1. Appreciate what the words in the context mean.
2. Contact the context to appreciate the content summarized in the text.
3. Appreciate the expressive effect of words and try to figure out the additional meaning of words such as feelings and colors.
4. Alternative method:
Replace a word with a synonym and compare the new sentence with the original sentence. Through comparison, we can understand whether it is appropriate, analyze the reasons and understand the meaning of words.
Analyze the meaning and function of sentences;
1. Understanding from the role in the content
2. Understand from the function in the structure
3. Understanding from the perspective of artistic effect
4. three don't: a don't exaggerate understanding, b don't understand it individually, and c don't understand it in isolation.
Analysis and reading:
1. Clarify the expression of the paragraph
2. Grasp the key sentences of the paragraph
3. Analyze the paragraph structure.
Appreciate:
1. Appreciate the expressive function of paragraphs
2. Appreciate the content combination of paragraphs
3. Appreciate the descriptive brushwork of paragraphs.
4. Appreciate the layout of this paragraph.
5. Appreciate beautiful sentences and aphorisms.
6. Appreciate the characters in the article
7. Appreciate paragraphs or simple or vivid language
It is faster to classify Chinese problem-solving methods and apply them to reading questions.
1. Expression: narration, description, lyricism, explanation and discussion.
Second, the expression techniques: symbol, contrast, contrast, suspense, echo before and after, desire to promote first, express meaning by holding things, express feelings by borrowing things, associate, imagine and set off (positive contrast, negative contrast).
Third, rhetorical devices: metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, quotation, rhetorical question, repetition, intertextuality, contrast, metonymy and irony.
Four, the six elements of narrative: time, place, people, the cause, process and result of things.
5. Narrative sequence: sequence, flashback and insertion.
Sixth, description angle: positive description and side description.
Methods of describing characters: language, action, manner, psychology and appearance.
Eight, the perspective of describing the scene: vision, hearing, taste and touch.
Methods of describing scenery: the combination of dynamic and static (writing static by moving), the combination of generalization and concrete, from far to near (or from near to far).
X. Description (or lyric) methods: positive (also called direct) and negative (also called indirect).
XI。 Narrative mode: general narrative and detailed description.
Twelve. Interpretation order: chronological order, spatial order, logical order.
13. explanation: examples, numbers, analogy, comparison, definition, classification, explanation, imitation and quotation.
Fourteen, the plot of the novel is divided into four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending.
Fifteen, the three elements of the novel: the character, the plot and the specific environment.
Sixteen, environmental description is divided into: natural environment and social environment.
17. Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.
18. Argumentation is divided into factual argument and rational argument.
Nineteen. Argumentation methods: example (or fact) argument, reason argument (sometimes called quotation argument), contrast (or positive and negative contrast) argument, metaphor argument.
20. Method of argument: argument and rebuttal (rebuttable argument, argument, argument)
Twenty-one, the structure of argumentative essay: total score, total score, total score; There are often parallel and progressive parts.
Twenty-two, the role of quotation marks: citation; Emphasize; Specific appellation; Negation, irony, irony
Twenty-three, dash usage: prompt, comment, summary, progression, topic change, interjection.
(A) the role of sentences in the text:
1, prefix: opening point; Render the atmosphere (narrative, novel), bury the foreshadowing (narrative, novel), and set suspense (novel) as an auxiliary foreshadowing for the following; Below the general collar;
2. In the text: connecting the preceding with the following; Below the general collar; Summarize the above;
3. At the end of the article: point out the center (narrative, novel); Deepen the theme (narrative, novel); Pay attention to the beginning (argumentative, narrative, novel)
(2) The function of rhetoric: (1) its own function; (2) Combined with sentence context.
1, figuratively personified: vivid;
Answer format: written vividly+object+characteristics.
2, parallelism: momentum, strengthen the tone, in one go and so on. ;
Answer format: emphasis+object+characteristics.
3; Questioning: arouse readers' attention and thinking;
Answer format: arouse readers' attention and thinking about+object+characteristics
Rhetorical question: emphasis, emphasis, etc.
4. Contrast: emphasize … stand out …
5. repeatedly emphasize ... strengthen the tone.
(3) Answer to the meaning of the sentence:
In such a topic, a word or phrase in a sentence is often expressed by metaphor, contrast, metonymy and symbol. When answering a question, reveal the object it refers to, and then clear the sentence.
