I. characters experience
Cai Yan was a poetess during the Han and Wei Dynasties. Wenxi, also known as Evonne, was born in (now Qixian County, Henan Province). The date of birth and death is unknown. Daughter of the famous writer Cai Yong. Since childhood, he has learned a lot, with good writing style and good temperament. When I first married Wei Zhongdao in Hedong, my husband died and went back to my parents' house without children. There was chaos in the world at the end of the Han Dynasty, and Dong Zhuo entered Luoyang. At first, Dong forced him to move westward to Chang 'an, and later he was captured by the Southern Xiongnu Army in the second year of Xingping (195). She spent 12 years in the Huns and gave birth to two sons. In the 12th year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao sent envoys to South Xiongnu to redeem Cai Yan with Jin Bi. After Cai Yan returned to the Central Plains, she remarried Dong Si, a captain of wasteland. I have recalled and written more than 400 works by my dead father. Cai Yan's existing works include Poems of Sorrow and Indignation in Five Words, Poems of Sao Style, Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia and so on. The sorrowful and indignant poems written by Sao style are quite inconsistent with Cai Yan's life, and many scholars think they are pseudographs. Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia first appeared in Zhu's Notes on Chu Ci in the Song Dynasty, not in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty. In style, it is far from the works at that time, so some scholars think it is also a false trust of future generations.
The name Yan, the word mingji, was changed to Wenxi to avoid taboos. Cai Wenji's father is the famous Cai Yong. Cai Yong is a great writer and calligrapher. Cai Wenji was born in such a family. It is natural that he is knowledgeable, literate, good at poetry and prose, articulate and cadence. It can be said that Cai Wenji had a happy childhood, but the changes of the times interrupted this happiness.
Cai Wenji was taken to South Xiongnu with many captured women. Suffering from the abuse and flogging of the soldiers, she is 23 years old and has been away for 12 years. In this 12 year, she married Xiongnu Zuo and suffered the pain of living in a foreign land. Of course, she also gave birth to two sons for Zuo. She also learned to play Hu Jia and some foreign languages. 12 years later, Cao Cao thought that his childhood teacher Cai Yong had only one daughter. When he learned that the girl was arrested in South Xiongnu, he immediately sent Zhou Jin as a special envoy, carrying two hundred gold and a pair of white walls to redeem her.
Cai Wenji was married three times in his life. Zeng Yuan married the Wei family in Hedong before being taken to the southern Xiongnu. Wei family is a noble family in Hedong, and her husband Wei Zhongdao is an outstanding scholar in the university. The couple loved each other very much, but it didn't last long. Less than a year later, Wei Zhongdao died of hemoptysis. Never gave birth to a son and a half daughter, the Wei family thought she killed her husband. At that time, despite his father's opposition, he left the Wei family and returned to his hometown. She finally married Dong Si and gave birth to a son and a daughter. The daughter married Sima Yi's son Sima Shi.
Cai Wenji's masterpiece is Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia. "Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia" is a narrative poem in Sao style, with a total length of 1297 words. Mao Qian's Poems of Yuefu (Volume 59) and Zhu's Poems after Chu Ci (Volume 3) were originally published, and the two texts were slightly different.
Second, anecdotes and allusions
1, Wenxi belongs to Korea:
Wen Xi Gui Han is an artistic story based on the story of Cao Cao's redemption of Cai Yan. Peking Opera and other operas have repertoires of Wen Xi returning to Han Dynasty, and painters have also drawn cartoons of Wen Xi returning to Han Dynasty.
2, identify the piano:
When Cai Yan was nine years old, her father Cai Yong played the piano at night and suddenly broke a string. Cai Yan said, "The second string is broken." Cai Yong said, "You happen to be right." So she deliberately broke off one and asked her, and Chae Yeon said it was the fourth one. The story of Cai Wenji playing the piano also appeared in The Amethyst.
