During the period of 1996, more than140,000 bamboo slips from Sun Wu period (AD 222-280) were unearthed in Changsha, exceeding the sum of bamboo slips unearthed in China over the years. Its content involves the justice, finance, taxation, household registration and other aspects of Wu in the Three Kingdoms period, which is of great value to the in-depth study of economic relations, class relations, tax system, calligraphy art and social life in the Three Kingdoms period.
[Preface Hall] is now located in the preface hall of the exhibition hall. The background board you see is four wooden slips, which are enlarged from the wooden slips in Changsha Wu bamboo slips. The purpose is to give you an intuitive impression of the shape, writing, content and calligraphy of Changsha Wu bamboo slips. There are wooden slips and simplified books on the booth, which are copied according to the size of 1: 1 The total number of Changsha Wu bamboo slips unearthed in Zoumalou is about 6.5438+0.4 million, which can be roughly divided into vouchers, books, letters and other miscellaneous items. This is an important discovery of ancient underground documents in China in the 20th century. It was rated as one of the top ten new archaeological discoveries in China by 1996, and included in the top 100 major archaeological discoveries in China in the 20th century.
The first group of pictures and cultural relics display
Changsha, known as "the famous city of Chu and Han, the hometown of Qujia", is one of the first 24 famous historical and cultural cities in China announced by the State Council.
1987, in order to cooperate with the construction of the underground shopping mall of Wuyi Square, the cultural relics department of Changsha City cleared 19 ancient wells and three ash pits from the Warring States to the Ming Dynasty, and unearthed a large number of cultural relics from the Warring States to the Ming Dynasty, among which the urban construction history of Changsha ancient city for more than 2,000 years was proved for the first time with scientific stratigraphic relationship and a large number of archaeological data, which provided extremely valuable information for further discussing the geographical position and development and changes of Changsha City in various historical periods.
1From July, 1996 to February, 65438, Changsha Cultural Relics Team cooperated with the construction of Pinghetang Commercial Building in Hunan, cleared 57 ancient pits from the Warring States Period to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, unearthed more than 3,000 pieces of copper, iron, ceramics, bamboo slips and other cultural relics, and found more than 40,000 pieces of bamboo slips of the Three Kingdoms/kloc-0 in No.22 ancient pit.
All the cultural relics unearthed in Gujing cellar are displayed in the showcase, all of which are original works. Including pottery tiles, coins, bamboo slips and pottery pots.
The second group of Changsha Wu bamboo slips
The content of Changsha Wu bamboo slips can be roughly divided into coupons, books, letters and other miscellaneous categories, involving dates, legal figures, military geography, taxation, population, justice and so on. These bamboo slips are the documents and archives of Changsha County and its subordinate counties (Linxiang Houguo) during the Sun Quan period of Wu State, and they are the most important unearthed documents for studying the history of the Three Kingdoms, especially the history of Sun Wu. Among them, the most tax bills were unearthed.
Tax bill is the most important content in Changsha Wu bamboo slips. At that time, taxes mainly collected money, cloth, rice, beans and skins. Among them, rice has many names, tax, quality and origin. Generally speaking, rice and beans are put into storage, and money, cloth and skins are put into storage. These tax bills provide us with detailed information about the taxes paid by Sun Wu officials at that time.
There are a lot of records about the contents of weights and measures at that time in the tax bill. The capacity system includes welcome, bucket, liter, combination and spoon, the length system includes horses, feet, feet and inches, and the area system of farmland includes towns, hectares, acres and steps.
Boutique window. Why can these bamboo slips be completely preserved 1700 years? The main reason is that these bamboo slips are sealed with sticky yellow mud, and the bamboo slips are buried deeply and the underground water level is high, so that the bamboo slips are isolated from the air and bacteria cannot reproduce and can be preserved. Bamboo slips in Changsha Wu bamboo slips are made of bamboo. Due to long-term immersion in black and humid soil, bamboo is full of water and fibers are separated, and bamboo slips are dark brown with blurred handwriting. Therefore, the protection and arrangement of Changsha Wu bamboo slips is very complicated, which generally needs to go through the following procedures: peeling, uncovering, cleaning, checking, registering, keeping, changing water, applying drugs, preventing mildew, preventing corrosion, decoloring, dewatering, photographing and interpreting.
The third group Wu bamboo slips
There are bamboo slips in Changsha, such as bamboo slips, bamboo slips, sign cards, seal inspection and mud sealing boxes. Among them, the number of bamboo slips is the largest.
Bamboo Slips Changsha bamboo slips are mainly bamboo slips, and there are two shapes, one is 25-29 in length and 1.2- 1.5 in thickness, and the other is 22.2-23.5 in length and 0.5-65438 in width.
