Mencius first put forward the idea of "knowing people and discussing the world". He believes that in order to understand a work, we must know the author and the era in which he lived, so that we can become friends with the ancients and appreciate the thoughts and feelings expressed by the poet. In this regard, later poetic theorists have praised it.
"Knowing people" means knowing the author and the relationship between the author and the work. The poet's life, experience, situation and so on will be reflected in the poem, and form the poet's unique creative style and personality, which determines the special theme of the poem. For example, Tao Yuanming's elegant pastoral complex, Li Bai's bold atmosphere, Wang Wei's life interest, and Li Qingzhao's leisure and sadness.
"On the World" is to understand the era environment in which the author lives. The poet's own experience and situation are inseparable from the social and political background. To understand what he wrote under what circumstances is to relate his poems to the writing background. As a typical literary style, the ideological content of poetry cannot be branded with the times. For example, during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the northern dynasties were frequently in war, and the northern minorities were rough and fierce, so they often showed martial spirit in their poems, while the southern dynasties were relatively stable, so the poems in the southern dynasties mostly wrote about the lovesickness between men and women. In the Tang Dynasty, the society was stable, the economy and culture were highly prosperous, and the theme of poetry was naturally rich and colorful. I hope to establish military achievements, reflect frontier life, describe landscapes and pastoral areas, and so on, so as to reach the peak of China's ancient poetry creation. Poetry in the Northern Song Dynasty emphasizes justice and reason, poetry in the Southern Song Dynasty emphasizes emotion and national conditions, and poetry in the Ming Dynasty emphasizes loyalty and righteousness. To appreciate classical poetry, it is generally necessary to contact its writing background, so as to accurately grasp the theme and not be far-fetched.
Second, reading comprehension.
"Three points of poetry, seven points of reading". "Read 300 Tang poems by heart, even if you can't write, you can recite them." If you read a book a hundred times, its meaning will show. It can be seen that reading ancient poems can play the role of "bringing back the dead". According to the reception aesthetics of German scholars Marx and Ezelle, if the work itself is not read and understood, it will have no meaning and become lifeless and lifeless language materials forever. Only by relying on readers' active excavation in the reading process can the meaning of the text be realized. Some people say, "Reading aloud is like giving life to a work and making people feel more." Yes, if you want to have a deep understanding of the works and enter the poetic realm, you must strengthen reading.
Classical poetry is a treasure in the treasure house of China literature, with high aesthetic value, strong artistic appeal, beautiful words, harmonious rhythm and strong sense of rhythm, which is especially suitable for reading. Reading ancient poems is very important to deeply understand the works, enter the realm of poetry and painting, cultivate sentiment, cultivate aesthetic ability and improve cultural accomplishment. For example, the emotional natural landscape, empty and desolate environmental atmosphere and the author's bold and strange imagination in Shu Dao Nan can only be slowly understood through repeated reading. The magnificent picture scroll, the beauty of sonorous harmony, the thoughts and feelings of worrying about the country and the people at that time, reading and chewing, hiding books and thinking deeply, sighed endlessly.
First, read and recite carefully. Read more, read aloud, read slowly, or read without asking for answers. You can feel the whole in reading, feel something in reading, cultivate a sense of language in reading, and be influenced by emotions in reading. Read more, read again and again, and read the rhythm and stress of poetry. Through reading more, on the basis of understanding poetry, we can get familiar with poetry, form accumulation and gradually develop the ability of overall perception.
The second is contact expansion. In other words, a learned ancient poem is read in connection with other ancient poems with similar themes and expressions, forming a knowledge chunk. For example, learn from He's "Singing Willow": "Jasper is dressed as a tree, and thousands of strands of green silk tapestries hang down. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors. " At the same time, you can look at some other famous sentences about "chanting willow", such as Du Mu's "Willow": "A few trees are blooming, and they are fascinated by spring scenery. Fan Chuan, the old country of Yiyi, hates it, and the village bridge is half covered. " Luo Yin's Willow: "The sunny shore is a good time to say goodbye, so we can't stay long. My flying flock is still uncertain, and I am trying to solve the problem of tripping passers-by. "Yang Wanli's" New Willow ":"The wicker blows a hundred feet into the silver pool, and the dark green is only yellowish. It is not necessarily that wicker can dip in water, but the willow shadow in the water leads him to grow. "Linking these poems with the same theme can not only expand the knowledge, but also enhance the perception ability in comparative reading.
The third is to imagine the entrance. In other words, the process of reading is regarded as the process of appreciating excellent works. While reading, I imagine the picture and integrate myself into the artistic conception of poetry. For example, the poem "Jinse", the vague artistic conception of the first couplet, the grief and indignation of the couplet, the freshness and vividness of the neck couplet and the rich connotation of the tail couplet, is difficult to fully and profoundly understand without the participation of imagination.