Third, the main achievements
1, literature:
After Cai Yan returned to Han Dynasty, she wrote two sorrowful and indignant poems, one in five words and one in Sao style. Among them, Wuyanben, which focuses on Sentimental Parting, is an emotional narrative poem and the first autobiographical long narrative poem written by literati in the history of China poetry. Zhang Yugu, a poetic theorist in the Qing Dynasty, once wrote a five-character poem praising Cai Yan: "Wenxi only wants to crush Wen Jun, and' grief and indignation' is long. The old Du family lived in the Seventh Division of Cao Cao, and the incense can also reach the hairpin skirt. " Cai Yan's talent overwhelmed Zhuo Wenjun, a talented woman in the Han Dynasty, and his five-character narrative poems were all influenced by Cai Yan.
Sorrow and indignation poems, written in Sao style, are aimed at expressing emotions. The first and second sections briefly describe the experience of Hu and his son being captured in Han Dynasty, and in the middle, a large part of natural scenery is used to render Cai Yan's sad mood of leaving his hometown. In these descriptions of scenery and human feelings, Chae Yeon talked about their differences from her hometown of China, in order to describe her deep sadness and indignation in this different environment from China.
2. Music:
"Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia" is a lyric of China ancient Yuefu with 1297 words, and it is a vocal suite composed of 18 songs. The original issue of Guo Maoqian's Poems of Song Yuefu (Volume 59) and Zhu's Comments on Chu Ci (Volume 3) are slightly different.
Lu Shiyong, a Ming Dynasty man, said in "A General Theory of Poetry and Mirrors": "When the wind in Tokyo wanes, Cai Wenji will become a talent in Ying Ying. Reading "Hu Yiyin" can make people feel shocked, and the wind and sand are flying, which is really fierce. "
3. Calligraphy:
Cai Yan's father, Cai Yong, is a great calligrapher. He created eight-point fonts. Cai Yan's handwriting is also very good. Han Yu once said: "The corps commander (Cai Yong) has a woman who can carry on the family line." Cai Yan once wrote ancient books silently at the request of Cao Cao, saying that he could write both portrait books and cursive scripts.
Fourth, character evaluation.
Ye Fan: There are signs of ending the practice, and there is room for leisure. The area is bright and windy. Show me Guan Tong.
Chen Tao: Huanyi flute with improved atmosphere, talented person Cai Yanqin.
Xu Jun: This life has been divided into old dust. Who can redeem gold? Don't be angry, you know that misfortune is a kind of beauty.
Hao Jing: ① Wenxi's talent is controversial, but unfortunately he lost his virginity. However, if you can inherit your father's legacy and avoid your husband's death, a gentleman will blame you for disloyalty. A lady gives birth gracefully and is tied to a gentleman. We should combine rigidity with softness, and Huijie should be the master.
Luo Jianlin: After being a lonely person, I spent the rest of my life wandering around. Surprised to see the wild goose crossing south, ashamed to leave for the north. Don't press Hu Nubo, pass the main book of Wei. The name cannot be redeemed, and I hate Khan for a thousand years.
Lu Shiyong: Cai Wenji is very talented in Ying Ying. Reading "Hu Jianyin" can make people feel shocked, and flying sand and stones is really intense.
Qu Dajun: Ti Ying can take the place of his father, but Cai Yan is not fit to go home. After the jade is burned together, the fragrance vibrates the sea.
Wang Jinyu: The earliest female calligrapher recorded in the history books of China is Cai Wenji. Her fame is closely related to her father Cai Yong and her tortuous life.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) number dispute
1, husband dispute:
There have been different opinions about whether Cai Yan married Zuo in the north: According to the Records of the Later Han Dynasty, Cai Yan did not marry Zuo, not married Zuo. Attila's wife was generally called "E Shi", but Cai Yan did not have this title in the north for 20 years, so she thought that Cai Yan and Zuo were neither. However, another view is that the price of Cao Cao's redemption of Cai Yan is very high, far exceeding the price of ordinary slaves. It can be seen that Cai Yan's position on the Xiongnu side is not low. Some literary works, such as Beijing opera, are written as left princesses. Whether these two statements are right or wrong is still controversial.
