First, taste expressive "poetic eyes" or "lettering eyes". For example, Li Qingzhao's "Like a Dream" "It rained suddenly and the wind suddenly last night, so you don't need residual wine for a deep sleep. Ask the shutter man, Haitang is still there. Do you know that?/You know what? Do you know that?/You know what? It should be green, fat and thin. " The whole word "poetic eye" is "green, fat, red and thin", which is very expressive. Its expressive force is embodied in its vividness and appropriateness. For example, writing leaves with the word "fat" not only means more and more, but also can be associated with moist and bright shapes, which is very accurate and concise; This is also reflected in emotional notes. For example, using the word "thin" to write flowers is not only small, but also can feel pity, and use the whole word to express sentimental emotions. Another example is Jia Dao's "Li Ning lives in seclusion", which says, "There are few neighbors, and the grass path enters an empty garden. /The bird stopped in the tree by the pool and the monk knocked at the door. /color separation across the bridge, moving stones and moving cloud roots. /I will come back here temporarily, and I will live up to my words during the quiet period. " The word "you" in the title is "eye", which is the key to understanding the whole poem. Every couplet in the poem is closely linked with the word "seclusion". The first couplet is about the "seclusion" of residence: living in a corner, no one, quiet grass path and sparse empty garden. Parallel prose and neck couplets describe the "quietness" of the environment: parallel prose is lined with sounds, birds are singing in the trees by the pool, and the old monk gently knocks on the door in the bright moonlight, all of which show the quietness of the environment; Necklace writing from night to day, or from the perspective of the environment, but the vision is much broader, across the bridge, around the boulder, along the way, everywhere quiet, full of wild interest, the poet's inner joy arises spontaneously. Couplets reveal the poet's longing for seclusion. It can be seen that the key to reading poetry lies in grasping "poetic eyes" and "inscribing eyes". Second, analyze the ideological content of poetry. To correctly understand the ideological content of ancient poetry, the most fundamental thing is to learn to know people and comment on the world. As Mr. Lu Xun said, "To write a paper, it is best to take the whole article, the author and their social state into account, which is more conclusive." For example, Li Qingzhao's Dream should be related to the background at that time: Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng were deeply in love, but "Yi Anshu couldn't bear to leave after a long time of not getting married" (Liu Yisheng's Song Ci), so we can understand the sentimental feelings of this word by asking questions and answering questions, and love flowers and cherish spring. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate ancient poetry, learn to know people and discuss the world, and grasp the tone and theme of poetry as a whole. Third, explore the wonderful use of standard sentences. Ancient poems often quote allusions and turn them into poems, which are related to rich connotations. To appreciate ancient poetry, we must understand the source and significance of allusions and poems, and explore the wonderful use of allusions and poems in ancient poetry. For example, in Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow", "After ten miles in the spring breeze, the wheat is green". In other words, Du Mu's poem "Spring Breeze Yangzhou Road Shili" was used. Its application here makes the former prosperity of Yangzhou City in sharp contrast with the present depression, which hurts the memory of the past. Exploring the wonderful use of standardized sentences is the basis of accurately understanding ancient poetry. Fourth, experience the expressive effect of rhetorical devices. In ancient poetry, for the needs of image and lyricism, various artistic techniques are often used to express it, among which the most important ones are metaphor, awakening, personification, exaggeration, duality, repetition and foil. If we grasp the expressive effect of these techniques, we can better understand the image of poetry and the author's feelings. How about "Singing Willow"? "Jasper is dressed as a tree, and thousands of strands of green silk tapestries hang down. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors. " The author abandons the simple and intuitive description method, breaks the traditional thinking of praising things and expressing ambitions, and creates a novel image with unique romantic color for us with strange imagination and clever metaphor. The first sentence uses "Jasper" (referring to a beautiful girl named Jasper in Yuefu's "Jasper Song") as a metaphor, which makes the poem attractive with a brand-new image at the beginning. In the second sentence, willow twigs droop, just like a green ribbon on a girl's body, and wicker is depicted with ribbons, which highlights the characteristics of tenderness and fluttering, vividly portrays the image of spring willow as silk, and gives people a vibrant aesthetic feeling. Ask and answer the last two sentences, and praise Chunliu again with clever metaphors. A "thin" and a "cut" depict the slender, soft, fresh and lovely leaves of the new willow in detail, revealing the author's surprise and admiration. "The spring breeze in February is like scissors". Comparing the spring breeze to the scissors in Jasper's clever hand, it turns the virtual into the real and has a strange imagination. He