Third, appreciate and appreciate.
Classical poetry is concise in language and implicit in meaning. There are many characteristics in language expression, such as being limited by the number of words and omitting words; Due to the restriction of rhyme, inverted sentences have to be used; It needs short space to accommodate rich content, so many rhetorical devices are often used; Words and sentences should rhyme, etc. Only from these details, repeated comments and careful appreciation can we further analyze the structural level, image, language and expression skills of the work, and finally make an accurate evaluation of the ideological content of the work.
Rhetorical devices commonly used in ancient poetry are:
1, metaphor. The use of metaphor in classical poetry can highlight vivid images and strengthen the rendering of specific artistic conception when writing magnificent scenery; When discussing lyricism, vivid images can be used to strengthen expression, thus deepening the theme of poetry. For example, "But an inch of grass is full of affection, and three wisps of spring scenery are appreciated" (Meng Jiao's Ode to a Wanderer, Heart of an inch of grass, and Three wisps of spring scenery are respectively compared to A Wanderer and Mother's Grace. Another example is: "On the verge of exploding, a thousand valleys are loose" (Li Bai's "Listening to Shu Monks Playing the Piano", "Wan" is a metaphor for the shocking effect of music.
2. Metonymy. Metonymy is a rhetorical device widely used in classical poetry. For example, Wang Chen replaced Cao Zhi, whose original name was Wang Chen, in The Palace Banquet Chen Wang, a barrel of wine cost 10,000 yuan, and he laughed and laughed. In "Wu Gong's path is crooked and the golden clothes are ancient dust" (Li Bai's "On the Phoenix Terrace in Nanjing"), the gentry of the Jin Dynasty wore high hats and take off your coat to show their identity. Another example is to use bonfires, shows of smoke and fights instead of wars, and use Hongyan, Jin Shu and Su Chi instead of letters.
3. Puns. Classical poetry pays attention to implicit beauty, so puns are used more. For example, the word "silk" in Li Shangyin's Untitled is a homophonic pun, actually referring to "thinking", while "tears" is a semantic pun, ostensibly referring to candle tears, actually referring to lovesickness tears. The word "sunny" in "sunrise in the east, sunset in the west, sunny and sunny on the road" (Liu Yuxi's Zhi Zhu Ci) is a homophonic pun, which refers to a weather situation on the surface, but actually implies "emotion", that is, emotion.
4. Refine the text. The ancients paid special attention to refining words when writing poems, and made every effort to convey one word vividly. Many times, refined words are used flexibly, compared and exaggerated. For example, the word "burn" in "The whiter the Jiangbi bird, the blue and white mountain flowers burn" (Du Fu's quatrains 2) not only highlights the fiery red color of the mountain flowers, but also gives them a dynamic beauty; "Leaves fall like the waves of a waterfall, and I watch the long river always roll forward."
(Du Fu's "Ascending the Mountain", the sound of "rustling leaves" makes people feel that the water is rolling. More importantly, we can feel the fleeting youth of the poet and the pain paid by ambitious men.
In addition, there is a contrast ("the wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the bones on the road freeze to death"), which sets off ("the birds are surprised when the moon rises, and the spring stream rings when it falls").
Intertextuality (Du Mu's "Bo Qinhuai" "Smoke cage with cold water and sand in the moon" should mean "smoke moon with cold water and sand in the moon"). (For example, in Wang Wei's Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains, "The bamboo language washes the woman, and the lotus leaf bends in front of the fishing boat", and the correct order should be "the bamboo makes the woman return, and the lotus moves under the fishing boat") and so on.
Fourth, explore the experience
Through the first three steps, we know the author and writing background of this poem, and perceive and understand the language characteristics of this poem as a whole. The key of this step is to further explore and understand the thoughts and feelings of ancient poetry on the basis of the first three steps.
Judging from the content of ancient poetry, it can be divided into three categories: scenery description and lyric; Narrative lyric category; Things, objects and words. Let's take an example to talk about how to further explore the clouds and understand the thoughts and feelings of ancient poetry.
1. Landscape Lyric Class
For example, "Jueju" (Du Fu) "Jiangbi birds are too white, and mountains are blue and flowers are burning. See you again this spring, when is the year of returning home? " We can imagine the picture and outstanding artistic image described in the poem, so as to understand the connotation of the poem and achieve emotion. The first two sentences of this poem describe green water, snow-white birds, green mountains and bright red flowers. Through poetry, we can imagine such a picture: it is late spring, and the poet Du Fu is standing by the Huanhua River, watching the egrets flying up and down, and the red flowers are in full bloom on the hillside. This scene evokes the sigh that the poet was detained in a foreign land and "when is the return of the year?" At the same time, we can put this picture and artistic image in the background of the times: Du Fu was forced to leave his hometown and was displaced in the war. In this way, the imagination can be infected by Du Fu's homesickness, so as to grasp the theme of poetry.