2. Work dispute
While vindicating Cao Cao, Guo Moruo published a paper questioning whether Cai Yan's works were written by Cai Yan. Guo Moruo and others think that the Poem of Sorrow contained in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty was not written by Cai Yan, mainly for three reasons:
1. According to the Biography of Dong Sizhi's Wife in the Later Han Dynasty, Wen Xi's victory was "not left by the southern Xiongnu", which should not be said to be the work of Dong Zhuo's followers.
2. Wenxi's father, Cai Yong, is highly valued by Dong Zhuo and occupies a high position in the central government controlled by Dong Zhuo. After Dong Zhuo died, he was killed by Wang Yun. Wenxi must have been exiled after Cai Yong's death. The poem said that Dong Zhuo drove him into Hu.
3. In the chapter of Sao Ti, there is a sentence that "Qiang people have gone through hardships and dangers", which is inconsistent with the fact that Yue people were plundered by the southern Xiongnu. There is also a saying that "the desert is dusty, and there are plants and trees that are not glorious in spring", which is inconsistent with the geographical environment of Pingyang, Hedong, where the South Xiongnu was located at that time.
However, Tan Qixiang believes that these three items are not valid. Because: 1. Most of Dong Zhuo's followers are Qiang people and Hu people. In Sorrow and indignation, it is said that "outstanding people come from the east" and "all soldiers follow". Aren't these Hu Bing just "riding around"? 2. Since the fifth year of Zhong Ping (188), the southern Xiongnu has been divided into two parts, one part moved to Hedong, and the other part remained in Hetao area of Inner Mongolia. If "Southern Xiongnu" refers to the part left there, the geographical environment is exactly the same as described. 3. Dong Zhuo's discipline is poor. At that time, Cai Wenji was exiled to Kanto, Cai Yong was in Chang 'an, and Cai Yong was killed after three months in exile, so there was no way to get news, let alone rescue him. Hu Qiang in Dong Zhuo's army is from Guanzhong. It is not surprising that Cai Wenji was driven into the customs by the west after he was captured. He has been going to the land of Qiang people since he entered the customs. Therefore, we can be sure that the second chapter of Sorrow and Indignation is really Cai Wenji's work.
3. year of birth dispute
Cai Yan's birth years are 174 and 177, but they are all guesses and have no historical basis.
Six, Cai Wenji's works:
1, sad poem
Dynasty: Han Dynasty | Author: Cai Wenji
One of the poems of sadness and anger
The Han Dynasty lost power and influence, and Dong Zhuo was in chaos. If you want to usurp the throne, you must first harm the virtuous. Forced to move to the old state to help the Lord strengthen himself.
Xingyi division wants to * * for bad luck at home. Excellent people come from the east and shine in the sun. Ordinary people are vulnerable, and soldiers are all Hu Qiang.
Hunting wild cities and besieging cities, I know what I want to break. There is nothing left, and the remains support each other. A horse hangs a man's head, and a horse carries a woman behind it.
Driving west to enter the customs, the road is dangerous and blocked. I still care. My guts are rotten. There are several tens of thousands, and gathering is not allowed.
Still flesh and blood, afraid to speak. When you are frustrated, you need to talk about the disadvantages. If you want to be a pavilion blade, I can't live with you.
How dare you spare your life? You can't stand being scolded. Or add pestle, poison and pain are combined into one. The study is sad and the night is sad.
You can't have it if you want to die, and you can't have it if you want to live. It is a misfortune for people with pale faces. Bianhuang is different from China, who is vulgar and unreasonable.
There is a lot of frost and snow in the place, and Hu Feng starts in spring and summer. Blow my clothes gently and let them sink into my ears. I miss my parents when I feel it, and lament the infinite.
It's always nice to hear that there are guests from outside. Welcome to ask about him. You need to reply to the village. I hope that when I meet you, my flesh and blood will meet me.
If you have to forgive yourself, you should abandon your son. Heaven binds people's hearts, and it is too late to say goodbye. Life and death are always good, and we can't bear to say goodbye to them.
Hold my neck in front of my son and ask my mother what she wants. When people say that their mother should go, there is no time to return. My mother has always been kind, so today is even more unkind.
