Since the establishment of 1956, the enterprise has experienced several important periods, such as hard work, supporting development, reform and revitalization, and going out. Up to now, it has reached a considerable scale and level: a complete supporting research, design, production and test system has been formed; A spacecraft launch center capable of launching various satellites and manned spacecraft, as well as a monitoring and control network composed of various domestic ground stations and long-distance tracking and measuring ships, have been established. A variety of satellite application systems have been established, and remarkable social and economic benefits have been achieved; A space science research system with a certain level has been established and many innovative achievements have been made. A team of aerospace science and technology with good quality and high technical level has been trained. China's space industry has developed under the conditions of weak basic industries, relatively backward scientific and technological level, special national conditions and specific historical conditions. China has independently carried out space activities, and in a relatively short period of time, it has embarked on a development path that is suitable for its own national conditions and has its own characteristics, and has made a series of important achievements. In many important technical fields, such as satellite recovery, multi-satellite with one arrow, low-temperature fuel rocket technology, bundled rocket technology and geostationary orbit satellite launch, measurement and control, China has become one of the advanced countries in the world. Great achievements have been made in the development and application of remote sensing satellites, communication satellites, manned spacecraft experiments and space microgravity experiments. Space technology 1. Artificial earth satellite. China successfully developed and launched the first artificial earth satellite "Dongfanghong-1" on April 24th, 1970, becoming the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch an artificial earth satellite. By June 5438+00, 2000, China * * * had developed and launched 47 different types of artificial earth satellites, with a success rate of over 90%. At present, China has initially formed four major satellite series-recoverable remote sensing satellite series, "Dongfanghong" communication and broadcasting satellite series, "Fengyun" meteorological satellite series, "practical" scientific exploration and technical test satellite series, and "resources" earth resources satellite series will soon be formed. China is the third country in the world to master satellite recycling technology, and the success rate of satellite recycling has reached the international advanced level; China is the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch a geostationary orbit communication satellite. The main technical indexes of China Meteorological Satellite and Earth Resources Satellite have reached the international level in the early 1990s. In recent years, six communication, earth resources and meteorological satellites developed and launched by China have been put into use, with stable work and good performance, resulting in good social and economic benefits. 2. Launch vehicle. China has independently developed 12 Long March series launch vehicles of different models, which are suitable for launching near-earth orbit, geostationary orbit and sun-synchronous orbit. The maximum carrying capacity of the "Long March" series of launch vehicles in near-earth orbit reaches 9200 kg, and the maximum carrying capacity of geosynchronous transfer orbit reaches 5 100 kg, which can basically meet the needs of different users. Since 1985, the China government officially announced that the Long March series of launch vehicles have entered the international commercial launch market, 27 foreign-made satellites have been successfully launched into space, occupying a place in the international commercial satellite launch service market. So far, the "Long March" series of launch vehicles have been launched 63 times; From June 1996 to June 10, 2000, the "Long March" series of launch vehicles have been successfully launched for 2 consecutive times. 3. Spacecraft launch site. China has built three launch sites for spacecraft, Jiuquan, Xichang and Taiyuan, and successfully completed the flight tests of various launch vehicles and the launching tasks of various artificial satellites and test spacecraft. China Spacecraft Launch Site can not only complete the domestic launch mission, but also serve the international commercial launch and carry out other international space cooperation. 4. TT&C in Space. China has built a complete TT&C network, including TT&C stations on land and TT&C ships at sea, and successfully completed TT&C missions in space from near-earth orbit satellites to geostationary orbit satellites and from satellites to test spacecraft. China Aerospace TT&C Network has the ability of international networking and sharing TT&C resources, and TT&C technology has reached the advanced level in the world. 5. Manned spaceflight. From 65438 to 0992, China began to carry out manned spacecraft space engineering, developed manned spacecraft and highly reliable launch vehicles, conducted research on space medicine and space life science engineering, selected reserve astronauts, and developed a number of space remote sensing and space science experimental devices. 1999165438+21year1October 20th, China successfully launched and recovered the first unmanned experimental spacecraft, marking a breakthrough in the basic technology of manned spacecraft and an important step in the field of manned space flight. Space Applications China attaches great importance to the development of various application satellites and satellite application technologies, and has made great progress in satellite remote sensing, satellite communication, satellite navigation and positioning, etc. Of the satellites developed and launched by China, remote sensing satellites and communication satellites account for about 7 1%. These satellites are widely used in various fields of economy, science and technology, culture and national defense construction, and have achieved remarkable social and economic benefits. Relevant state departments have also actively used various foreign application satellites to carry out applied technology research, and achieved good application results. 1. Satellite remote sensing. Since the early 1970s, China has been using domestic and foreign remote sensing satellites to carry out research, development and popularization of satellite remote sensing application technology, which has been widely used in meteorology, geology and mineral resources, surveying and mapping, agriculture and forestry, water conservancy, ocean, earthquake and urban construction. At present, the National Remote Sensing Center, National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Resources Satellite Application Center, Satellite Ocean Application Center, China Remote Sensing Satellite Ground Receiving Station and other institutions have been established, as well as satellite remote sensing application research institutions of relevant ministries and commissions in the State Council, some provinces and cities and Chinese Academy of Sciences. Using remote sensing satellites at home and abroad, these professional institutions have carried out applied research work in many aspects and fields, such as meteorological forecast, land survey, crop yield estimation, forest survey, disaster monitoring, environmental protection, ocean forecast, urban planning, map mapping and so on. In particular, the operational operation of the satellite meteorological ground application system has greatly improved the accuracy of disastrous weather forecasting and significantly reduced the economic losses of the country and people. 