(4) Can one word in a sentence be replaced by another? Why?
Verb: No. Because the word accurately, vividly and specifically wrote ...
Adjective: No. Because this word vividly describes ...
Adverbs (such as all, most, very only, etc. ): no. Because this word accurately describes the situation of … (table degree, table limit, table time, table range, etc.). ), after the change, it becomes ... not in line with the facts.
(5) Can the order of two or three words in a sentence be reversed? Why?
I can't. Because (1) does not conform to the law of people's understanding of things (from shallow to deep, from surface to inside, from phenomenon to essence) (2) this word corresponds to the above one by one (3) these words are progressive, interlocking and cannot be exchanged.
(6) Summary of paragraph meaning
1. Narrative: Give a clear answer (when and where) to who did what.
Format: (time+place)+people+things.
2. explanatory text: the answer clearly States what the object is and what its characteristics are.
Format: description (introduction)+description object+description content (characteristics)
3. Argumentative essay: clearly answer what the question is and what the author's point of view is.
Format: What demonstration method is used to prove (demonstrate)+demonstrate?
(7) Expression skills play an important role in the appreciation of ancient poetry, such as allusions, comparison, rendering, communication, comparison, lyricism with objects, scene blending, lyricism with scenery, combination of static and dynamic, combination of virtual and real, euphemism and implication, comparison, allegory, symbol, pun and so on. The rhetorical methods commonly used in poetry include exaggeration, parallelism, duality, metaphor, metonymy, analogy, rhetorical question, rhetorical question and repetition. The commonly used terms in analyzing poetry language are: accurate, vivid, vivid, concise, incisive, concise, bright, fresh, novel, beautiful, gorgeous, implicit, simple and natural. When reviewing, we should systematically summarize all kinds of expression skills and reserve relevant knowledge. First of all, we should understand the characteristics and functions of these expressive skills, and then carefully appreciate and analyze them in combination with specific poems.
As for evaluating the ideological content of poetry and the author's attitude, it includes summarizing the main idea of the work, analyzing the social reality reflected by the work, and pointing out its positive significance or limitations.
In short, the first step to appreciate ancient poetry is to grasp the content of poetry from the following aspects: 1 Read the title and comments carefully; 2. Analyze the image; 3. Taste the artistic conception; 4 contact the author. Step 2, find out the skills: 1 Grasp the image features; 2. Differentiate expression skills; 3 Explain the expression function. The third step is to evaluate the contents and opinions: 1 summarize the main idea; 2 contact background; 3 distinguish between primary and secondary; 4. Comprehensive evaluation.
When answering questions, we should pay special attention to the following points: first, we should stick to the requirements and not generalize; Second, the main points should be complete and should be considered from multiple angles; The third is to scrutinize the terms and strive to be accurate, concise and standardized.
Distinction of confusing terms
(a) the artistic skills to distinguish "methods and skills", also known as performance skills, include:
Expression: narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation.
(2) Expression techniques: arousing, associating, setting off, suppressing, caring, being positive, symbolizing, contrasting, changing from reality to emptiness, combining reality with reality, using allusions, expressing one's mind directly, expressing feelings by borrowing scenery, blending scenes, expressing ideas by borrowing ancient times, satirizing the present, turning motion into stillness, combining motion with motion, seeing the big from the small, and getting to the point.
Rhetoric: metaphor, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, contrast, analogy, parallelism, rhetorical question, quotation, irony and repetition.
(B) the relationship between "love" and "scenery"
Borrowing scenery to express feelings, borrowing scenery to express feelings and blending scenes are all ways for poets to express feelings by borrowing scenery. "Expressing emotion by borrowing scenery" is relatively direct, and the feeling after reading the poem is to see "emotion" but not "scenery"; "Emotion in the scene" and "scene blending". When expressing feelings, there are no words on the front. After reading the poem, I feel that I see the "scenery" but can't see the "emotion". But after careful analysis, it is found that the poet's feelings are all in the natural scenery in front of him, and all the scenery and words are sentimental.
(3) the angle of description
Common angles are: shape, sound, color, state and taste. "Shape" and "color" are perspectives; "Sound" is the angle of hearing; "State" is divided into dynamic and static; "Taste" is the angle of touch.