I am not an adult, so I don't care. Seeing this collapse in five days, I was in a trance and crazy. Crying and touching, when you reply to doubts.
At the same time, they bid farewell to each other. I long for my return, and sad tears have destroyed the cracks. A horse hesitated, but a car refused to turn.
The audience was booed and sobbed as they walked. To break the relationship and sign for the future. This is 3,000 miles long. When shall we meet again?
Read me out of my stomach and my heart will destroy me. Not only for the family, but also for China and foreign countries. The city wall is a mountain forest, and the yard is full of Ai Jing.
If you don't know whose bone it is, don't cover it vertically and horizontally. There is no sound when going out, and the jackal barks. Embrace the lonely scene, and you will lose your liver and lungs.
Looking at the distance, the soul suddenly flew. After the election, others will be lenient. In order to recover, there is no need to say it.
Entrust your life to a new person and try your best to encourage yourself. Being stingy, I am often afraid of donating again. The geometry of life, you worry all the year round.
Sorrow and indignation poems (2)
Thin and thin, I am suffering from this world. A list of clans. I entered Xiguan with a slight scratch. This is a difficult journey.
The valley is rugged and the road is long. Look around as soon as possible and lament. I can't sleep well. Hunger is food, but I can't eat it
I often shed tears and quit. Bo Zhijie missed his death. Although I am alive, I am invisible. It's just that the other party is far from Yang's essence.
Yin Qi freezing, snowfall, zero in summer. The desert is full of dust. With trees and grass, spring is not glorious. People are like animals. They eat smelly food.
I'm not talking. When I get old, I'll take a brand. Nagato closes at night. Get up if you can't sleep.
Denghu store Xi Lin Guangting. Clouds roll and clouds are comfortable, and the sun, the moon and the stars. The north wind is strong and cold. A?vagho?a. The surrounding Hu Jia is moving.
The lonely goose returns to Xi's voice. Happy people play the piano and guzheng happily. The sound is harmonious, sad and clear. My heart is full of thoughts and my chest is full of anger.
Want to relax, be afraid, be surprised. Sorrow in the throat, tears on the neck. Xi Danggui Ning Welcome home. I was born with a way to donate.
The child cried and cried, and lost his voice. I can't bear to listen. It's no use chasing me. It would be awkward to get up again.
It is cruel to care about it. My heart was broken, and I rose from the dead.
2. Hu Jia's eighteen beats
Dynasty: Han Dynasty | Author: Cai Wenji
I did nothing at the beginning of my life, but after I was born, the Han Dynasty declined. Heaven is ruthless and chaotic, and the earth is ruthless, which makes me meet this time. The road is dangerous and the people are in exile. Smoke and dust cover the wild, land rover prospers, and ambition is good and righteousness is lacking. Humiliated. Who should I sue? After a while, I knocked on the piano, feeling angry and resentful.
Rong Jie forced me to get married and pushed me to the horizon. Yunshan is heavy, and the wind blows thousands of miles, raising dust and sand. Many people are violent and fierce. Like snakes, they are arrogant and extravagant. Two beats and one string, the string is heartbroken, heartbreaking and sad.
It is better to have no life than to go to the country of Yue Han and enter the city of Hu. Felt hair shocked my flesh and blood, and karma strangled my feeling of taste. Drums are ringing from the night, and Hu Feng is dark. Today's sadness is the triple beat of gold, and it is flat when the sad beast hates it.
I miss my hometown day and night, which is the most bitter. Natural disasters make the country chaotic and the people have no ownership. I am the only one who has no luck. Different customs and different physical difficulties, different appetites, who can talk! It's sad to think about how hard it is to remember clearly.
The wild goose south wants to speak, and the wild goose north goes west to win Han Qing. Wild geese fly high, hard to find, but heartbroken and homesick. The folding of the eyebrows caressed Ya Qin to the moon, and the five strokes were profound.
First frost is cold and hungry, so you can't eat meat and cheese. At night, the water sobbed and the Great Wall crowded the road. Looking back, it is difficult to pack your bags, and six beats of sadness come and go.
