely the ancient tea farm, was naturally formed. Xu Xun is also known as the "true emperor" and the local "tea god".
But according to the local literature, it is quite different. In the genealogy of Zhou family in Yushan, Dongyang, it is recorded as follows: "The first gentleman tasted Yushan, took his wife to Tea Garden Mountain, climbed cliffs and climbed rocks to the top. The tea farm is a mountain, so the tea farm in the Song Dynasty was also monopolized, and the official governor was appointed to meet the royal life, which was called' tea class'. " (2) From this passage, it can be seen that the establishment of tea farms seems to be earlier than the Song Dynasty. By the Song Dynasty, this tea farm had been specially "supervised by officials", that is to say, there was already a special official management organization here. The mission of this management organization is to "meet the imperial orders", that is, "tea plan", which is responsible for selecting good tea for the royal court. This kind of record is rare in the previous information about tea. It can be seen that in the Song Dynasty, this Yushan tea farm had a high status, which was different from ordinary ancient tea farms. In the Song Dynasty, the acquisition of flowers, plants and lakes for the court was called "Huashiban", and the porcelain kilns in Hangzhou were called official kilns. In this sense, Yushan Tea Farm should be a "government-run tea farm". And this kind of "official tea garden" setting is very rare. In the genealogy of Zhou family in Yushan, Dongyang, it is written as follows: "In the south of Song Dynasty, there is a place to sell tea, and its mountains are like embroidered tea. One pole and one flag made the early Xu, who was the leader of the gatherers. You can pick a floating blue haze in front of the fire without makeup or a mop coat. Rent, tax and cherry basket. Cook a meal in the mountains at night and run after stones. Smoking clouds and spitting fog is sweet, but bitter heart is sweet. It's cool to violate the dawn with your tongue in your hand and dare to pour green water into Hechi. It's best not to buy tea these days. Jade hands will be the first to enjoy it. Dai Mei and Qing Ji are playing in the bamboo curtain, and they believe in pearls in the mirror. Dyeing socks, Bo Cui Yan is Jiangnan. " (3) The "Southern Song Dynasty" here seems to be understood as the Southern Song Dynasty. In ancient Chinese grammar, this "zhi" can be used as a verb, so "Song Nan" can be understood as the southward migration of the Song Dynasty. Therefore, the first sentence of "tea peak is short of vegetables" means that Yushan Tea Farm was designated as "official tea farm" after the Song Dynasty moved south. These words behind this poem describe the beauty of tea and the hardships of tea farmers. The author of this poem is Chen Zi. Although I don't know, from many aspects reflected in the poem, such as "insufficient rent and tax" and "the pain in my heart is called tea fragrance." Judging from the sentences such as "touching the tongue invades Xiao Liang" and "it is better not to buy tea recently", he should be a local scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty. On the one hand, he praised the excellent quality of tea, on the other hand, he described the hardships of tea farmers, and at the same time explained that the establishment of "official tea farm" made tea farmers "lack rent and tax"
In history, Yushan tea produced a lot. There is no need to elaborate on the establishment of a "government-run tea farm" in the Song Dynasty. The "Inspection Department" was established in Ming Dynasty to manage its tea plantation. In the Qing Dynasty, the tea plantation was managed by Dongyang county government. But by the end of the Qing Dynasty, the varieties traded in tea farms were not only tea, Atractylodes macrocephala and other medicinal materials, but also grain. The existing tea farm has been in Xianfeng for two years, and it is the best witness that it has ordered the prohibition of the external price of Atractylodes macrocephala, tea and grain. However, by the end of the Qing Dynasty, due to the weak national strength, the life of tea farmers went from bad to worse, and the tea output was not as good as before. Even so, "in the 21st year of the Republic of China (1932), it produced 10,000 tons of tea, and Hangzhou, Shengshao and Shaoxing sold 14 yuan per ton of silver". The tea production around Yushan Tea Farm can be seen from this.