Explanation of Chinese reading test questions in the first day of junior high school,
The tenth lecture on solving problems in modern Chinese reading
Teaching objective: 1. Describe the method of article analysis.
Knowledge point analysis:
Modern Chinese reading materials are now taken out of class, and the selection criteria are both literary and aesthetic, with profound implications, reflecting humanistic connotation and quality education orientation. According to the spirit of curriculum standards, modern text reading should "perceive the text as a whole, understand the author's attitude, views and feelings, and understand the content and thoughts of the text;" Understand the meaning and function of words in the language environment. I have my own experience in the content, language and writing of the text, and I can put forward my own opinions and questions. " "Focus on evaluating students' comprehensive understanding of reading materials, and specifically examine the understanding of words and phrases, the grasp of the meaning of the text, the summary of the main points, the exploration of the content, and the feelings of the works." "It is necessary to comprehensively examine students' feelings, experiences, understanding and value orientation in the process of reading. "In recent years, modern Chinese reading questions have paid more and more attention to the examination of the overall comprehension ability of the article, and abandoned the single and trivial proposition form. It is important to examine students' ability to understand and grasp the whole article, and to examine students' ability to screen, sort out, understand, analyze and synthesize the information in the article. In reviewing, we must pay full attention to the change of this proposition under the guidance of the spirit of curriculum standards.
The most taboo of modern Chinese reading review is to do the questions blindly. You must clearly know which aspect of your knowledge and ability is lacking, and then make an effective review plan according to your actual situation. The general review idea is to systematically review all the units listed in the exam instructions and thoroughly review these basic knowledge first. On this basis, we will focus on breaking through five test sites (sentence understanding, meaning grasping, main points summary, content exploration and work experience), and we can use typical materials in and out of class to train these points respectively. From the examination point of view, only when these trainings are in place can candidates have a certain ability to cope with the reading test. Finally, the comprehensive reading training of narrative, expository, argumentative, prose, short stories and other styles is carried out.
It is necessary to expand the scope of reading and increase reading practice. The basis of reading is language sense, the essence of reading is understanding, the core of reading is comprehension, and the value of reading is creation. Now reading questions pay more attention to examination questions; Multi-angle and creative reading evaluation ",pay attention to the feelings, attitudes, values and innovative consciousness of candidates in reading expression. The setting of open questions provides candidates with a space to think, explore and express their independent opinions. Therefore, reading absorption and reading expression should be closely combined when reviewing. Write short articles such as reading notes, excellent works reviews, post-reading, content introduction, brief comments on characters, etc., train different expressions and practice solid basic language skills. Expand your horizons in free reading and improve your ability in reading and writing.
Dialysis of test site
Appreciation of works is the aesthetic comprehension of literary works, including the concrete feeling of artistic image, the emotional experience of works' thoughts, the in-depth understanding of literary content, the analysis and comment of works' language, and the identification and appreciation of writing techniques. The main test sites are:
1. Appreciate the artistic conception of the work; 2. Feel the main idea of the article;
3. Understand the author's emotion; 4. Analyze the characters;
5. Grasp the structure of the article; 6. Taste the characteristics of language;
7. Comment on the content of the work; 8. Express your opinions;
9. appreciate the beauty of the article.
Knowledge summary 1. From a linguistic point of view:
(1) The beauty of words-looking for beautiful verbs, adjectives, reduplications and idioms. (role: the words are incisive and accurate, and things are vivid and concrete; Use idioms to add color to the article. )
(2) the beauty of rhetoric-looking for metaphors, parallelism, personification, confrontation, questioning, etc. (Function: Metaphor makes language vivid; Parallelism makes language gorgeous and powerful; Personification makes the image of things sensible; Duality makes the sentence form neat and rhyming sonorous; The rhetorical question emphasizes the tone ...)
(3) The beauty of sentence patterns-such as compound sentence, long and short sentences, antithetical sentences, compound sentence, and sentences using a group of related words. You can appreciate the beauty of the language from the aspects of beautiful language, fresh and meaningful, sincere and simple, unconventional, flexible and vivid.
2. From the structural perspective:
Generally, there are parallel structure (clear hierarchy), progressive structure (thorough discussion) and total score structure (clear viewpoint and specific content).