As the sun sets, the wind wails. I don't know who I'm talking to! Vilen is depressed, guarding Wan Li, vulgar, old, weak and young. There are aquatic plants to build homes and repair bases, and cattle and sheep gather in the wild like bees and ants. When the grass is exhausted, the sheep and horses are moved, and the seven beats are hateful.
Why don't you see me wandering alone? God, what happened? I live up to God. What makes me different? I failed my God. Why should I go to the desert state? I did eight beats to relieve my worries, but I didn't know my heart was turning to worry.
The sky is boundless and my heart is sad. Life is fleeting, but I can't be happy in my prime. I want to ask the truth, but the sky is gray and I have no chance. Looking up at the clouds and smoke, nine beats are nostalgic. Who is it?
The beacon fire in Chengtou has not been extinguished. When will the battlefield stop? The murderous look rushed to the door, and Hu Feng blew the moonlight. Hometown sound insulation, crying silently. A lifetime of hard work and parting, ten times of sadness and tears into blood.
I must live to eat and die to hate, so I can't dedicate my body and my heart. I still want to return to mulberry, and I have been dead for a long time. Sun, Moon and Sun are in Rongji, and the Hu people spoil me and have two sons. Bow's education has no sense of shame, but his thoughts are getting bigger and bigger. There is a beat in ten miles, and because of this, sorrow and joy are lingering.
Dongfeng responds to the law and has a lot of heating, so we know that the Han family is the son of heaven and the cloth and clothes are harmonious. The Qiang people danced wildly and sang praises, and the two countries went to war with each other. Suddenly, I met an envoy of the Han Dynasty, and he called me almost by imperial decree, asking my daughter to redeem my concubine. I'm glad I'm still alive, and I'm glad I met a sage, so I won't say goodbye to my children for no reason. Nine times out of ten, it is difficult to live in two emotions.
This doesn't mean I can't live, but I have to go back and caress Hu and gamble. Ambassador China greeted me. Who knows? Life and death come with me at this time, worrying about losing my glory as a child. How can I have wings to give you back? Step by step, it is difficult to move, and the soul disappears. There are three beats in ten, and the strings are anxious and sorrowful, and the intestines are stirring.
When I get home, my son won't follow me, and my heart hangs like I'm hungry. Everything in the four seasons has ups and downs, but I am sad and temporarily motionless. The mountains are high and the sea is wide. I will see you all my life. I dreamed that you came to Sri Lanka at night. Holding hands in a dream is a kind of joy and a kind of sadness, but it hurts after sleeping. Nine times out of ten, tears are falling, the river is flowing east, and I am thinking.
Fifteen beats, a holiday, a promotion, and a full chest. Who knows music? It's unusual in the vault. I hope I can come back, I hope I can be happy again. My heart is full of sorrow and sorrow. The sun and the moon are selfless and never shine. It is no wonder that mother and son are separated, and the same day is more and more like a reference in business, and life and death are unknown.
Sixteen beats, endless thoughts, my son and I stand on our side. The sun faces the east and the moon faces the west, so don't be heartbroken. I am worried about camping grass, but I won't forget it. Sorry to play the piano! I don't want to go back to my hometown today. Old grievances are settled and new grievances are long! Blood and tears look up and complain to the gray son, Hu lives alone!
Seventeen patted Xi's heart, his nose was sour, and it was difficult for Guan Shan to stop Xi. I went with a lot of thoughts, but I didn't think long when I came. Filled with branches and dried leaves of Artemisia annua, the battlefield was scarred and covered with bones, knives and arrows. In spring and summer, the wind and frost are cold and the people are hungry and weak. I was so heavy that I entered Chang 'an. I sighed my heart and my tears dried up.
Hu Jia was born out of Hu and turned out the same melody. Although the 18th beat of Xi Qu is over, it sounds memorable. It is a work that knows the subtleties of bamboo silk, and the joys and sorrows change with people's hearts. Hu and Han are different, and heaven and earth are separated. I am bitter in heaven, complaining about others, and the breadth of Liuhe is intolerable!