compared the willow tree to a graceful girl, painted a vibrant spring scene, and showed his praise for the vitality of spring. Therefore, to appreciate ancient poetry, we must understand the rhetorical devices and the specific images it refers to in order to correctly understand and grasp the profound connotation of poetry. Fifth, understand the artistic conception of ancient poetry. Artistic conception is the artistic realm of the work and the harmonious unity of the author's thoughts, feelings and life pictures. Understanding the artistic conception of ancient poetry is the highest state of appreciation, which can make the appreciator enjoy beauty, cultivate emotion and purify the soul, thus actively and consciously creating and broadening the artistic realm of ancient poetry. Understanding artistic conception should pay attention to comparison, innovation and association. For example, Lu You's "Buzuwang" and Fan Chengda's "first frost Small Horn Plum" are all based on imaginary writing, taking plum as a metaphor to express people's feelings, but their artistic conception is different. From the environmental point of view, Lu Ci chose the stormy dusk, which highlighted the bitterness of the environment and laid the "lonely" image of plum blossom. The mode words choose a moonlit environment after snow for plum blossom, which sets off the lonely image of plum blossom. Judging from the author's emotional sustenance, Lu Ci, after writing the lonely image of plum blossom, deepened the subjective spirit of plum blossom, which was not invited to spoil, flattering, bearing the wind and rain alone and bearing the fox's sorrow alone with two meanings of "loneliness" and "as always". "If you don't want to fight for spring, everyone is jealous." According to the characteristics of plum blossom, the author gave birth to the spiritual realm of plum blossom. She doesn't pursue the opening in spring, in order not to compete with flowers, flowers, flowers, and flowers, giving plum a noble sentiment of not seeking glory. "As always" further praised the noble and strong character of Meihua, and always kept moral integrity. "Dispersed", "turned into mud" and "ground into dust" gradually assumed the tragic fate of plum blossoms, and fell out of the preciousness of "only fragrance remains". The author uses Yongmei to express his ambition, and the individuality of flower products is integrated. Plum blossoms in typical ci do not have the multi-level features of plum blossoms in Lu ci. The poet expresses the charm of plum blossom with "winning without arrogance, losing with grace": the beauty is extreme, and the sadness is extreme, and the image of the person leaning on the painting floor is in harmony with plum blossom, rendering melancholy. The image of plum blossom is both sad and touching. Once compared, the artistic conception of the two words is full of depth. Appreciation of ancient poetry is a creative and complicated spiritual activity. "Not only writers are creating, but readers are also creating. They are creative partners, and readers are often more like poets than poets. " (Ibsen) Therefore, a true understanding must be based on a thorough understanding of ancient poetry. Such as: Wang Zhihuan's "Heron House", the mountains cover the day, and the sea drains the golden river. But as long as you climb a flight of stairs, you can broaden your horizons by 300 miles. "The average person's understanding of this poem only stays on the successful description of the magnificent scenery of nature, and of course it is far from appreciation. Some readers can further see that this poem is not limited to the description of magnificent scenery, but injected with the poet's high-spirited passion. However, this is still not the "poetic ignorance" and significance of this poem. Readers with strong appreciation ability can see the sublimation of this poem from sensibility to rationality through magnificent pictures and open artistic conception, and understand the intriguing philosophy contained in this poem: only by climbing high can you see far, success lies in pursuit, and career is endless. It can be seen that without a thorough understanding of the work, there can be no real appreciation. " Experienced people read books with two eyes, one eye sees the words on the paper, and the other eye sees the back of the paper. Goethe's famous saying tells the true meaning of appreciation of ancient poetry.
Solution:
First, the subjective problem-solving method
Subjective questions include sub-questions, such as filling in the blanks, short answers and tasting. When summarizing the expressions of filling in the blanks, short answers and taste analysis, we should start from the following aspects:
(1) Key words, such as grasping the main body of the poem, grasping the meaning and function of verbs and color words, and appreciating the answers.
(2) Starting with key verses (thematic sentences and emotional sentences), analyze and summarize them, and infer the starting point of answering questions.
③ Analyze its meaning and explore its function from rhetorical devices (metaphor, personification and exaggeration) and expressions (essays and arguments).
④ Starting with the relevant background information of the work and the writer, we can accurately grasp the theme of the work, the author's emotional tendency and the original intention of the poem.
⑤ Starting from the specific content of poetry, grasp the ideological content of all kinds of poems (such as farewell poems, nostalgic poems, patriotic poems, philosophical poems, chanting poems, etc.). And extract and summarize their thoughts and feelings according to their respective categories).