2. Narrative lyric class
Such as: "Join the Army" (Li Bai) "The battle field has broken iron clothes, and the south of the city has been surrounded. The sudden camp shot General Hu Yan and led the wounded soldiers to ride home alone. " In just four sentences, it tells the story of a brave general who shot and killed an enemy general and led the wounded soldiers to break through the encirclement. We can use our imagination to make cruel war scenes appear in our minds, so that we can deeply understand that this poem depicts the image of a heroic general and praises the heroism of such a general.
3. Things, objects and expressions
Such as: "Cicada" (Yu Shinan): "Hang down and drink the dew, and smell the trees. It's not the autumn wind that makes you afraid to speak loudly. " From the content, this poem only describes the appearance, food habits and why it can spread sound. But we should know that in ancient poetry about things, we often express our wishes with the help of things. For example, in this poem, the poet expressed his high confidence and praise for the noble character with the help of cicada's noble character. The noble essence of cicada is noble, living high and drinking high, and it is famous all over the world.
Sharp tools make good work. From this perspective, as long as we teach students how to read ancient poems and guide them to follow these four steps, students will no longer have a headache for reading ancient poems, but will be able to understand the main contents of ancient poems, feel the artistic image of ancient poems and understand their thoughts and feelings through repeated recitation and in-depth experience.
First, according to the title of the poem and the images written in the poem, understand the main contents written in the poem.
Title is a high summary of the ideological content of poetry and the soul of poetry. At the same time, it is like a person's eyes, through which you can understand your inner world. Therefore, as the first step and foundation of appreciating poetry, we must first know what this poem or word is about-overall perception, otherwise we can't appreciate the so-called "diction", "rhetoric" and "expression". How can I appreciate unfamiliar poems? In fact, we can grasp the main content of most poems through the information provided in the title of the poem and our preliminary understanding of the content of the poem. For example, when appreciating Bai Juyi's Spring Tour of Qiantang Lake, teachers can basically conclude that the author describes the beautiful scenery of Qiantang Lake in spring by guiding students to understand the two words "Qiantang Lake" and "Spring", combining with the initial understanding of the images such as "early warbler", "new swallow", "shallow grass" and "disorderly flowers" in the poem, and the students' accumulated experience in life. There is also "the branches of red apricots are full of spring", because the poet spilled a lot of spring at once: red apricots are in full bloom, the fragrance is overflowing, and the bees and butterflies on the branches dance, which is vivid and interesting.
In addition, through the understanding of the titles, we can learn the main contents of many poems, such as "Bo Qinhuai" by Du Mu and "Zen Realm after Broken Mountain Temple".
Second, from the key words in the poem, combined with the main content of the poem, understand the function and aesthetic feeling of the author's choice of words and sentences.
Poetry reveals the theme through images, and images are highlighted through specific words. Therefore, accurately understanding the meaning and function of keywords in poetry has become an important means for us to grasp and appreciate the content of poetry. Or in Bai Juyi's Spring Tour in Qiantang, can we ask students to try to change "several places" into "everywhere" and "whose family" into "every family" to understand? And let the students understand "why do the early warblers fight for the warmth of the trees and why do the new swallows peck at the spring mud". Through the analysis and guidance of these words, the students can understand the difference between "several places" and "everywhere", "whose family" and "every family", because the former says little and the latter says a lot, but why do they fight for the warmth and peck at the spring mud? "Fighting to warm the trees" refers to the cold weather, but "pecking at spring mud" does not mean "pecking at spring mud" or "pecking at spring mud"? In this way, the meaning is roughly understood: it turns out that spring has just arrived and most birds have not returned from the south, so they are "very few"; More because of the chilly spring; The early bird is afraid of the cold, and the swallows scramble to build their nests with mud, so there are vivid and detailed descriptions of "fighting for warm trees" and "pecking at spring mud", which is the result of the author's careful observation and the vivid place of the article. Through this detailed description, the author tells people the news of the arrival of spring, and also shows the beautiful scenery of Qiantang River in early spring, which is colorful and full of spring.
In Li He's Wild Goose Gate, teachers can ask students to narrate the contents of the poem in prose on the basis of reading, paying special attention to the meanings of words such as "dark clouds", "bright light", "horn sound", "traffic jam", "easy water", "heavy frost" and "cold drum" in the poem, which should conform to the artistic conception of the poem. Then guide students to understand the characteristics of the author's words and sentences, and let them understand that the author vividly shows the cruelty of war, the crisis of the situation and the bravery of soldiers through the perspective of color and sound, portrays their heroic images of fighting bloody battles and dying for their country, and praises their courage to defect to the enemy and their lofty ambition to serve their country with their lives.
