First, literature.
In Italy, there were "three outstanding literary figures" in the early Renaissance. Dante wrote many academic works and poems in his life, among which the famous ones are "New Life" and "Divine Comedy". Petrarch is the originator of humanism and is known as the "father of humanism". He was the first to call for the revival of classical culture and put forward the idea that "humanism" opposed "theology".
Second, art.
Italian painters in the Renaissance mainly include Giotto di Bondone, Ma Saqiao, paul Uccello, Domingo Quillando, sandro botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael Sanzio, Titian Vicelli and Michelangelo.
Giotto di bondone (about1267-1337 65438+10/8) was an Italian painter and architect, known as the pioneer of the Italian Renaissance and the "father of European painting". His representative works include judas kiss, The Last Judgment and Mourning for Christ.
Third, music.
The classical music works of the Renaissance were mainly produced from 1400 to 1600. The end of this period is more definite than the beginning, unlike other art categories. From 65438 to the beginning of the 5th century, there was no obvious change in musical performance, and it can be said that the musical characteristics of the Renaissance were gradually changing.
To be sure, the music works in the early Renaissance mainly relied on the third interval as the chord. Polyphonic music, which began in the12nd century, became more detailed throughout the14th century, independent of sound expression. /kloc-The music in the early 5th century tends to be simple and the sound is smooth.
By the end of 15, polyphonic religious music began to become complicated again, which was related to the extremely developed paintings at that time in a sense. Then in the early16th century, music began to simplify again.
In the late16th century, music, especially minor, tended to be more complex and chromatic. At this time in Florence, musicians began to turn to the classical school, trying to restore the dreamy music form of ancient Greece through poetry.
Fourth, astronomy.
1543, the polish astronomer Copernicus published the theory of celestial bodies, in which he proposed a Heliocentrism system different from Ptolemaic geocentric theory. Bruno, an Italian thinker, declared in his works "On Infinity, Universe and World" and "On Cause, Origin and Unity" that the universe is infinite in space and time, and the sun is only the solar system, not the center of the universe.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) mathematics
Algebra made great progress in the Renaissance, and the solutions of cubic and quartic equations were found. Cardano, an Italian, published a formula for finding the roots of cubic equations in his book Great Skills, but the discovery of this formula should be attributed to another scholar, Tattaglia.
The solution of the quartic equation was discovered by Ferrari, a student in cardano, and also recorded in The Great Book. Bombelli expounded the irreducibility of cubic equations in his works, used imaginary numbers, and improved the popular algebraic symbols at that time.
Physics of intransitive verbs
In physics, Galileo discovered three laws of free falling, throwing objects and shaking through many experiments, which made people have a new understanding of the universe. His student Torricelli proved the air pressure through experiments and invented the mercury barometer. Pascal, a French scientist, discovered the law of pressure propagation in liquids and gases. British scientist Boyle discovered the law of gas pressure.
Seven. Physiology and medicine
Belgian doctor Vesaliua Uss published the book Human Body Structure, which challenged Galen's "Trinity" theory. Spanish doctor Servit discovered the small circulation system of blood, which proved that blood flows from the right ventricle to the lungs and reaches the left ventricle through a tortuous route.
Eight. geography
There has been a revolutionary leap in navigation technology, and explorers from Portugal, Spain and Italy have started a series of long-distance navigation activities. The geographical discoveries of Columbus and Magellan provide strong evidence for the theory of the earth circle.
Nine. architecture
Renaissance architecture is an architectural style that was born in Italy in the14th century with the cultural movement of Renaissance. Based on the criticism of the supremacy of theocracy in the Middle Ages and the affirmation of humanitarianism, architects hope to reshape the harmonious order of the ideal classical society with the help of classical proportions.
X. psychology
After the Renaissance,17th century, psychology, which was originally forgotten, continued to develop. 19th century (1879), Feng Te, the "father of modern psychology", founded psychology. Since then, psychology has developed into an independent discipline.
Extended data:
The "three outstanding artists" in the Renaissance;
I Leonardo da Vinci
Genius scientists, inventors, painters and biologists in the European Renaissance. Modern scholars call him "the most perfect representative of the Renaissance", and he is a unique all-rounder in human history. His greatest achievement is painting. His masterpieces, such as Mona Lisa, The Last Supper and Our Lady in the Rock, reflect his exquisite artistic attainments.
He believes that the most beautiful research object in nature is the human body, which is a wonderful flower of nature, and painters should take people as the core of their painting objects. Art is just one of his ways of understanding the world. It didn't occupy all his time and energy, but he made amazing achievements in this field.
Introducing natural science knowledge into fine arts is a great contribution of Italians in the15th century. Leonardo da Vinci inherited this tradition and greatly improved it.
Second, Michelangelo
The greatest sculptor in the west. While he devoted himself to understanding the achievements of the ancients, he also devoted himself to dissecting the human body and studying its structure and movement, which made him one of the artists who gave full play to the expressive force of the human body.
Different from Leonardo da Vinci's art full of profound wisdom, Michelangelo's works are famous for their strength and momentum, and have a magnificent heroism. Perhaps, he is the artist closest to Beethoven's realm.
Third, Raphael
His works have always been regarded as the most perfect embodiment of the spirit of classical art, and Angel called him the god of painting. Raphael is the master who is best at shaping the image of the Virgin Mary in the history of western art. His series of statues of the Virgin Mary harmoniously unify the perceptual beauty and spiritual beauty, thus conveying the beautiful wishes and eternal feelings of mankind.
Approachability and affability are the greatest characteristics of Raphael's works. In his works, profound knowledge and meticulous scrutiny are all dissolved in the relaxed artistic world composed of smooth lines, and everything seems to be a natural expression and a natural voice. Pure and beautiful, solemn and natural, bright and clear, harmonious and concise, these most important qualities of classical art have been most vividly reflected in Raphael.
Raphael's art was called "classicism" by later generations, which not only inspired the Baroque style, but also had a far-reaching influence on the French classical school in the17th century. From the perspective of art history, Raphael was not only a painter in the Renaissance, but also opened a new window for later generations to create Huang Fan. ?
The paintings of the three masters all have the same characteristics. They attach importance to both modeling and vividness, and have made great achievements in portraits, murals, commemorative paintings and sculptures.
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