⑤ Understand poetry and express emotion from the writer's style (bold and graceful, depressed and frustrated) and language features (concise and implicit, concise).
(3) The overall problem-solving method of poetry appreciation:
To appreciate the diction and sentence-making of poetry, we should consider the subtlety of words from three aspects: accuracy, vividness and vividness of poetic language.
② Appreciate the imagery (artistic conception) of poetry. The so-called "meaning" is the author's subjective feeling; The so-called "image" and "environment" are the natural scenery and life pictures in the poem, that is, there is a scene in the meaning and an intention in the scene. Appreciate the images in poetry carefully, and grasp the feelings expressed in poetry with the help of imagination and association.
③ Appreciate the emotional theme, the beauty of emotion, the beauty of things and the subtlety of implication expressed in poetry.
(4) Understand the requirements of the test questions, grasp the starting point of the answers and grasp the key points of the test questions.
In addition, with the help of notes and tips, combined with the author's life experience, his own knowledge reserve and the ability he has formed, he should carefully read and taste the given poems and songs, find the right angle of answering questions, and infer the answer on the basis of repeated comparative analysis.
We should also have a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of poetry.
Second, the analysis of common problems:
Poetry appreciation questions are open to some extent and encourage candidates to express creatively, but they can only be targeted according to the questions and requirements. In the exam, the common types are:
(A) "poetic eyes" type
Theme form
(1) Do you think a word or sentence in the poem is well written? Why?
(2) From which sentence can you find a word that best reflects the poet's feelings?
(3) A word in a sentence of this poem, some versions as a word. Which do you think is better? Why?
(4) What is the function of words in expression?
Interpretation of the topic Ancient people often pursued a word to express their feelings when writing poems. This kind of question type needs to taste the beauty of the poet's refined words. You can't answer word for word. You should put them back in the sentence and analyze them with the theme, artistic conception and the poet's thoughts and feelings.
Key points of answering questions
1. Definitely "good" or definitely which is better.
2. Explain the general meaning of this word and its meaning in the sentence.
3. Expand imagination and association, restore the words you think are good to sentences, and reproduce the scene described by the poet.
4. Say what feelings the word expresses or what artistic conception it sets off.
The second couplet in Wang Wan's "The Next Berth on Beibao Mountain" in the Tang Dynasty is "The two sides widen at low tide", and some versions are called "The two sides of the tidal flat are lost". Which word do you think is better and why?
Example (1)
A: The word "wide" is better. Reason:
(1) "wide" means open and broad;
(2) The word "wide" directly expresses spring returns, the ice and snow melt, and the spring tide makes the river boundless, and the two sides are particularly wide;
(3) The word "broad" directly expresses the poet's strong feeling of broadening his horizons.
(4) The word "Guang" sounds like the word "Hang", and the tone seems louder.
Example (2)
A: The word "lost" is better. Reason:
(1) The word "lost" better represents the return of spring to the earth, the melting of ice and snow, and the spring dynasty makes the river endless and can't see both sides of the river;
(2) The word "lost" vividly depicts the subjective visual image that the river bank is flush with the water level due to the high spring tide and seems to have disappeared.
(2) Appreciation of famous sentences
Theme form
(1) Describe the picture of famous sentences and reveal the meaning of poems.
(2) Explain the meaning of a couplet and analyze the relationship between emotion and scenery.
(3) Explain the meaning of poetry and tell them how to express the author's thoughts and feelings.
Interpretation of famous sentences is the essence of the whole poem (word). They are often praised by people in terms of scenery, emotion and meaning. According to the specific sentence, you can say all three or focus on one aspect.
Answer score 1. Clarify the specific scene images in the poem;
2. Expand imagination and association, and reproduce the scene image in your own language.
3. Summarize the characteristics of the scenery described by the poet.
4. What kind of thoughts and feelings this poem expresses or what kind of enlightenment and thinking it gives people.
Example of problem type 1. Please describe the painting "Qian Fan passing by a sunken ship and Wan Muchun in front of a diseased tree" and reveal the meaning of this poem.
A: Looking around, we can see such a scene: on the great river, Qian Fan is still competing for beauty on the bank of the sunken boat, while in nature, although there are diseased trees, all the trees are still competing for spring. It tells us that new things will replace old things.
2. The word "straight" and "round" of "lonely smoke in the desert, long river setting the yen" has always been praised. Tell me why these two words are used well.
Answer: "Straight" and "round" accurately describe the desert scene and show the author's deep feelings. The word "straight" is tall and majestic in desolation and loneliness, and the word "round" is soft and warm in vastness and grandeur.