Xie Shuowen: "Thank you, the book board is also." A board for writing. Its width is wider than Jane's, so it can write several lines. Bamboo slips found in Wu bamboo slips in Changsha are mostly made of wood and Chinese fir, and rarely made of bamboo boards. They are the same in length and width, and the thickness is greater than that of bamboo slips.
Check Shuowen: "Check, the book department also." Interpretation of Famous Books: "Check, prohibit and confine things so that they cannot be exposed." Seal inspection is used to seal all kinds of articles and documents, and most of them have words to explain the purpose of sealing, such as transmission and sealing. Although some seals have no ink characters, they must have seals on them to make them have credit functions. The seals seen by Wu bamboo slips in Changsha are all rectangular wooden, with strong rope grooves and square holes filled with mud at the lower end, and the square end is the title board for writing the title of the book. Similar to the current seal or stamp.
Shuowen: Shuowen Ye Jie. That is, labels and signs belong to identity documents and are special forms of bamboo slips. What you see is both an instrument and a document. The bamboo slips seen in Changsha are all titles of documents, wood and books.
The famous thorn is a record file used to read children's reports. Many of the Wu bamboo slips in Changsha are famous stab bamboo slips, which involve greetings, audience, recommendation and gifts in people's daily life. As shown in the exhibition board, "Disciple Chao Huang asked Changsha Yiyang Word Ingot again". A disciple named Huang Chao visited his teacher again and greeted him. He is from Yiyang, Changsha, and his name is Yuanbao.
The fourth group of bamboo slips making and writing
The making of bamboo slips generally includes preparing materials, slicing, scraping, fixing (or gluing), binding and other processes. What is shown here is the technological process of making bamboo slips. As the carrier of ancient Chinese characters in China, bamboo slips began in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period or earlier, flourished in Qin and Han Dynasties and declined in Wei and Jin Dynasties. They have been used for more than 3,000 years, leaving behind brilliant documents and materials, and become extremely precious treasures in China's cultural relics. Before the invention and popularization of paper, bamboo slips were an important tool for the spread and bearing of Chinese culture. It played an important role in the foundation of China feudal culture and made indelible contributions to the development and growth of Chinese civilization.
The first batch of bamboo slips from the Warring States Period (476- 22 BC1)
Modern archaeology has not found bamboo slips of Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Bamboo slips were widely used during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Bamboo slips of the Warring States Period are the earliest physical objects seen in China at present. Bamboo slips in this period were mainly found in Hubei, Hunan and Henan provinces in the Yangtze River valley.
The second group of Qin bamboo slips (2265438 BC+0-206 BC)
Qin Dynasty was the first unified dynasty in China feudal society. Because Qin Shihuang adopted the policy of burning books to bury Confucianism, the preserved Qin bamboo slips are particularly precious. Bamboo slips of this period were found in Hubei, Hunan and Gansu in the hinterland of Qin Dynasty.
The third group of Han bamboo slips (206 BC-220 AD)
Han Dynasty is the heyday of bamboo slips. Bamboo slips found in this period have a wider area, more quantity, richer content and far-reaching influence.
1900 Bamboo Slips of the Han and Jin Dynasties discovered in the ruins of Khotan and Loulan in Xinjiang are the first sound. By 1949, China's bamboo slips were found in northwest China, with a large number and well-preserved, which objectively provided information for the development of international sinology. However, due to poverty and backwardness in China at that time and constant wars, the discovery of bamboo slips in this period was closely related to the activities of foreign explorers in Dachuan, and most of the bamboo slips found were kept overseas.
Recovery well profile of No.22 ancient well
No.22 Gu Jing Pit is located in the east of Pinghetang Commercial Building in Hunan. It is an irregular round pocket shaft. The wellhead is about 800 cm deep from the ground with a diameter of 3 10-350cm. Bamboo slips are about 20-50 cm thick. Bamboo slips are covered with yellow mud, and bamboo slips are separated from the remnants. There are many celadon under the bamboo slips. There is a square wooden well circle at the bottom of the well to absorb groundwater. This pit was built in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and abandoned in the Three Kingdoms period. Writing is one of the important symbols of the origin of civilization. When human beings have their own words, they have the carrier (printmaking) to write words on books. The world's original writing carrier is closely related to the country's environmental resources, which is not only rich and colorful, but also has a certain * * *. With the development of civilization and the mutual influence of civilizations of various countries, the world written materials gradually tend to be unified. Especially with the invention of papermaking in China, paper has been widely used and popularized, making it a spiritual and material wealth shared by all mankind.
