The doctor summarized six types of love in Tang poems
Thousands of Tang poems describe the six types of love! Yesterday, Dr. Xingbo from the Classical Literature Teaching and Research Section of the College of Liberal Arts of Jilin University "talked about love stories in Tang poetry" on the fifth floor of the Provincial Library. According to the doctor's summary, there are six types of love in thousands of Tang poems. If you don't agree, you can also search in Tang poems to see if there is a seventh type.
The first type: childhood sweethearts, childhood sweethearts
The representative work is Li Bai's "Changgan Xing". This poem is written in a woman's own voice, expressing her longing for her husband who is away on business. In the poem, "The man came riding a bamboo horse and went around the bed to make green plums" and "Living together in the long road, the two little sweethearts guessed" are the origins of the two words "childhood sweethearts, childhood sweethearts". It is worth mentioning that the "bed" in this poem means "well railing". In the same way, another sentence by Li Bai, "The moonlight shines brightly in front of the bed," also means "the moonlight around the well railing in the yard."
About Li Bai, Dr. You said: "Whether Li Bai killed anyone when he was a boy has not been proven. But according to the data, his father's martial arts was very high, and he may have killed someone."
p>Type 2: The love between man and ghost is not over
The representative work is a long narrative that will last forever - "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" by Bai Juyi. After the death of Concubine Yang in the poem, she transformed into a fairy and left the Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty with the endless sorrow that "the hatred will last forever".
"Predecessors said that Bai Juyi wrote this poem to criticize the love between Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Yang Guifei. I did not see this flavor in the poem." Dr. Yu said that Bai Juyi described this love in the poem It is full of sympathy, "All people's love is equal, but because of the special identities of Tang Xuanzong and Yang Guifei, their love was ruined by the rebellion they caused."
Type Three: Once Upon a Time in the Sea Difficult to Be Water
The representative work is Yuan Zhen's "Five Poems on Li Si No. 4". This poem was written by Yuan Zhen in memory of his late wife Wei Cong. She married Yuan Zhen at the age of 20 and died at the age of 27. There is a saying in the poem: Once upon a time, the sea was difficult to deal with, except for Wushan, it was not clouds. Yuan Zhen's two poems put it bluntly, "After you have been my wife, I will look down on anyone." Yuan Zhen wrote many poems in memory of Wei Cong, and his emotions were very sincere. "The reality is that half a year after Wei Cong died, Yuan Zhen married another wife, and there were two wives at once." Dr. You said. One audience member thought that this was quite appropriate to the poem. If he didn't marry, how could Yuan Zhen know that others were "difficult to be water, not clouds"?
Type 4: chaos in the beginning, abandonment in the end
It’s all the man’s fault for chaos in the beginning and abandonment in the end (at least that was the case in the Tang Dynasty)! Bai Juyi's poem "Introducing a Silver Vase from the Bottom of a Well" has become a representative work that advises women to "be careful not to leave your body to others". The doctor adapted this poem to a modern story: When a beautiful woman was playing in her yard, she saw a handsome guy driving a BMW and stopped at the door. The two strangers looked at each other and fell in love with the handsome guy. Swearing for love, the beauty eloped with him. The result is that the beautiful woman arrives at the man's house, has no serious status, is ridiculed and ridiculed, and cannot return home, feeling depressed.
Type 5: You are the wind and I am the sand
This type emphasizes the love between two people, and the ending described in the poem is relatively good, not separation between life and death. That kind of thing. Du Fu's "Moonlight Night" is of this type. The poem contains his pure longing for his wife. Some of Li Shangyin's poems, such as "There is no colorful phoenix flying wings in the body, but there is a clear understanding in the heart" in "Untitled" are also examples of this type.
Type Six: As soon as the palace gate enters, it is as deep as the sea
As the name suggests, this type of poem describes the love of palace ladies, and the theme is of course loneliness.
There is a thousand-year-old story in this genre. "Yunxi Friendship" records that during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the poet Lu Wo accidentally came to the sewer ditch of the palace and saw a red leaf with words on it. He picked it up. When I looked at it, it was written: "The water is flowing too fast. The deep palace has all the time. Thank you for the red leaves diligently, so that you can go to the world." Lu Wo collected the leaves in the scarf box. Later, he married a palace maid named Han who was expelled from the palace. One day, Mr. Han saw this leaf and sighed: "I accidentally wrote a poem on the leaf, and it went with the water. I didn't expect it to be stored here." This is the famous "Poetry on Red Leaves".
Seven ways of describing scenes in classical poetry
Chinese classical poetry "values ??implicitness and avoids explicitness". When there is love, do not express your feelings directly, and when you have hatred, do not express your hatred directly, but with the help of To express external things, the poet's usual method is to express feelings through scenery, so a large number of poems describing scenery were produced. However, the methods of describing scenes vary depending on the lyricism. Commonly used methods of describing scenes are:
1. Combination of front and side
Scenery description can start from the front and directly describe the characteristics of the scene. It can make people understand at a glance; you can also start from the side scenery related to it instead of starting from the front scenery to reveal the characteristics of the thing and provide readers with rich imagination space. The combination of the two methods can make the characteristics of the scenery more vivid and prominent.