Layout and Content of Ergu Tea Garden
The ancient tea plantation consists of tea plantation temple, management room and trading place (Figure 1). From the front elevation and plane of this ancient tea garden, it can be clearly seen that from left to right, "tea garden temple", "management room" and "tea garden" are lined up.
The existing tea garden temple was built during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. It consists of three parts: the gatehouse (Figure 2), the courtyard and the main hall. The main hall is a three-bay building, with a nine-purlin, four-column fruit-lifting structure at the front and rear columns, and a nine-purlin, five-column bucket-through structure at the two-room gable. The width is 12. 15m, and the depth is13.45m. There is a tea god in the main hall, which is different from other places. In other places, the tea god is mostly Lu Yu, and the tea god here is Xu Xun, for the reasons mentioned above. At the same time, Xu Xun is not only the tea god, but also the general land lord of Eight Townships in Yushan. Yushan now belongs to Pan 'an and formerly belonged to Dongyang. Today's Pan 'an consists of Ruishan Township, Panshan Township, Yushan Township and a part of Jinyun, Xianju, Yongkang and Tiantai in Dongyang. The original Yushan Township was Dongyang No.24 Capital (still under the jurisdiction of Dongyang), No.25 Capital, No.26 Capital (where the ancient tea plantation is located), No.27 Capital, No.28 Capital, No.29 Capital, No.30 Capital and No.30 Capital. According to the local people, because Xu Xun sent Taoist priests to sell tea everywhere, the local people benefited a lot, so the local people not only respected him as the "tea god", but also called him the "true emperor". And set up a temple to worship, hoping to bless the local weather, tea and rice.
In the middle is the management room. There are two entrances in turn, the first entrance is the hall, with a small patio in the middle, and a three-bedroom office room behind the patio, with a kitchen and bedroom on both sides (the kitchen is upstairs). Total width 14.5 m, penetration depth 15.6 m ... This management room is the place where officials who managed tea farms in past dynasties stayed to handle official business. In the second year of Xianfeng, Qing Dynasty, there were three monuments here, namely, the Monument for Banning Tea at Foreign Prices, the Monument for Banning Atractylodes macrocephala at Foreign Prices and the Monument for Banning Grain at Foreign Prices (Figures 3 and 4). Although the handwriting on this inscription was blurred when the local people used it as a washboard on the dock near the pond during the Cultural Revolution, some key words can still be seen by careful identification. At that time, the tea market was directly managed by the local government, which lasted for more than 700 years from the Song Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty. Such examples are rare.
On the far left is the tea garden (Figure 5). The tea farm consists of front, back, three entrances and two wings, with a total width of 20 meters and a depth of 37.56 meters. It consists of a gate, a small patio, a second entrance, a large patio and a third entrance in turn. There used to be a stage in the compound (it was later demolished when it was occupied by the winery). The whole building was rebuilt in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, and it is a two-story building with one floor and two floors. Downstairs is the trading place, which is divided into two parts. Part of it is a fixed booth, that is, a small storefront, mainly in the wing. According to the memories of the local elderly, each wing is a tea shop. In the early years of the Republic of China, its tea shop bought tea in the tea season and usually engaged in the business of grain and medicinal materials. A small house is a shop, very simple, just a table, several stools, scales, buckets and square reeds. The other part is scattered. According to the old man's memory, in the early years of the Republic of China, every Friday and tenth (the lunar calendar) was the city day here. Later, tea and medicinal materials declined, and the day of market was gone. In the early years of the Republic of China, every market day (that is, trading day), people from four townships, eight villages and thousands of miles away came here to market. The stage in the compound is also usually used for scattered stalls. On the day of the temple fair, it was used as a social drama performance place for the teams invited by the four townships and eight villages. The upstairs structure is the Zouma Building, which is connected on all sides, that is, the front of the building is connected by cloisters, so that the second entrance and the third entrance are connected by cloisters in front of the wings on both sides. The function of the whole building can be divided into three parts. First, the corridor in front is the passage of the whole building, which is convenient for the contact of all parts upstairs. The second is the place to "buy tea". According to the memories of the local elderly, when tea is listed in spring and autumn every year, the whole tea farm brings together tea merchants from all over the country, and the government sends local officials in charge of the tea farm to preside over the "tea monopoly". Local tea farmers send different grades of tea upstairs (Figure 6), and Dr. Tea makes them on the spot. According to the color, shape, taste and fragrance of tea, determine the grade and price of tea, and then trade. This "tea-drinking" venue is on the second floor upstairs, which is empty. Just put some square tables, tables, chairs and benches when you have tea. Third, the rest of the ground upstairs, such as the wings on both sides and the opposite side (that is, the third entrance upstairs), constitutes a small room for tea merchants from all over the world to stay and pile up tea.