The first group of clay tablets
Around 3300 BC, Sumerians in Mesopotamia Plain (in today's Iraq) between Tigris River and Euphrates River made clay tablets from swamps in the two river basins, cut triangular pens with reed poles, and printed words on the clay tablets. Because this kind of writing is cuneiform, it was later called cuneiform. As the carrier of original characters, clay tablets have the characteristics of convenient acquisition, low cost, durability and long-term preservation. Clay tablets have been used in the two river basins for more than 3000 years, leaving a lot of witnesses for the ancient civilizations in the two river basins.
The second group of papyrus paper
A plant "papyrus" grows in the swamp of the Nile Delta in Egypt. The ancient Egyptians made "papyrus" from the fiber stems of papyrus as writing materials. Paper in English, papier in German and French all come from the name "papyrus". In ancient Egypt, the production of papyrus was monopolized by the state. Since 3000 BC, Egyptian papyrus has been exported to the whole Mediterranean region.
The third group sheepskin
In the 2nd century BC, Egypt refused to provide papyrus to the hostile Pagama (in present-day Turkey), so the scribes in Asia Minor had to make parchment out of sheepskin to write.
The fourth group of stones, bark and leaves
In ancient times, there were many ethnic tribes with stones as the carrier of writing, among which the most distinctive ones were the people who first invented the Indus script in the Indus Valley and the Maya who first carved words on stone pillars in the American continent.
Group 5 Oracle bones, bronze, bamboo, silk and paper.
China is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world. In her long history, we can clearly see the development process and characteristics of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronzes, bamboo slips, silk and paper, as well as her great contribution to the process of world civilization. Some treasures exhibited in Changsha Cultural Relics Exhibition, such as magnificent and dignified bronzes, exquisite jade articles, dazzling lacquerware, gorgeous and exquisite underglaze porcelain of Changsha kiln, condensed and reproduced the development process of ancient civilization in this magical land of Changsha, and showed the profoundness and long history of this civilization with its unique charm.
Ancient Chinese bronzes are epoch-making creations in the history of the development of ancient civilizations in the world, and they are the treasures in the treasure house of China cultural relics. Shang and Zhou Dynasties were the heyday of the Bronze Age in China. In the past hundred years, a large number of Shang and Zhou bronzes, such as Siyang Square, Fang Ding with a human face pattern, and striped beams with an animal face pattern, have been unearthed with Ningxiang in Changsha as the center, all of which are national treasures. Changsha has become an important area of three unearthed bronzes in southern China, namely Guanghan in Sichuan and Xingan in Jiangxi. What you are seeing now is the restoration of sacrificial scenes of Shang rulers. The Shang and Zhou Dynasties were the period when the ruler's power was supreme and the theocracy was brought into full play. They believe that the gods have prophets, and rulers will turn to God in the form of sacrifices, regardless of big or small issues, hoping to gain the wisdom and protection of the gods. The merchant's sacrifice is not only grand, but also pious. They will spend a lot of cattle, horses and sheep as sacrifices. When it comes to sacrificial ceremonies, we have to mention ritual vessels. In the pre-Qin period in China, ritual vessels were used to distinguish different grades and show their identity. They are bronzes used by slave owners and nobles in important sacrificial ceremonies and banquets, generally including wine vessels, musical instruments, food vessels and water vessels. What is displayed here is a set of sacrificial wine vessels. Let's look at this animal-faced striped beam first. Its belly is decorated with animal face tattoos, also known as gluttony. In ancient legends, gluttony is a fierce beast with greedy nature, sharp claws, thick eyebrows and big eyes, which gives people a sense of terror and represents the supreme authority of the slave owner class. Shown below are Fang Ding with human face pattern, copper belt with animal face pattern and joist with dragon face pattern.
Then let's go into the second part of the exhibition, the treasure of Hunan and Chu. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, centralization gradually declined, and vassal states competed for hegemony. When Chu arrived in Chu Zhuangwang, it has developed into a big country "drinking horses from the Yellow River and winning the Central Plains". At that time, bronze weapons were indispensable advanced equipment for hegemony, and Changsha was a military town in southern Xinjiang of Chu, so many weapons were left behind. The first thing we saw was this bronze sword, which was so sharp when we dug it. It can be seen that the casting technology at that time was very advanced. Bronze ge, statue, spear and crossbow machine are on display here. Let's look at this crossbow machine. It was the most advanced weapon in the Warring States period. During the Warring States Period, the State of Chu could make a crossbow machine that fired 20 arrows continuously. The power of Chu is closely related to its ability to produce and possess advanced weapons. During the Han Dynasty, Changsha was the best place in the county. A large number of rare treasures have been unearthed in a number of large tombs, such as Mawangdui Han Tomb, Hexi Xianjiahu Tomb and Western Han Dynasty Royal Tomb. Exquisite jade articles, prosperous lacquerware, exquisite musical instruments and exquisite silks have built a colorful world for present people two thousand years ago, which truly reproduces the economic and cultural development of Changsha at that time.
