Introduction: Song poetry is another literary genre after Tang poetry. It is basically divided into two categories: graceful school and bold school. Representative figures of the Graceful School: Song Dynasty poets: Liu Yong, Li Qingzhao, Qin Guan, Yan Shu, etc. Representatives of the bold school: Xin Qiji, Su Shi, Yue Fei, Chen Liang, etc. He drew nourishment from the "Book of Songs", "Chu Ci" and "Poetry of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties", which also provided nourishment for the later drama novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. To this day, she is still cultivating people's sentiments and bringing them high artistic enjoyment. In the early days of Ci, it was extremely gorgeous and flashy, popular among restaurants and bars in the market. It was a popular art form. The "Flower Room Collection" of the Five Dynasties period clearly showed the beautiful and gorgeous literary talent of Ci. However, the themes of Ci during this period were still limited. It can be said that it is still "stingy" if it is limited to describing the love affairs, singing, drinking and banquets. Although the artistic achievements have reached a considerable level, the level of ideological connotation is not enough. The poetry of the early Song Dynasty also followed this style of poetry from the beginning, pursuing gorgeous words and descriptions of delicate emotions. For example, Liu Yong, who once offended Emperor Renzong by writing "I endured the fame and sang in a low voice instead of a shallow cup of wine", was depressed and frustrated, and spent his whole life wandering among the singing houses and brothels, writing lyrics for the singing girls. As the saying goes, "Wherever there is a place to drink from a well, one can sing willow lyrics." Ci at that time was considered to be a vulgar folk art and not elegant, so much so that after Yan Shu of the Song Dynasty became prime minister, he did not admit that any of his previous Ci poems were written by him. There were many prostitutes in the Song Dynasty, and their level of prostitution was rare in other dynasties. Together with the talents of the Song Dynasty, they promoted the widespread spread of Ci, an emerging art form, among the people. However, as Ci occupies an increasingly important position in the literature of the Song Dynasty, the connotation of Ci is constantly enriched and improved. "When a man is sleepless, the general's gray hair and husband's tears will be revealed." This established the status of frontier fortress poetry in Song poetry, refreshing the world's people who had only heard of songs and banquets, palace wealthy families, urban customs, and lovesickness. By the time Su Shi began to develop a bold style of poetry, Song poetry was no longer limited to literati and officials' playthings for entertainment and expressing the love of their children. It also reflected the literati and officials' perceptions and thoughts on the times, life, and even social politics at that time. Song poetry completely jumped out of the nest of singing and dancing, and was sublimated into a cultural form that represents the spirit of the times. There are roughly 5 categories: 1. According to length, words can be roughly divided into Xiaoling (within 58 characters), Zhongdiao (within 59 to 90 characters) and Longdiao (more than 91 characters, the longest word is 240 characters) . Some of a word has only one paragraph, which is called monotonous; some has two paragraphs, which is called double tone; some has three or four paragraphs, which is called triple or quadruple. 2. According to the nature of music, Ci can be divided into nine types: Ling, Yin, Man, Santai, Xuzi, Faqu, Daqu, Guanling and Zhugong. 3. According to beats, there are four common types: Ling, also known as Xiao Ling, which has a shorter beat; Yin, which uses a small Ling to be subtle and leads to a long one; Near, which uses a similar pitch to lead to a long one; Slow, The longer it gets. 4. According to the creative style, it can be roughly divided into the graceful school and the bold school. 