3. From the perspective of stylistic knowledge:
Narrative-narrative elements, narrative materials and narrative methods ...
Interpretation text-the object of interpretation, the order of interpretation and the method of interpretation. ...
Argumentative writing-stating arguments, applied arguments and argumentation methods ...
On the elements, contents and themes of the novel ...
Prose-the clue, theme and rhythm of prose ...
4. In terms of expression:
For example, the combination of narration and discussion, the feelings in the scene, or the combination of narration, description, discussion and lyricism ... (This makes the article very expressive)
Especially description: (1) Describe from different senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch).
(2) Dynamic lining is static, combining static and dynamic.
(3) Front and side, direct and indirect
(4) Various methods of character description (appearance, language, manner, action, psychology)
The functions of environmental description generally include: explaining the background of the times; Set off the emotions of the characters; Promote the development of the plot; Render the ambient atmosphere.
5. In terms of expression:
Set off a symbol, support objects to express ambition, borrow scenery expressions, combine suppression with positive and negative contrast, set off the side, combine reality with reality, see the big from the small, and use the second person to call the expression. ...
There are also signs of death, clever suspense, echo from beginning to end, bedding and foil, a string of beads, open and dark lines ...
First, read as a whole and grasp the center.
To read a modern article as a whole, we must first do the following two things: first, we must know some non-text related information, such as the author of the article, the writing time, the notes at the back of the work and so on. Because these easily overlooked "details" are often the key to interpreting articles. Secondly, the overall understanding of the text content, which includes: (1) combing the context of the article, that is, understanding of arts and sciences. Know what each part of the article is, from what angles, the relationship between paragraphs, and how they take care of each other to form an organic whole. (2) On the premise of clarifying the context, jump out of the article, broaden your horizons, get to the point, and grasp the central theme of the article. For big reading, if you can't see the central theme of the article clearly, only the trees can't see the forest, and it is easy to make mistakes out of context.
Second, information extraction and comprehensive processing.
Comprehension questions
The main points of its examination are: one is to understand the meaning of words in the text, and the other is to understand the meaning of important sentences in the text.
1. Understand the meaning of words
The understanding of the meaning of a word can be roughly divided into three situations: one is the understanding of the contents of words that refer to functions, such as "its" and "this". For this kind of test questions, technically, we should first find the location and scope of the referred object, and then determine the referred object and content according to the context; Finally, substitute the answer into the original text and analyze whether it is appropriate. The second is the understanding of words by rhetorical means. For this kind of test questions, we should first understand the characteristics of rhetoric, and then clarify its specific meaning with the help of the original text. The third is the understanding of terms (concepts). First of all, we should find the information group related to it from the article, and then process it to make it a buzzword.
2. Understand the meaning of the sentence
The understanding of sentence meaning is often aimed at those sentences with rich connotations and obscure themes, which often have the following characteristics: First, the structure is complex; Second, it plays a key role in the article, such as literal sentences, general sentences and turning sentences. The third is to use rhetorical devices; Fourth, the amount of information is relatively large; Fifth, the theme is implicit or rich, such as sentences with hidden worries, extended meanings, puns and multiple meanings. The understanding of these sentences should be closely combined with the context. First of all, we should analyze the relationship between this sentence and adjacent sentences, such as compound reference, comparison, echo, total score, total score, explanation, elaboration and explanation. And then combine the central theme of the article to explore its deep meaning.
(B) Comprehensive test analysis
The most common question type in modern text reading is the comprehensive analysis question which is processed and reconstructed according to the requirements of the question. Judging from the national examination questions in recent years, there are mainly the following points: 1. Screening and integrating the information in the text; Second, summarize the main points of the content and summarize the central meaning; Third, analyze and summarize the author's views and attitudes. The essence of this kind of problem is to take information processing as the main task, and there are three main solutions:
1. Take out pearls from mussels. That is, the answer is the original sentence in the original text You just need to search carefully and extract this "original ecology" sentence from the article.
2. panning for gold on the beach. Some answers are scattered in the article, which requires us to select keywords from the screen after locking the reading interval and simply tighten, extract and process them.
3. Hundred flowers make honey. When it is really difficult to find suitable words to deal with in the article, or for some professional or obscure sentences, we need to filter this information and then make reasonable transformation and integration.