The first thing that caught our eye was the earliest well-preserved silk stringed instrument-Zhu. The building is very slender, with a long box at one end (this is its * * * sound box) and a wooden stick at the other end, which is 1 17 cm long, 1 1 cm wide and 6 cm high. This is the first major discovery of cultural relics archaeology in China in the 50 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Zhu is an ancient musical instrument in the pre-Qin period. Some researchers believe that it originated in the south of China and spread widely among the people during the Warring States Period. There were five silk strings in the original building, but after more than 2000 years, the silk strings have been corroded. According to textual research, it is the predecessor of guzheng. "The wind is rustling in Shui Han, and the strong man is gone forever." Jing Ke, a famous soldier in Zhao Yan, stabbed the king of Qin and set foot on the land of Sanqin in a tragic voice.
Although Hunan does not produce jade raw materials, Changsha is an important political, economic and cultural center in the south of the Yangtze River, and many jade articles have been unearthed in past dynasties, especially during the Changsha State in the Western Han Dynasty. Most of the jade unearthed in Changsha are sacrificial jade and decorative jade. Jade is a kind of ritual jade. There are three uses: one is for sacrifice; The second is the gift of establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries; The third is the symbol of wealth and power. The decorative pattern of the wall and the number of holders show the identity of the wall holder.
I believe everyone likes to watch song and dance performances, and the banquet scenes in the Han Dynasty will definitely attract your attention. Please follow me. There are three performers at the scene, one in the middle is drums and musical instruments, one on the left is percussion, and the other on the right is blowing sheng. The purpose of establishing Yuefu by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was to reform the traditional suburban temple music. Yuefu collected, arranged and adapted a large number of folk songs on a large scale. Yuefu folk songs have inherited the fine tradition of "Hungry people sing about their food, and laborers sing about their affairs" in The Book of Songs, and their spirit of boldly reflecting reality has far-reaching influence on the history of poetry development. The establishment of Han Yuefu played a decisive role in the development of China literature and music, and brought folk music into the court.
China was the first country to use natural lacquer in the world, and lacquer craft was very popular in China in the late Western Han Dynasty. Lacquerware is light, beautiful and not easy to break, so it is a good daily necessities. Changsha Bamboo Slips Museum has been open to the public free of charge since June 5438+065438+1October 8, 2007. Welcome you, your family and friends to visit.
From Wednesday to Monday, it is open from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm (ticket sales are closed at 4:30 pm) and closed every Tuesday, New Year's Eve, the first day and the second day of the first month. With valid identity documents, pick up tickets at the ticket collection office of Changsha Bamboo Slips Museum;
Group visits must be made by telephone one day in advance, and tickets must be collected at the ticket collection office with the letter of introduction from the unit or the delegation form sent by the travel agency.
Please queue up in turn to pass the security check and enter the exhibition hall after receiving the tickets. (1) In order to provide you with an elegant and quiet visiting environment and ensure the safety of cultural relics, the number of visitors is limited to 2,500 in the morning and 1500 in the afternoon. Please consciously accept the guidance of the management personnel after entering the library.
(2) Carry-on articles can only enter the museum after passing the security check. If it is inconvenient for you to carry heavy items, you can store them at the service desk for free. The valuables are kept by themselves, and the storage office is not responsible. Please get your belongings back before 16:30.
(3) disheveled people, mental patients, drunken people and people with pets are not allowed to enter.
(4) Smoking, spitting and littering are prohibited in the exhibition hall.
(5) Preschool children and pupils must be accompanied by guardians; The elderly, patients with cardiovascular diseases and people with mobility difficulties must accompany them, and the museum will not be responsible for any problems in the museum.
(6) Please take good care of public facilities, flowers and trees, and compensate for the damage.
(7) In order to protect the cleanliness of the museum environment, please don't spit, eat, smoke, make noise, play, spit gum, litter or do anything unrelated to the visit in the exhibition area.
(8) Please don't use flash to take photos in the exhibition hall, which will do harm to cultural relics. Thank you for your cooperation and understanding. Protecting cultural relics is everyone's responsibility.
(9) When visiting the museum in rainy and snowy days, please put the rain gear in the plastic bag at the entrance to avoid getting wet on the ground.
(10) The parking lot of this museum is only for groups to visit, and the non-motorized vehicles entering this museum are guided by the staff to the designated place for orderly parking, so as to ensure a good visiting order for the audience.
Address: No.92 Baisha Road, Tianxin District, Changsha