Chunqiu Society and Sangu Tea Farm Longhuqi
According to the local old people, the important gatherings in ancient tea fields were mainly Spring Club and Autumn Club.
The ancient tea garden is located next to the ancient post road, which was the main road from Dongyang to Tiantai and Xinchang at that time, and also the center of Yushan. The east of the ancient tea garden is Sandan and Lingkou, the north is Jianshan and Huzhai, the west is Xiacang and Shanghu, and the south is Fupai and other big villages. In the early years of the Republic of China, all kinds of mountain products gathered here every Friday and every ten days except tea, which was very lively, but the Spring Festival and Autumn Festival were the most lively.
The date of spring club is the eighth May Day after beginning of spring, and the date of autumn club is the eighth May Day after beginning of autumn. Since the late Qing Dynasty, the Spring Festival has been changed to 14th, 15th and 16th of the first month, and the Autumn Festival has been changed to 14th, 15th and 16th of October. Since Xu Xun was honored as the "true emperor" in the Song Dynasty, the local people combined the Spring and Autumn Second Society, the sacrifice to the "true emperor" and some rural folk activities to form a rural folk cultural activity center centered on tea.
On Spring Club Day, local tea farmers, especially the girls picking tea, dressed up and went to the tea farm to worship the "true king", and then gathered at the tea farm to watch the social drama. At the same time, Sheri's tea farm is also a place for the exchange of various local mountain products materials, so it is very lively. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Spring Festival and Lantern Festival were combined into one, which was more lively. Besides offering sacrifices to the tea god "the true emperor", watching social dramas and buying and selling daily necessities in mountain products, Lantern Festival lanterns and dragon lanterns were also added. The excitement of the Spring Club in this ancient tea garden is evidenced by the poem "Poems of Yushan Zhi Zhu" written by Zhou Xiandai, which states: "The tea garden is sunny in spring, sunny in day, and the spring grass grows outside the tea garden temple. Tourists are still fragrant into the city and can't stop the drums of Pumbaa society. " (5) Tang Qingzu, the magistrate of Dongyang County in the Qing Dynasty, described it in "Tea Farm Spring Club": "Drums rumble and Baiyun dock hits every time. Dress up, make a scene, and the chicken will leave. Excuse me, when is this, counting pear blossoms? " (6) At the same time, Ba Du Township in Yushan went to the tea farm to catch up with the fun. It can be said that "girls are born together, and watching the lights is a tea pavilion" (7).
Spring will be lively, and autumn will have its own characteristics. The time of the autumn meeting is1October 14, 15, 16. According to folklore, 10 16 is the birthday of the "true emperor" Xu Xun, which makes the autumn house different from the spring house.
The material exchange meeting is a major feature of the autumn meeting. Although there is also an exchange of materials during the Spring Festival, due to its ingenious value on the Lantern Festival, it is mainly to worship the tea god and welcome the dragon lanterns. The people who come to the ancient tea garden are mainly from the eight capitals of Yushan, and there are not many outsiders. The things bought and sold are only used for spring tea and spring ploughing, and there are not many varieties. However, the autumn meeting is different. As the saying goes, spring ploughs and autumn harvests. By the autumn festival, the trading varieties of ancient tea farms had greatly increased. After the autumn harvest, local tea farmers or farmers have a lot to sell, and in the second half of the year, they will buy things for Chinese New Year holidays or work (such as building houses and weddings). As a result, all kinds of mountain products, farm tools and furniture gathered in the ancient tea farm from four villages and eight townships and neighboring Xinchang, Tiantai and sages, which made the popularity of Qiushe much higher than that of Chunshe.
