They ruled in completely different times.
The Yuan Dynasty withdrew from the Central Plains in only 98 years, while the Qing Dynasty lasted for 276 years, ranking first in the unified dynasty.
As we all know, Mongolia, the founder of Yuan Heqing, is not an object of magnitude comparison compared with Jurchen.
The Mongolian empire spanned Europe and Asia and was once the strongest empire in human history. Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty was only a part of it. Compared with Mongolia, Jurchen was much more chilling when she started. Even after Shen Jia entered the customs in 1644, there were only hundreds of thousands of people and hundreds of thousands of troops in the Qing dynasty, which was not the same as Kublai Khan.
It happened that the powerful Yuan Dynasty perished in less than a hundred years, but the Qing Dynasty lasted for 276 years. What is the reason?
If we focus on the Ming Dynasty between them, we can get some answers.
In the ancient history of China, there was a saying that Ming inherited Yuan system and Qing inherited Ming system.
In many ways, this makes sense.
From porcelain, costumes to military armor weapons, many things in the Ming Dynasty are in the same strain as the Yuan Dynasty, which is a proof of the physical inheritance of the Ming Dynasty. That's not enough. In terms of official system, harem system, political atmosphere and social fashion, the Ming Dynasty also inherited the Yuan Dynasty.
This is actually not surprising. Ninety-eight years is a flick of a finger in history, but it has gone through several generations for people living in that era. The Southern Song Dynasty seems like a lifetime ago, and everything has become inertia.
The Ming dynasty inherited the Yuan system, while the Yuan dynasty did not inherit the Song system, which was a combination of the Mongolian system and the gold system.
In the last few years of the Yuan Dynasty, there was actually a strong military force. However, the Yuan Dynasty was a dynasty of constant infighting, with imperial clan fighting against imperial clan, officials fighting against officials and generals fighting against generals. There are not even a few dead emperors.
To put it bluntly, power is not concentrated, and the emperor has no power to keep his word.
Zhu Yuanzhang saw the problems of the Yuan Dynasty clearly. He said: But Hu Yuan lost leniency, and I have to be fierce to level China! ?
Therefore, his concept of governing the country is to fight violence with violence.
This must take back the power, and the emperor must have the power to control everything, that is, the monarchy is centralized.
This also explains why Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to purge heroes, because heroes formed political groups such as Huaixi and Dong Zhe on the basis of regions, among which there were many battle-hardened dukes and marquises, and they had commander-in-chief relations with officers of various health stations.
If this starts, that's good. These people can be suppressed when they are alive. If they fall down one day, they may become a hidden danger of subverting imperial power.
In addition, these heroes showed many signs of arrogance and bending the law, such as Zhu Liangzu's murder of Tao Tong, Guo Ying's killing of slaves, and Zhou Dexing's violation of etiquette.
Even though Lao Zhu specially ordered the Ministry of Industry to cast an iron list, stipulated the rules of application and awaiting trial, and stipulated the laws of punishment and execution, the effect was still not great.
This problem must be solved for future generations.
This is one of them.
Secondly, the prime minister system since the Millennium has become a major obstacle for Zhu Yuanzhang to concentrate power.
The prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty was not generally noisy. One by one, they all wanted the emperor to be a puppet and take control of state affairs by himself. Like the famous? Three ministers are good at politics? : Temuder, Yan Timur,.
Lao Zhu felt that the existence of the prime minister was an obstacle to imperial power. Simply, don't want the prime minister in the future.
Hu, the last prime minister in China's history, was killed in this way. He pulled out the radish and brought it out of the mud. By the way, he created a big case and uprooted his henchmen and hidden dangers.
This is Zhu Yuanzhang's political reform, and the effect is quite obvious. The rule of the Ming Dynasty was much longer than that of the Yuan Dynasty, reaching 276 years.
Okay, the Qing Dynasty? Clean government system.
The system inherited by the Qing Dynasty from the Ming Dynasty was more thorough than that inherited by the Ming Dynasty from the Yuan Dynasty, because after the improvement of the Ming Dynasty, feudal centralization of authority had become more and more perfect, and the dominance of the Yuan Dynasty had no soil for survival.
However, there were many problems in the Ming Dynasty. Among other things, the biggest problem is the design of the financial system, which was not obvious in the early Ming Dynasty. Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, there has been a financial crisis. By the end of the Ming dynasty, Chongzhen had been unable to pay his salary, and Daming was largely dragged down by finance.
Secondly, the imperial clan of the Ming Dynasty.
This is due to Ming Chengzu, who himself was the beneficiary of the failure of the imperial clan system. After the failure of Chu Dijing, he was afraid that someone would follow his example and change the patriarchal clan system. As a thief, he guarded his uncle, brother and nephew and deprived them of the right to participate in politics and military affairs. He just eats and drinks in prison, and the gate is not allowed to leave casually.
Results By the end of Ming Dynasty, there were more than 300,000 male royal families with a total population of 600,000 to 700,000. If you count other relevant personnel, how many will there be?
The problem of imperial clan became a serious social problem in Ming Dynasty, which caused a great burden to Daming.
The emperors of the Qing dynasty saw clearly that the system problems of the Ming dynasty must be solved, otherwise they would follow the same path.
The tax system in the early Qing dynasty was generally inherited? Wanli rule? That is, the fiscal system during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, taking the 48-year levy during the Wanli period of the previous dynasty as an example? .
The following is for the stability of the transition period. After the stability of the world, the Qing dynasty began its own innovation and reform, which almost always accompanied the Qing dynasty.
For example, share the land equally, formulate land tax quota, establish a financial revenue and expenditure system with silver as the main body, return silver to the people, and keep silver cheap. All of them were innovations and improvements based on the Ming system, and finally formed a financial system with its own distinctive characteristics.
I have to say that financially, the Qing Dynasty did much better than the Ming Dynasty. Even in the late Qing Dynasty, except for customs duties, the tax revenue of the Qing Dynasty was still amazing. The Qing government is the richest government in the feudal dynasty, and there is no one.
In the imperial clan system, the Qing dynasty also carried out reforms on the basis of the Ming dynasty. The Qing dynasty did much better in imperial clan management than the Ming dynasty, and it was the best one in the feudal dynasty.
In the imperial clan of the Qing dynasty, except for a few iron hat kings, the other governors were basically Baylor.
Moreover, its title is inherited and has been passed down. Even Baylor, after three generations, didn't make it, and it spread to the Duke of Fenn Town. In addition to receiving a subsidy from Zongren House, it is no different from other flag bearers.
Under the centralized monarchy system in Qing dynasty, the imperial clan had no military power, but it had the right to discuss and was trusted by the emperor. Although there are many imperial families, after selection, there are always several capable ones. Even in the late Qing Dynasty, the children of imperial clan still played an important role in national affairs, such as Yixin, Sengqin, Duanfang, Yi Kuang, Zaize and others.
Compared with the Ming Dynasty, which used a lot of money to support hundreds of thousands of royal families, and these people could not help the country, but added chaos, the royal system in the Qing Dynasty was very clever.
If the Qing dynasty did not catch up with the changes in the international situation and was not opened to the outside world by western powers, its rule would last for many years.
Therefore, historians recognize that the peak of feudal rule was in the Qing Dynasty.