For example, Bai Juyi's "Poem of Willow Branches" "One tree has thousands of branches in the spring breeze, tender as gold and soft as silk. In the deserted garden in the west corner of Yongfeng, who does it belong to when all day long, no one belongs to it?" 1st and 2nd This sentence uses positive description to describe the beautiful shape of the willow tree in spring.
Wang Changling's "Army March" "The desert is windy and dusty, the sun is dim, and the red flag is half-rolled out of the camp gate. The front army is fighting in Taohebei at night, and has been reported to capture Tuyuhun alive." The second sentence describes the battle situation from the side, by writing that the wind is strong , rolling up the red flag for a quick march to describe the tragedy of the war.
Another example is Liu Yuxi's "Stone City", "The motherland is surrounded by mountains, and the empty city is lonely when the tide hits it. In the old days on the east side of the Huai River, I still have to cross the female wall late at night." It is titled "Stone City". It is obviously about "Stone City", but the poem does not start from Stone City, but starts from the scenery around Stone City - mountains, tides, and the moon, and writes about the decline and desolation of Stone City, the "homeland".
2. The combination of movement and stillness
In ancient Chinese poetry, poets paid special attention to dynamic description in order to create artistic conception. The combination of movement and stillness is a commonly used technique for describing scenes. In the use of this technique, poets often use originality and "every word" to make "the whole realm come out". For example, the words "push" and "knock" are used in "The bird stayed on the tree beside the pond, and the monk knocked on the door under the moon" in Jia Dao's "Li Ning's Residence", and the "green" in "The spring breeze turns green on the south bank of the river" in Wang Anshi's "Boating the Boat on Guazhou". The adjectives of "" are used as causative verbs, which are some examples of dynamic description. Many articles have been written on the use of verbs. However, as a way of describing scenery that combines movement and stillness, it often describes movement and staticity in one artistic conception, and often focuses on stillness, with movement lining the stillness, forming a harmonious unity of artistic conception and image. Therefore, the technique of depicting scenes that combines movement and stillness is often inseparable from the contrast.
For example, Wang Wei's "Autumn Dwelling in the Mountains" "After the new rain in the empty mountains, the weather comes late in autumn. The bright moon shines among the pines, and the clear spring rocks flow up. The bamboos return to the Huannu, and the lotus leaves the fishing boat. Feel free to rest in the spring fragrance , the kings and grandsons can stay here." The poet Wang Wei is worthy of being a master in describing landscapes. The combination of movement and stillness is one of his main techniques for describing landscapes. In the scenery described by the poet, there is movement in the silence, using movement to contrast the stillness, and combining movement and stillness to form a moving artistic conception. The second couplet, "The bright moon shines among the pines," is a quiet scene, what is seen, and it is written about the moonlight spreading all over the earth through the pine branches; and "the clear spring flowing up the stone" is a moving scene, what is heard, the movement and stillness are integrated. Together, they form a quiet and lovely landscape painting. In the third couplet, the poet uses "bamboo noise" to set off the tranquility of the mountains, which is what he hears, and uses "lotus movement" to set off the quiet water, which is what he sees. The seeing and hearing are intertwined, and the "noisy" and "secluded" complement each other, which is quite artistically appealing.
3. The combination of sound and color
The description of scenery in ancient poetry often involves sound and color. This is the poet's use of the senses to describe the scenery from multiple angles, allowing readers to feel as if they are on the scene, and has received a high degree of appreciation. artistic effect.
For example, in Du Fu's "Quatrains", "Two orioles sing in the green willows, and a row of egrets ascend to the blue sky. The window contains the snow of Qianqiu in the West Ridge, and the door is docked with ships thousands of miles away from the East Wu." The first couplet is a set of antithetical sentences. There are many willows around the thatched cottage, and a pair of orioles are singing happily on the new green willow branches. It is a pleasant scene, full of sound and color, forming a fresh and beautiful artistic conception. "Cui" means fresh green, and "Green Willow" means the phenology of early spring, when willow branches have just sprouted buds. "Two orioles singing in the green willows", the birds are in pairs, showing a vitality and a festive meaning. The second sentence writes about the egret flying freely in the blue sky. This long-legged bird flies gracefully and naturally. The sky is clear and blue, and the egrets are extremely vivid in color against the "blue sky". In the two sentences, four distinct colors of "yellow", "emerald", "white" and "green" are used in succession to weave a gorgeous picture; the first sentence also has a description of the sound, conveying extremely joyful emotions
4. The combination of virtuality and reality
"Virtual" and "real" are two huge concepts. To be specific, they are intangible and tangible, abstract and concrete, imagination, memory and reality. . For example, "sorrow" is fictitious because it is intangible and abstract, while "a river of spring water", "a boat", "spring grass is luxuriant" and "the willow bank is full of wind and the moon is waning" are real. Ancient poems often use Use concrete and perceptible things to express certain feelings and feelings, or use imagination or memories to write about real situations and tastes. When appreciating, students should pay attention to which part of the poem is real and which part is fictitious. And whether the poet intends to express reality or fiction. Only by clarifying these points can we accurately grasp their relationship. The real scene is the realistic objective scene described by the poet, while the virtual scene is the virtual scene created by the poet through association or imagination. The combination of virtual and real can express a kind of overflowing emotion.