Thanking the tea god is an important activity in the autumn house. Through the picking of spring tea and autumn tea, local tea farmers have a few more copper coins in their pockets. Although life is not easy, the people of China are very grateful. It is said that the birthday of the "true emperor" Xu Xun also happened to be 10/6, which coincided with the social day, so there was an activity of erecting banners on this day, that is, the Dragon and Tiger Flag. The banner of dragon and tiger was originally a ritual in Taoism, and it is said that it began in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. "Bao Puzi" says: "(Kun Li) has twelve green dragons on the left and twenty-six white tigers on the right." This is probably the theoretical basis of the Dragon and Tiger Banner. During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, Japanese invaders invaded coastal areas many times. Although Yushan is guarded by Jiazhai (Ming Jiajing Anti-Japanese Site, a county-level cultural relics protection unit), the Japanese invaders often invade Yushan. In order to fight against the Japanese pirates, the people of Yushan sacrificed the autumn shed in the tea garden to Xu Zhenjun, and hung the dragon and tiger flag to call for fighting against the Japanese pirates. Since then, erecting banners has become a habit and the most distinctive scenery in autumn houses. The dragon and tiger flags here are different from those in other places. "On October 16th of the lunar calendar, banners of villages were erected in the fields in front of the temple, with one main pole, sixty poles and eight loose ropes. The bamboo pole is divided into two sections. The lower section is made of a big Chinese fir, which is 20 feet long and 7 feet long. The upper section is made of an extra-large bamboo, which is sleeved at the tip of the lower section, and the joint is fastened with 9 iron rings. The pole head is higher than the socket, like an umbrella stand. The main pole is on the flag head, and eight hemp ropes are tied under the flag head as the flag rope for vertical flag. The flag is covered on the upper section of the main pole, made of 300-foot silk, painted with dragons, phoenixes, flowers and birds, and decorated with cuibu. At the lower end of the flagpole, there is a tripod in the shape of a well, which is carried when facing vertical. Those who attend the vertical meeting are called flag feet, and each side needs 120 strong men. When the flag was raised, it was in full swing and the shouts were loud. After being erected, everyone carried it, slowly circled the field, and then fixed it on the field. " (8) Flag-raising has also become the theme of ancient local literati's singing, as evidenced by Zhou Xiandai's Zhuzhici: "In mid-October, the competition is busy, and tea farmers want to watch the competition. Raise a hundred flags, and the flagpole is ten feet high. " (9) It can be seen how spectacular the banners were at that time. At present, there is still a small ancient flag in Qing Dynasty, with a length of 16. 1 m, a width of 17.6 m and an area of about 283 square meters. According to local old people's memories, I saw the biggest flag when I was a child, spreading over an acre. Because of this, the scale and lively scenes of the Autumn Festival greatly exceed those of the Spring Festival.
Quecha is naturally an important project in the activities of Spring Society and Autumn Society. In the tea selling activities between the Spring Festival and the Autumn Festival, most of the participants are local squires and literati. According to the old man's memory, "according to the legend of ancestors, in the pre-Qin period, when the social drama had not yet begun, the good people in the countryside tasted tea in the tea farm and judged the good tea of that year." After the good tea is judged, the good tea is soaked out and put in the tea stall, so that the villagers can guess by watching the lights. If they win a cup of good tea, they will be fined a cup of inferior tea if they are wrong. Farmers who are rated as good tea will wear red clothes. Later, due to the decline of the tea market, this kind of tea selling activity gradually declined. It was carried out occasionally in the early years of the Republic of China and completely disappeared during the Anti-Japanese War.
Since the opening of the ancient tea garden in the Song Dynasty, with the vicissitudes of time for thousands of years, the prosperity of the country is prosperous, and the decline of the country is declining. The ancient tea garden has been repaired and broken, but it has survived, adding a lot of luster to our ancient culture.