Group poem names. In the Southern Dynasties, A Liang Xiao Tong selected 19 ancient poems from the unknown ancient poems, and compiled them into Selected Works, which was named Nineteen Ancient Poems, ranking first among "miscellaneous poems" and was regarded as a group of poems by later generations. Among them, eight poems of Yutai New Poetry were written by Han Meicheng, and later generations suspected that they were inaccurate. It is generally believed that it probably came from the late Eastern Han Dynasty, but it was not written by one person. The content is mostly about the separation of husband and wife and friends and the hesitation and frustration of literati. Some works show the idea of pursuing wealth and eating, drinking and having fun in time. The language is simple and natural, and the description is vivid and true, which has played an important role in the development of five-character poems. (Cihai 1999 Edition)
I. Source author
Nineteen Ancient Poems was first seen in Selected Works. The editor collected these silent poems with the name of the late owner and named them this. There are always different opinions about the author and age of Nineteen Ancient Poems, including the creations of Mei Cheng, Yi Fu, Cao Zhi and RoyceWong. A comprehensive survey of the emotional tendency, social life reflected by Nineteen Ancient Poems and its skillful artistic skills shows that it was not written by one person, but was produced in the last years of Shun Di in the Eastern Han Dynasty and before Xian Di, that is, between A.D. 140- 190.
Second, literariness.
Nineteen Ancient Poems is a remarkable symbol of the humanization of Yuefu ancient poems. At the end of the Han Dynasty, the literati attached importance to the value of individual existence, which made them establish a broader and deeper emotional connection with their social environment and natural environment. In the past, things related to external achievements, such as the worship of the ancestral temples of emperors and princes, the martial arts of literary records, hunting and recreation, and even the official offices in the capital, once dominated the subject areas of literature, but now they have given way to the source of advance and retreat, friendship and love, and even the streets and fields related to the poet's real life and spiritual life, phenology and solar terms, literary themes, styles and skills have undergone tremendous changes.
Third, ideological content.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was social unrest and political chaos. The lower scribes wander, and there is no way to swim. Nineteen Ancient Poems was born in this era, expressing the same kind of situation and feelings. This 19 poem is basically the words of a wandering woman. Specifically, the parting, frustration and impermanence of life are the basic emotional contents of Nineteen Ancient Poems.
Chen Ruoming, a poet in A Qing, made a very accurate comment on this in his Selected Ancient Poems from Caicaitang: "Nineteen poems are the works of writers of past dynasties, so they can express people's feelings. How many people have succeeded? Although rich and powerful, it is still insufficient. Poor? Ambition is unattainable, life is like running water, who doesn't feel bad? Everyone loves each other and wants to be together for life, but who doesn't leave? In my mind, it is common to guess his ideas and abandon them. People who lost their lives together don't know sadness or happiness. If they leave each other, it's hard for them to worry anymore. Chasing the minister and abandoning his wife and friends are all for one purpose. Therefore, although Nineteen Ancient Poems has two meanings, if everyone reads it in a low voice and hurts my heart, it is a matter of temperament. And the same feeling, everyone has his own, then everyone has his own poem. But everyone has feelings but can't speak, that is, words are inexhaustible, so it is extremely important to push the Nineteen Songs. " This passage points out that the emotion expressed in Nineteen Ancient Poems is an innate experience and feeling of human beings. For example:
"crossing the river to pick hibiscus" and "staying in Japan" show nostalgia for hometown and relatives;
In the lingering dusk, the guests and Altair from afar show the deep yearning and sincere love for the wanderer;
Show the tourists' feelings about life and some thoughts about life: "Go back to the car and talk about it" and "The moon shines at night".
In a word, Nineteen Ancient Poems expresses the most basic and common feelings and thoughts in life, and it is "people feel the same way". Therefore, these poems can permanently impress people and last forever. At the same time, it shows the social situation, spiritual life and personality temperament of scholars in an artistic way, thus revealing one side of social life in the late Han Dynasty, which has important cognitive significance.
Fourth, artistic features.
The author of Nineteen Ancient Poems draws nourishment from Yuefu folk songs and nourishes his creation. They have a natural artistic style, because they have feelings, no false feelings and affectation, and no careless carving. Liu Xie summed up the artistic features of Nineteen Ancient Poems in Wen Xin Diao Long Ming Shi: "Looking at its composition, it is straightforward but not wild, and it is the highest of five words."
1, which means endless. The wording is very simple and clear. "Literally, it is very dull and useless. If a scholar talks to his friends, it will be endless and meaningful.
2, simple and natural. Emotionally, Nineteen Ancient Poems is pure and sincere, without affectation; In artistic expression, it seems that his writing and words are handy, and there is no wrong processing of golden eagle, but a natural poetic feeling like lotus.