For example, Gao Shi's "Listen to the Flute on the Fortress" "The snow is clear and Hu Tian's horses are returning, and the moon is bright and the Qiang flute is garrisoning the tower. May I ask where the plum blossoms fell? The wind blows all over the Tianshan Mountains all night." One or two lines from the poem Realistic scene, the content of the description is Hu Tianbei, the ice and snow are melting, and the season of horse herding has arrived. In the evening, the soldiers returned with their horses, and the bright moon shone in the sky. In such a vast and clear night scene, I don't know which garrison was playing the Qiang flute. It was the familiar tune of "Plum Blossoms Fall"! Three or four sentences describe the scenery in a virtual way, using the word "plum blossoms falling" as if the wind was blowing not the sound of the flute but the falling plum blossoms. They were flying everywhere, filling the Tianshan Mountains with harmonious color and fragrance overnight. This poem describes the soldiers who listened to the music and thought of the plum blossoms in their hometown (there are no plum blossoms in the Hu land), and thought of the falling plum blossoms, which expressed their deep homesickness.
5. The combination of points and surfaces
Everything is interconnected and does not exist in isolation. The same is true for the described scenery. They are always related to the surrounding scenery. Inextricably linked. Therefore, when the poet writes about the scenery, he does not write about the main object in isolation and stillness, but also writes about the connecting objects around the main object, combining points and surfaces to make the main image fuller and more distinctive.
For example, Liu Zongyuan's "Snow on the River" uses the method of combining points and faces in "Thousands of mountains and birds have disappeared, and thousands of people have disappeared. A man in a boat and a coir raincoat fishing alone in the cold river snow".
The "Coiled Hat Man" appears relatively small in the picture, but it is in a very conspicuous position and is the center of the poem. The "Lone Boat Coiled Hat Man" is a dotted description; the first two lines are "Thousands of mountains and birds are gone, and thousands of people are gone." " Belongs to the layout of the surface, the poem describes the bitter cold and loneliness of the character's situation from "the birds fly away" to "the traces of people disappear", and the quantifiers "thousands" and "ten thousand" are preceded by "mountains" and "paths". It is about the perseverance and outstanding character of outstanding figures. It can be called point-to-surface combination. Point out one point and cover it comprehensively
6. The combination of distance and near
Looking at the same scene, the observer is in different directions and angles, looking down, looking up, far and near. Look, the visual image will appear in various shapes and changes. Describing from different angles will enable readers to have a more comprehensive understanding of the described scenery and gain a more perfect feeling.
For example, Du Mu's "Mountain Travel" "The stone path up the cold mountain is slanted in the distance, and there are people living in the white clouds. I parked my car and sat in the maple forest at night, the frost leaves are as red as the February flowers." The first two sentences describe the distant scenery of the autumn mountains. . The first sentence describes the lofty scenery of autumn mountains and expresses the poet's courage to climb. The second sentence describes a specific scene in the autumn mountains. Several households are vaguely visible under the sky with floating white clouds. The last two sentences describe the close-up view of the autumn mountains. The sentence "frost leaves are as red as February flowers" is full of vitality, bright and dazzling, fresh and vigorous, and has a vivid image, giving people a sense of beauty that autumn is better than spring.
7. Line drawing technique
Line drawing was originally one of the traditional techniques of Chinese painting. It is roughly close to the sketch or sketch in Western painting. It is characterized by the use of concise ink lines. Outline the picture, give the form a freehand brushwork, without any background or color. This painting method is introduced into the creation of poetry, that is, there is no need for adjectives and modifiers, no need for elaborate carving and layer-by-layer rendering, and no need for curved pens or foils, but to grasp the description object and use accurate and powerful strokes. Bright and concise language, simple and plain text, neatly outline the shape, light and darkness (sound) of things, etc., to express the author's feelings about things.
For example, Wen Tingyun's "Morning Journey to Shangshan" "Starting in the morning to recruit the priests, the travelers are sad for their hometown. The chickens sing in the cottage in the moon, and the people leave Banqiao in the frost. The oak leaves fall on the mountain road, and the orange flowers brighten the post wall. Because Thinking about the dream of Du Tomb, the pond is filled with geese." The second two-line poem is a combination of six nouns (i.e. six types of scenery) without any modifiers. It concentratedly shows the hard work of going early. When the rooster crows and my eyes are still wet, I brave the frost and hit the road, which shows the hard work of walking early.
Description of scenery is the main content of poetry. To appreciate the description of scenery in poetry, one must start with the way the poet describes the scenery, so that we can accurately grasp the poet's emotions contained in the scenery.