2. Satellite communication. Since the mid-1980s, China has used domestic and foreign communication satellites to develop satellite communication technology to meet the growing needs of communication, broadcasting and education. In terms of satellite fixed communication services, there are dozens of large and medium-sized satellite communication earth stations in China, and there are more than 27,000 international satellite communication channels connecting more than 80 countries and regions in the world. China has built a domestic public satellite communication network with more than 70,000 domestic satellite communication channels, which has initially solved the communication problems in remote areas. VSAT communication has developed rapidly in recent years. There are 30 VSAT communication divisions in China, serving 15000 small station users, including more than 6300 two-way small station users. At the same time, more than 80 special communication networks and tens of thousands of very small aperture terminals have been established in dozens of departments such as finance, meteorology, transportation, petroleum, water conservancy, civil aviation, electric power, health and news. In terms of satellite TV broadcasting services, China has built a satellite TV broadcasting system covering the whole world and a satellite TV education system covering the whole country. China began to transmit radio and television programs by satellite from 1985. At present, a satellite transmission coverage network occupying 33 communication satellite transponders has been formed, which is responsible for transmitting 47 sets of central and local TV programs, educational TV programs, 32 sets of domestic and foreign radio programs and nearly 40 sets of local radio programs. More than 30 million people have received education and training in universities and technical secondary schools since satellite educational television broadcasting was launched more than ten years ago. In recent years, China has built a satellite live broadcast experimental platform, which has brought TV programs transmitted by central and local satellites to vast rural areas that are not covered by wireless radio and television through digital compression, greatly improving the coverage of radio and television in China. There are about1890,000 satellite TV broadcasting receiving stations in China. On the experimental platform of satellite live broadcast, the broadband multimedia transmission network of China Education Satellite was established, which provided comprehensive services of distance education and information technology for the whole country. 3. Satellite navigation and positioning. China began to use foreign navigation satellites to develop satellite navigation and positioning application technology in the early 1980s, which has been widely used in geodesy, ship navigation, aircraft navigation, earthquake monitoring, geological disaster prevention and monitoring, forest fire prevention and extinguishing, urban traffic management and other industries. China joined COSPAS-SARSAT in 1992, and then established China Mission Control Center, which greatly improved the distress alarm service capabilities of ships, planes and vehicles. Space Science In the early 1960s, China began to explore the upper atmosphere with sounding rockets and balloons. In the early 1970s, a series of space exploration and research were carried out by using the "Practice" series of scientific exploration and technical test satellites, and a large number of valuable environmental exploration data were obtained. In recent years, space weather forecast research and corresponding international cooperation have been carried out. Since the end of 1980s, many space science experiments have been carried out with recoverable remote sensing satellites, and good results have been achieved in crystal and protein growth, cell culture, crop breeding and so on. China's space science has made some innovations in basic theoretical research. National laboratories with a certain level of openness have been established in space physics, microgravity science, space life science and other fields, and space payload application centers have been established, which have the basic ability to support space science experiments. In recent years, the charged particles and their effects in the near-earth space environment have been detected in detail by using the "Practice" series of scientific exploration and technical test satellites, and the two-layer fluid space experiment of microgravity fluid physics has been completed for the first time, realizing the remote operation of the space experiment. 1956101On October 8th, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, the first rocket and missile research institution in China, was established, with Qian Xuesen as its president.
1964 On July19, China's first biological rocket carrying mice was successfully launched in Guangde, Anhui Province, and China took the first step in space science exploration.
1 April, 9681day, China Institute of Aerospace Medical Engineering was established, and began to train astronauts and carry out research on manned space medical engineering.
1 On April 24th, 970, with the successful launch of the first artificial earth satellite "Dongfanghong"1in Jiuquan, China became the fifth country in the world to launch a satellite.
1975165438+1October 26th, the first recoverable satellite was successfully launched and returned three days later, making China the third country in the world to master the satellite return technology.
1on September 7th, 988, cz-4 successfully launched Fengyun 1A meteorological satellite in Taiyuan.
1 On April 7, 1990, the Long March III carrier rocket successfully launched the American-developed "Asia1"satellite, and China occupied a place in the international commercial satellite launching service market.
1July 990 16, the Long March II bundled rocket was successfully launched for the first time in Xichang, laying the foundation for launching a manned spacecraft.
1992, China manned spacecraft was officially included in the national plan, and this project was later named "Shenzhou" manned spaceflight project.
1999165438+1On October 20th, China successfully launched its first spacecraft, the Shenzhou experimental spacecraft, and its return capsule landed successfully in the central part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region the next day.
In June 1, 65438+1October 10, China successfully launched the Shenzhou II experimental spacecraft. After completing the space science and technology test mission in space as scheduled, he returned to the central area of Inner Mongolia on June+10/October 16, 65438.
On March 25th, 2002, China successfully launched the Shenzhou III experimental spacecraft, circling the earth 108, and landed in central Inner Mongolia on 1 day.
On February 30th, 2002, at 65438, China successfully launched the Shenzhou IV spacecraft.
The manned spaceflight project, also known as "92 1 Project", was a major decision made by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council in June 1992 and was implemented. 1June 1999, the first unmanned spacecraft was successfully launched, and then three unmanned spacecraft were successfully launched. On June 65438+1October 65438+May, 2003, the space hero Yang Liwei successfully completed the first manned flight in China on the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft, realizing the Millennium dream of the Chinese nation to "fly".
In 2005, astronaut Fei and Nie Haisheng successfully completed the Shenzhou VI mission at 10 ~ 12 ~ 17. China's manned space flight achieved a new leap of two people and five days, and astronauts directly participated in space science experiments. China has become the third country in the world to master manned space technology after Russia and the United States, which is the pride of our Chinese nation.