Of course, some poems must be combined with the writing background of the works in order to accurately understand the ideological content of the works. For example, in Lu You's The Storm on November 4th, the teacher can ask students to find some key words, such as "stiff lying", "guarding the wheel platform", "midnight", "wind and rain" and "dreaming", paying special attention to the contradiction between "stiff lying" and "guarding the wheel platform" and thinking about the relationship between these words and the title of the poem. In this way, we can know that Lu You is a great patriotic poet. His lifelong wish is to gallop on the battlefield, prance and whip, and recover lost ground. This heart is willing to die. This is also the reason why the author dreamed of "Tiema Glacier" on a snowy night. Through the accurate understanding of these words, students can realize the helplessness and indignation of a patriotic poet in his poems.
Thirdly, analyze the author's thoughts and feelings from the perspective of rhetoric.
In order to express his thoughts more accurately and completely, the author in poetry adopts various rhetorical devices, and teachers can also understand the ideological content of poetry through them. For example, when appreciating Mao Zedong's "Seven Laws and Long March", students can discuss the meaning of these two poems: "Five ridges winding and fine waves, Wumeng majestic, walking mud pills". At this time, the problem came out. Some students said, "Wumeng Mountain is majestic and tall, winding for hundreds of miles. How can it be a' mud pill'? " The author asks, "What kind of rhetoric is it to write a big event into a small event, or to write a small event into a big event?" The students answered "exaggeration" in unison. Then guide the students to understand why Comrade Mao Zedong used exaggerated rhetoric here. Through inspiration and induction, let the students really understand those "majestic and tall, winding for hundreds of miles" mountains. In the eyes of Comrade Mao Zedong and Red Army soldiers, they are as small as "mud pills", which is a concentrated expression of the heroic revolutionary heroism of the author and Red Army soldiers. Wandering Five Ridges and Wumeng Magnificent are not only specific places that the Red Army passed on the way to the Long March, but also hints at the difficulties that the Red Army encountered. The image is concrete and touching.
Another example is Gong Zizhen's "Jihai Miscellaneous Work", in which "falling red is not heartless, but turning into spring mud will protect flowers more". Most poets write poems with feelings, or recite things, or express feelings, or narrate, but all of them are to express an idea and viewpoint. So what do these two poems mean? By inspiring and guiding students, students finally understand that the author has adopted the rhetorical device of "metaphor" here. Combining the first two sentences of the poem, students can realize that the author compares himself who resigned and went home here to "falling red" and "the suffering motherland" to "flowers". Through this set of metaphors, he expressed his thoughts and feelings that he would continue to serve the motherland and the nation. No flowery words, no earth-shattering language, to express the voice of a China person through such a metaphor.
This sentence is the core of Fan Zhongyan's "The Fisherman is Proud of Qiu Si", saying that "a glass of turbid wine will pass through Wan Li's house, and Ran Yan can't do anything". How to guide students to understand these two sentences has become the key to understand this poem. The author asks students to understand its general meaning according to the notes in the book, and tells them that this is a rhetorical device called "allusion", which refers to stories or words in ancient books to express their feelings. The author quoted a sentence from the Biography of Dou Rong in the Later Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dou Xian led an army to defeat the Huns and pursued them to Yanran. The author uses allusions to euphemistically and implicitly write out his ambivalence that although he misses his relatives and hometown, he is unwilling to return in vain. This is very important for students to understand the ideological content of the whole word.
Fourth, find out the key sentences in poetry and understand their role in expressing the theme.
Mastering the key sentences in poetry plays an important role in understanding the content of poetry. If you grasp it, you can "move the whole body with one hair" and realize the understanding of the whole content of poetry. For example, "once you climb to the top of the mountain, you will see that all the other mountains look short under the sky." In Du Fu's "Looking at Yue", the front of the poem depicts the magical, beautiful and magnificent scene of Mount Tai. These two sentences are the words of ambition: they express the author's will to climb the peak, and show his heroic feelings of not being afraid of difficulties, daring to climb and taking the initiative. Here we understand that the content written in front of the poem serves these two sentences.
And Su Shi's "When will there be a bright moon?" "I hope people live a long life. It's nothing strange to say these two sentences alone, but when we combine the whole sentence, it's very different. Political frustration, the death of his wife, and his younger brother's far away from home all made him depressed. He wanted to get rid of the world of mortals and complained that the moon "shouldn't have any complaints, so why should he go?" However, Su Dongpo, who was optimistic and open-minded, quickly freed himself from personal bitterness and melancholy and shouted to his younger brother and parting people all over the world. Here, the author's feelings for his loved ones have been sublimated, from his wishes to his younger brother to his heartfelt wishes to those who have passed away. This is also the reason why this word can touch generations.
Of course, we can also appreciate it from the aspects of the conception of the work, the characteristics of the environment and the image of the characters.
Author: Panshui Middle School, Zunyi County, Guizhou Province
Postal code: 563 100