5. Divide according to word cards. A cultural form that represents the spirit of the times. Development process: The development of Song Ci can be divided into three stages. In the first stage, Yan Shu, Zhang Xian, Yan Jidao, Ouyang Xiu and others inherited the remnants of "Huajian" and marked the transition from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty; in the second stage, Liu Yong and Su Shi made new developments in form and content. As well as the artistic creations of Qin Guan, Zhao Lingjue, He Zhu and others, they promoted the prosperity of Song poetry in which multiple styles competed for development; in the third stage, Zhou Bangyan's artistic creation reflected the deepening and maturity of Song poetry. These three stages are not completely separated in time, but are intertwined with each other; judging from the actual situation of their development and evolution, inheritance and innovation are not disconnected from each other. In the Tang Dynasty, the music of various ethnic groups introduced from the Western Regions gradually merged with the old music of the Central Plains, and Yan music, mainly Hu music, emerged. The original neat five- and seven-character poems were no longer suitable, so words with unequal words and more lively forms were produced. Ci first originated from the folk. Later, literati wrote new words according to the rhythm and rhythm of the music score, which was called "filling in lyrics" or "according to the sound". From then on, words and music were separated, forming a kind of metrical poetry with sentences of varying lengths. 5. The seven-character poems are well-proportioned and dualistic, showing the beauty of order; while the lyrics are mainly long and short sentences, showing the beauty of jaggedness. Ci has a word card, which is a melody. Some lexical tones have different "styles" depending on the number of words or sentence structure. There are about 100 commonly used word cards. The structure of the word is divided into pieces or columns. If it is not divided into pieces, it is monotonous. If it is divided into two pieces, it is called double tone. If it is divided into three pieces, it is called triple. According to music, there are also order, introduction, closeness and slowness. Traditional Chinese painting: the famous female poet Li Qingzhao. "Ling" is generally short, and early literati's poems often filled in Xiaoling. Such as "Sixteen Character Order", "Ru Meng Order", "Tao Lian Zi Order", etc. "Yin" and "Jin" are generally longer, such as "Jiangmei Yin", "Yangguan Yin", "Zhu Yingtai is near", and "Reporting the sincere feelings are near". "Man" is longer than "Yin" and "Jin", and it became popular after the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty. There is a saying that Liu Yong "began to develop Man Ci". Poems such as "Magnolia Slow", "Yulin Ling Slow" and so on. According to the number of characters, it can be divided into "small tune", "middle tune" and "long tune". According to Mao Xianshu's "Interpretation of the Names of Compiled Ci" of the Qing Dynasty, the characters within 58 are Xiaoling, the characters 59-90 are the middle tune, and the characters beyond 90 are the long tune. The longest melody, "Preface to the Orioles' Cry," has 240 words. Certain words reflect certain sentiments. The origins of most of the names of Cipai are unknown. There are only a few capable poems such as "Bodhisattva Man" and "Recalling Qin'e". The rhyme of words is where the music pauses. Generally do not change the rhyme.
Some omit every sentence, some omit every other sentence, and some omit several sentences. Like five or seven character poems, the words should be flat and oblique. And the oblique sounds are divided into up, come, and enter. You can overlap words. Since poetry in the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties, and the early Song Dynasty was mostly written to entertain guests before banquets, there are sayings that "ci poetry is a small way, Yanke" and "Shizhuang Ci is charming". With the development of Ci, through Liu Yong and Su Shi, the theme of Ci gradually expanded, reaching its peak by Xin Qiji, becoming a literary genre with the same status as poetry. Ci is a kind of music literature. Its emergence, development, creation and spread are all directly related to music. The music that the lyrics are paired with is the so-called Yan music, also called banquet music. Its main component is a new type of music that has been a fusion of Hu music from the Western Regions and folk lane music since the Northern Zhou and Sui Dynasties. It is mainly used for entertainment and banquet performances. , which became popular in the Sui Dynasty. The origin of the words that go with Yanle can be traced back to the Sui Dynasty. Volume 1 of "Biji Manzhi" by Wang Zhuo of the Song Dynasty said: "Since the Sui Dynasty, the so-called tunes have gradually become popular, and it was slightly more prosperous in the Tang Dynasty." The lyrics were mainly popular among the people at first. There are more than sixty works, most of which are folk songs from the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. Around the mid-Tang Dynasty, poets Zhang Zhihe, Wei