3. Scene fusion. The scenery, scenes and feelings described in Nineteen Ancient Poems are very consistent, and the artistic realm of scene blending is often formed through sketching, comparison and symbol.
4. The language is concise. The language of Nineteen Ancient Poems is simple and natural, but it is extremely refined and accurate. Expressive and meaningful.
In addition, Nineteen Ancient Poems often use reduplication, or depict scenery, or depict images, or describe scenes, which are vivid and vivid, and also increase the beauty of rhythm and rhythm of poetry.
The appearance of Nineteen Ancient Poems is of great significance in the history of China's poetry. Its metamaterial content and expression techniques were imitated by later generations and even formed a model. His artistic style also influenced the creation and criticism of later poems. As far as the actual situation of the development of ancient poetry is concerned, it is not an exaggeration to call it "the crown of five words" and "the ancestor of five words through the ages"
Fifthly, the characteristics of the times of Nineteen Ancient Poems.
Nineteen Ancient Poems has the characteristics of "feng ying" and "poetic mother", which actually shows that it plays an important role in the great transformation of classical poetry from ancient times to medieval times (bounded by Jian 'an period at the end of Han Dynasty).
From the aesthetic point of view, the poems before ancient times, whether the Book of Songs, Songs of the South or Han Fu, are all simple and natural beauty, and the natural expression of the author's voice is rarely embellished. As a literary work, it can be called unconscious literary work. In the words of Jiao Ran in the Tang Dynasty, it is "God-given truth, talk loudly". In this 19 poem, you can already see all kinds of signs of refining words and making sentences and planning the layout of articles, which is, in the words of anxiety, "the first sight"; On the other hand, it is different from the extravagance of Han Fu, which has no substantive meaning, and always expresses the center of creation with lyricism such as poetry and Sao. In this way, it actually created the excellent tradition of paying equal attention to talent and emotion in China's ancient poems, controlling talents with qi and achieving qi with talents. It is precisely because of this that these anonymous ancient poems are paid more and more attention by poets and critics. Lu Ji first drafted it, and Liu Xie and Zhong Rong revived it, thinking that it was "the crown of five words" (Liu Xie's language). Prince Xiao Tong of Zhaoming took 19 of them, especially their literariness, and made them a group, which became a model of five-word ancient poems in later generations.
Related information 2:
First, the artistic characteristics of Nineteen Ancient Poems
The author of "Nineteen Ancient Poems" is a lower-middle-class scholar with high cultural accomplishment and deep feelings for real life. He absorbed the nutrition of Yuefu folk songs in art, accepted the realism of The Book of Songs and the fine tradition of Lisao in expression methods, and formed his own unique artistic style, which became a model of early lyric poetry in the history of China literature. Many papers summarized the artistic features of Nineteen Ancient Poems from the aspects of artistic form, creative attitude, lyrical way and rhetorical skills. Ni Qixin summed up the style of Nineteen Ancient Poems as follows: the artistic conception is simple, the metaphor is imaginative, and the description technique is matched with the scenery, such as plain language, which blends into a unique style of expressing one's mind directly, lyrically and euphemistically.
Lyric way. Nineteen ancient poems, with superficial affection and long affection with phrases. Pan Xiaolong discusses "attaching things tactfully and worrying about feelings" in Nineteen Ancient Poems with specific chapters, and extends and concretizes it. He believes that "external writing methods, such as long-term imitation, long-distance reflection, cross-singing, and reverse use of pens, have achieved the artistic effect of' awakening and penetrating'". Liu Yuejin pointed out that Nineteen Ancient Poems presented a low-level aesthetic style from the perspective of the change of lyric style and the pursuit of independence. It customizes the poetic thought according to the rhythm of emotional ups and downs, so that readers can understand the poet's feelings from all aspects. The lyrical way is network and compound, leaving readers more imagination space. In a word, true feelings are the soul of lyric poetry. Many authors examine the love, friendship and life in Nineteen Ancient Poems from the perspective of expressing their true feelings. They believe that poets yearn for sincere love, sincere friendship and the pursuit of real life. In the fresh and beautiful poems, in the deep and sentimental artistic conception, they echo the main theme of the beauty of human true feelings, flashing the poet's simple and pure heart.
Second, aesthetic style.