What needs to be pointed out here is that you should try to use the original sentence of the original text when answering questions. Therefore, before answering questions, we should distinguish types, prioritize and weigh the weight, or screen quotations, or tighten quotations, or supplement them, or transform them according to the size of the topic, the number of words needed and the amount of text information.
(3) Appreciation and evaluation questions
The so-called appreciation evaluation questions mainly examine the content of "appreciating the image, language and expression skills of literary works". For this kind of test questions, we should first understand the connotation and characteristics of these skills and solve them in a "concept, function and concrete" way. "Concept" refers to explaining what kind of technique is used in the article, "function" refers to explaining the function of using this technique, and "concreteness" refers to the significance and benefits of using this technique in the article, that is, why this technique is used.
Third, grasp the key points and limit the expression of words.
Don't rush to write after you get the answer. Pay attention to the requirements of the stem (especially the number of words) and draw up a draft, which should be smooth. If there is no word requirement, write more relevant information appropriately, and put the important content in the first place. In addition, when copying, we should strive for beautiful and neat handwriting.
1, answer the question to the point.
First of all, we should perceive the content of the article as a whole, then combine the requirements of the topic, find the right starting point, grasp the key words in the article, dig out the beauty, highlights, feelings and highlights in the article for thinking, and then check whether it meets the requirements of the topic.
2. The answer format should be standardized
When appreciating a work, we should pay attention to a certain format, which is generally: "The beauty of this article (angle) lies in (brief description), such as (illustration)." That is, answer your own opinions and feelings first, and then prove them through the content of the article. Always speak first, then divide; Say a general idea first, then go into details.
2. personification (kindness, spirituality and human touch) symbolizes candles.
Comparison with My Uncle Yule (with distinct rhythm, strong emotion, enhanced momentum and deepened emotion)
Repetitive words (emphasizing and highlighting a certain meaning or emotion) set off (contrast, contrast) the wonders of the world.
Manual exaggeration (accurate and vivid) rhetoric (metaphor, personification, exaggeration)
Comparison of laws (explicit and expressive) 3. The technique of expression is to see the big from the small, "take a step, take a step"
Duality (rhythmic beauty) Lyrics have scenery in spring.
Ask a rhetorical question (emphasizing tone and strong emotion) to express your ambition in the humble inscription.
Asking questions (to attract attention and inspire thinking) first promotes and inhibits Achanghe.
Quote (vivid and powerful language) to imagine the association of "market in the sky"
anxious
Zhang Xianzhi's hometown
Anterior and posterior stomatology
A "street tree" that makes the finishing point
Association between activity and inertia
Concise romanticism: good at expressing the passionate pursuit of the ideal world
Accurate and strict, often exaggerated, full of passion and imagination.
Simple, light, artistic and magical. (Li Bai, Cen Can)
4. Kind and lively realism: pay attention to rigor as life.
This language vividly describes reality in a gorgeous style. (Du Fu, Bai Juyi)
Bold school: Bold momentum, bold artistic conception.
Very fresh and beautiful (Xin Qiji, Su Shi)
Dignified, depressed and graceful school: the language is beautiful and subtle, and the lyrics are tactfully lingering.
Implicit euphemism (Li Qingzhao, Li Yu, Wen, Yan Shu)
Easy to understand
meaningful
Have a good sense of humor
archaic
Bold and enthusiastic
1. Means of expression (description, rhetoric, etc. )
5. The meaning of keywords 1. Emotional color:
(step) and function [13] contact context
4. Combination Center
Third, the appreciation of sentences.
1: What rhetoric are mainly used in the sentence?
2. The role of rhetoric (generally speaking, what is vivid image, etc.)
3. What characteristics of the object are described?
4. Expressed the author. . . Emotion of
5. The function of this sentence, such as rendering, paving the way, buying foreshadowing and so on.
Fourth, the function of sentences.
Beginning: lead out the full text (summarize the full text), lead out the following (open the following), and start with doubts.
Cut to the chase and start with the key points.
Intermediate: connecting the preceding with the following (transition) lays the foundation for the following.
Conclusion: Summarize the full text, point out the main idea (point out the center, reveal the theme, make the finishing point), echo from beginning to end, end with the topic, highlight the center, deepen the theme and sublimate the theme.