Yingwu, Bai Juyi, Liu Yuxi and others began to write lyrics and introduced this style into the literary world. By the late Tang and Five Dynasties, literati poetry had developed greatly. The late Tang poet Wen Tingyun and the "Huajian School" poets represented by him and the Southern Tang poets represented by Li Yu and Feng Yansi were all poets. He made important contributions to the maturity of the body and the establishment of the basic lyrical style. Ci finally became unique apart from poetry and became one of the most prominent literary genres in ancient China. In the Song Dynasty, the creation of poetry gradually became more and more popular, and a large number of poets with outstanding achievements were produced. Famous works emerged one after another, and various styles and schools emerged. "Complete Song Ci" contains more than 1,330 lyrics and nearly 20,000 poems that have been circulated to this day. From this number, we can infer the grand occasion of creation at that time. Although the origin of Ci is early, the peak of its development was in the Song Dynasty. Therefore, later generations regarded Ci as the most representative literature of the Song Dynasty, alongside the poetry of the Tang Dynasty, and the so-called "Tang poetry and Song Ci" came into being. . Schools of Song Ci The main schools of Song Ci include the graceful school and the bold school 1. Representatives of the graceful school: Liu Yong, Yan Shu, Yan Jidao, Zhou Bangyan, Li Qingzhao, Jiang Kui, Wu Wenying Representative works: Liu Yong: Yu Linling (Hanging Cicadas Sadness), Die Lian Flowers (leaning against the dangerous building and the wind blows softly) Yan Shu: Huanxisha (a new song with a glass of wine), Huanxisha (time is always limited) Yan Jidao: Linjiang Immortal (the tower after the dream is high and locked), Partridge Sky (colored sleeves holding it diligently) Jade Bell) Zhou Bangyan: King of Lanling (Liu Yinzhi), Die Lianhua (The moon is bright and the bird is uncertain), Li Qingzhao: Like a dream (I often remember the sunset in the creek pavilion), Drunken Flower Yin (the mist is thick and the clouds are always sad) Day)) Jiang Kui: Yangzhou Slowness (the famous capital of Huaizuo), Dark Fragrance (moonlight in the old days) Wu Wenying: Preface to the Orioles' Cry (Remnant cold is suppressing illness and wine), Feng Rusong (Listen to the wind and rain during the Qingming Festival) Graceful School The main feature is that the content focuses on children's customs. The structure is deep and meticulous, the music is harmonious, the language is mellow, fresh and beautiful, and it has a soft and graceful beauty. The content is relatively narrow. Because for a long time most words tend to be euphemistic and soft, people have formed the concept of using euphemism as authenticity. Li Houzhu, Liu Yong, Zhou Bangyan and other poets are regarded as the "authentic poets", which represents this view. The graceful style of poetry has dominated the world of poetry for a long time. Until the Southern Song Dynasty, a large number of poets such as Jiang Kui, Wu Wenying, and Zhang Yan all suffered from its influence in different aspects. 2. Representative figures of the Bold and Unconstrained School: Su Shi, Xin Qiji, Zhang Yuanqian, Zhang Xiaoxiang, etc. Representative works: Su Shi: "Nian Nujiao. Nostalgia for the past in Chibi" (The Great River Goes East), "Jiangchengzi·Hunting in Mizhou" 》Zhang Yuanqian: Congratulations to the Bridegroom (Dream of the Road to China) Zhang Xiaoxiang: Songtou of the Six States (Looking across the Changhuai River) Yue Fei: All the Rivers Are Red (An Angry Hair Rushing to the Crown) The characteristics of the Bold and Unconstrained School are generally that the creative vision is relatively broad, the atmosphere is majestic and majestic, and they like to use poetry. The lyrics are written using literary techniques, syntax and calligraphy, and the words are grand and comprehensive, using more words and not adhering to the rhythm. Huang Tingjian, Chao Buzhi, He Zhu and others in the Northern Song Dynasty all have works in this style. After traveling south, due to the great changes of the times, tragic and generous high-pitched tunes developed and became popular. Xin Qiji became a giant and leader in the creation of bold lyrics. The bold and unconstrained Ci School not only established its own sect and shocked the poetry world of the Song Dynasty, but also widely influenced the poets who studied poetry. From the Song and Jin Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, there have always been poets who held the banner of bold and unconstrained and vigorously studied Su and Xin. .