Exploring the aesthetic thoughts, aesthetic features and aesthetic images of Nineteen Ancient Poems has become a research hotspot. Deng published two papers on Nineteen Ancient Poems from an aesthetic perspective. He believes that Nineteen Ancient Poems accurately and profoundly summarizes the essence of life phenomenon and embodies the spirit of "beauty is life". It is different from Dr. Han's detachment from life, but is unified with life. When expressing the beauty of life, it creates artistic beauty and achieves the unity of life beauty and artistic beauty. And summed up the soul-stirring beauty, profound and simple natural beauty and overall beauty of artistic conception of Nineteen Ancient Poems, which has an unquestionable positive effect on China's poetry aesthetics. Sheng Shuping also summed up the rhythmic beauty of repeated changes and the formal beauty of neatness and standardization in Nineteen Ancient Poems. This "five beauties" is a comprehensive summary of the aesthetic implication of Nineteen Ancient Poems. Darren Liu made an aesthetic examination of nine typical images in his poems, such as animals, characters, time and space, and found that all the current images of the poet have become the objects of the poet's soul projection, and are deeply branded with the traces of the poet's subjective feelings. The poet's soul can be seen from the images and the emotional atmosphere presented in the poems.
Third, language features.
The language style of Nineteen Ancient Poems is embodied in the highly generalized and expressive perfect language. It has the advantages of simple and natural Yuefu folk songs, which are qualitative but not wild, shallow but not exposed. Many papers repeated and highly praised vague and ambiguous emotional expressions. Zhao Minli's views are very representative. He summarized the unique artistic style of Nineteen Ancient Poems as follows: it is sincere art and a model of literati lyric poetry. There are both the innocence of Yuefu songs and the elegance of literati poems, but they are not too rough or too carved. They are simple and natural, pure and mysterious. In the process of pursuing unimpeded expression of ideas, they naturally integrate their cultural literacy into all emotions.
Fourthly, the position of Nineteen Ancient Poems in the history of literature.
When discussing this issue in the history of China literature in recent 20 years, most of them compare it with The Book of Songs, Songs of the South and folk songs of Han Yuefu, or focus on the depth of their social life, or analyze their social foundation, political thought and cultural atmosphere. Or comment on their creative situation, language characteristics, artistic style, etc. To sum up, Nineteen Ancient Poems established its position in the history of China's poetry in the following four aspects: First, it inherited the fine tradition since the Book of Songs and prepared for the emergence of Jian 'an's poetic style. The second is an important turning point in the transition from folk literature to literati creation prosperity in Han Dynasty. Thirdly, it developed five-character ancient poetry into an independent system. Fourthly, it laid a solid foundation for the further development of five-character poetry. Its appearance marks the maturity of literati's five-character poems. Its brand-new poetic form and mature artistic skills have laid a solid foundation for the development of five-character poems and exerted a far-reaching influence on the history of China's poetry development.
Ye Youming's conclusion is that Nineteen Ancient Poems is the beginning of the development of China's poetry from "expressing ambition" to "predestination" and from narration to lyricism. Nineteen Ancient Poems expresses personal feelings freely and openly, which opens up a new description field for China's classical poems. It inherits and develops the realistic creation method and the bi xing system of The Book of Songs. [38] Zhao Minli believes that Nineteen Ancient Poems has opened up a new path for the creation of literati's five-character poems in artistic form, and also created a new style of literati's five-character poems to suit both refined and popular tastes. This artistic mode of lyric poetry created conditions for the development of poetry in Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties and laid the foundation for the prosperity of Tang poetry. Zhang Yaxin specifically discussed the enlightenment, demonstration and promotion of Nineteen Ancient Poems to the prosperity of Jian 'an poetry. Stylistically, it prepared Jian 'an literature for the golden age of elegant five-character poems, and its life-oriented realistic creation directly opened the precedent of Wei and Jin literature.
To sum up, the study of Nineteen Ancient Poems in the 20th century was inherited, developed and innovated. However, we can also see that there are many overlapping and repetitive studies, and there are few unique and significant breakthroughs. Although after nearly a hundred years of exploration, there are still many research topics about the author, the year of completion, the ideological content, the theme of expression and the artistic characteristics of Nineteen Ancient Poems. For example, the research on the return of human nature, the meaning of life, the sense of time and the perception of time and space in Nineteen Ancient Poems is in the ascendant. With regard to the study of Nineteen Ancient Poems in the 2nd/Kloc-0th century, Cao Xu put forward some clear and specific suggestions: First, collect materials that Sui Shusen did not collect (selected ancient poems, poems of later generations, comments on ancient poems, various monographs, etc.). ) try your best; The second is the integration of materials, combining the image level, meaning level, style level and style level of poetry; The third is to renew ideas, enrich research methods and broaden horizons. We believe that researchers in the 2 1 century will carry forward the past and make the study of Nineteen Ancient Poems present a new atmosphere.
References:
Baidu encyclopedia-nineteen ancient poems