Expression skills
Theme form
(1) What expression is used in this poem?
(2) What artistic technique (expressive skill) is used in this poem? How to express the poet's feelings? What's the role?
The interpretation of classical poetry pays great attention to expression skills. It is a means used by poets to express their feelings and themes. Common expression skills are:
(1) Lyric methods: direct expression and indirect lyricism, and indirect lyricism includes borrowing scenery, borrowing things to express feelings, blending scenes, supporting things to express feelings, and supporting things to express feelings.
(2) Expression techniques: seeing the big from the small, turning the virtual into the real, combining the virtual with the real, managing things by reason, combining the dynamic with the static, combining the sound with the emotion, describing from multiple angles, with mixed joy and sorrow, and striking contrast.
(3) Rhetorical devices: such as antithesis, metaphor, personification, exaggeration and pun.
Of course, when analyzing skills, we should comprehensively analyze the significance and function of rhetoric in poetry, and analyze the ways of expression of poetry, such as scenery description, lyricism, borrowing things to sing praises, symbolism and so on.
Key points of answering questions
1. Accurately point out the lyric way, expression way or rhetorical device.
2. Analyze poems and specific words.
3. What kind of content and feelings are expressed or what kind of truth is revealed by this expression skill.
Example of problem type
Jiangnanchun
Du Mu
Jiangnan, the sound of green and red flowers, the waterside village in the foothills.
More than 480 ancient temples were left in the Southern Dynasties, and countless pagodas were shrouded in wind and rain.
1. The spring scenery in Jiangnan written by the poet is vivid and vivid. What writing techniques are used to produce this effect?
Answer: The combination of motion and static, visual and auditory multi-angle description (or combination of sound and color), point and surface combination and other methods.
2. Yang Shen of Ming Dynasty told this poem in Sheng 'an Poetry. It is believed that the word "thousand" of "thousand miles" should be changed to "ten". The reason is: "A thousand miles away, who can listen? Thousands of miles of green reflect red, who can see it? "This statement has been refuted by many scholars. What do you think is wrong with Yang Shen's point of view?
A: The mistake is that I don't know whether A Thousand Miles is written in fiction rather than in reality. Since spring scenery in the south of the Yangtze River is written, the title is also interpreted by "a thousand miles".
language feature
Theme form
(1) Talk about the linguistic features of this poem.
(2) Analyze the language style of this poem.
The key to the interpretation of such topics is not the clever use of individual words, but the taste of the language style of the whole poem. Poetry has many styles, such as bold and unconstrained, graceful and restrained, gloomy and tranquil. In addition, some terms should be used to evaluate poetry accurately. Such as: concise, vivid image, vivid words, steady confrontation, words close to feelings far away, and so on.
Key points of answering questions
1. Summarize language features in one or two words or sentences.
2. Combined with the sentences in the poem, this feature is analyzed in detail.
3. What thoughts and feelings do the words in the poem express?
For example, please analyze Tao Yuanming's drinking. "Building a house is in a person's environment, but there are no chariots and horses. Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. There is a real meaning in this, and I have forgotten what I want to say. " The linguistic features of this poem.
A: (1) The language of the whole poem is simple and unpretentious, and it seems that it is not intended to be a poem, but the poetic sentiment is naturally revealed and the charm is meaningful.
(2) The first four sentences describe my mood and the true meaning of my seclusion. "Away from my heart" emphasizes the poet's inner peace.
(3) The last four sentences describe this seclusion in detail. Scenes blend, endless words, endless meaning.
(5) Emotional appreciation
Key points of answering questions
Appreciation of ancient poetry often involves the appreciation of poetic emotion. Starting with the writer's style (bold, graceful, depressed and frustrated), this paper explores the author's feelings contained in poems and classifies them. Emotions can be roughly divided into the following four categories: passion, depression, high spirits, quietness and leisure. More specifically, we classify the poems learned in junior high school into the following common categories: parting, friendship, love, love for nature, patriotism, homesickness and concern for people's livelihood.
Example of problem type
Please read the following poem and try to talk about what feelings the poet expressed in it.
Chuzhouxigou
wei yingwu
Alone, grass grows by the stream, and orioles sing on the trees.
The spring tide brought the rain late and urgent, and there was no boat on the wild crossing.
1. Which two sentences in the poem describe the poet's quiet mood?
Please tell me about the author's feelings in the poem.
Answer 1: the spring tide brought rain late and urgent, and no one crossed the boat in the wild.
Answer 2: This poem expresses the poet's quiet and leisurely feelings.