Tao Yuanming is a descendant of Tao Kan, the founding father of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It was only in his generation that the family declined. He also worked as an official intermittently for a period of time. His backer was not hard, but his temper was particularly arrogant. Can't play tricks in officialdom, and finally went home to be a hermit. A group of 20 poems "Drinking", written at the beginning of his retirement, generally expressed the pleasure of drunkenness and his perception of life. This is one of the most famous songs. Living on the earth, there is no noise of horses and chariots. You ask me how this happened. My heart is pure and my land is still. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely, the distant Nanshan reflects people's eyes. The mountains are dense, the sun is setting, the scenery in the evening is really good, and there are birds, which come together. How many tastes to express, to explain, but forget the language. People living in the world must always find the value of life, otherwise they will be in anxiety and anxiety. And society always has a set of accepted values, which most people take as the basis of their lives. In the era of Tao Yuanming, power, status and reputation were the main values. However, through his own experience, Tao Yuanming has deeply understood that in order to get all this, he must try his best to gain a foothold, strive for it, put on airs, brag and flatter, and be sexual and indispensable. There is no dignity here. Since he is willing to retire from the officialdom, he must deny the socially recognized value scale and find a new explanation for his life. The first four sentences of this poem are an attitude of avoiding the world, that is, a denial of power and fame. At the beginning, I said that although my residence was built in an environment where people came and went, I couldn't hear the noise of cars and horses. The so-called "noisy chariots and horses" refers to the crowded scene of people with status. Tao Yuanming is also a descendant of the nobility, but he has nothing to do with those who rise and fall in the secular world, and he is left out in the cold. It's a little strange, so ask yourself: how can you do this? Then it comes down to the core of these four sentences-"The heart is far from being biased." Mentally, I have adopted a distant, detached and indifferent attitude towards this world of fame and fortune, and the place where I live will naturally become secluded. Telecentrism is a deviation from the track of social life, which will inevitably lead to the deviation of people running around on this track. Then, excluding the social value scale, where can people establish the basic point of survival? This involves Tao Yuanming's philosophical thought. This philosophy can be called "natural philosophy". On the one hand, it emphasizes self-cultivation and self-sufficiency, on the other hand, it attaches importance to the unity and harmony between man and nature. In Tao Yuanming's view, people not only exist in society and the relationship between people, but more importantly, every individual life, as an independent spiritual subject, exists in the face of the whole nature and universe. From the origin, human life is a part of nature. It is only because people separate themselves from nature and compete and pursue in illusory power and fame and fortune that life is full of anxiety and contradictions. Therefore, a perfect life can only be achieved by returning to nature. These truths, if written directly in poetry, become papers; Real poetry is expressed through images. So in the next four sentences, the author still writes about human activities and natural landscapes, and puts philosophy in images. The poem says that I picked chrysanthemums at random in the garden, looked up inadvertently, and my eyes happened to meet Nanshan (Lushan). "Seeing Nanshan leisurely" is not only a light and leisurely state of people, but also a quiet and comfortable feeling of mountains. It seems that at that moment, a melody with the same meaning emanates from people's hearts at the same time, reaching its peak and merging into a light music. The Nanshan Mountain that we can see is surrounded by a mist. Under the setting sun, it is indescribable beauty, and flocks of birds are flying back to the mountains together. This is the peace and perfection of nature, and it will not be as anxious as people in the secular world, so desperately pursuing things other than life. The poet seems to have completely melted into nature, and life reached a perfect state at that moment. The last two sentences are the summary of the whole poem: here you can feel the true meaning of life, but you can't find the right language to express it. Practical meaning refers to the harmony between man and nature, which is basically a feeling of life, and logical language is not enough to express its exquisiteness and completeness. Most of Tao Yuanming's poems are literal and easy to understand. But the connotation is deep and needs to be experienced repeatedly. For young people, there are many things that I am afraid need rich life experience to really understand. The first four sentences, in the form of questions and answers, reveal a common and interesting life phenomenon-"the heart is far away from itself." The phrase "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence" comes from "keeping your heart away from yourself". It is said that when picking chrysanthemums in Dongli, I accidentally saw Nanshan, so my eyes shook and I was attracted by the beautiful scenery of Nanshan in the evening. While creating the humanistic environment of the house, picking chrysanthemums; Being in Dongli, but fascinated by Nanshan, the whole theme is always expressing the word "far". The "true meaning" of the last two sentences is here, and so is "forgetting words". The so-called "true meaning" is actually the self-satisfied life interest brought by Ren Zhen's "heartbeat"; The so-called "forgetting words" means that in Tao Yuanming's view, there are always some people who are in favor of the situation, and people who are in cahoots can't appreciate this kind of life interest! Tao Yuanming is the first poet in the history of China literature who wrote a large number of drinking poems. The 20 songs he "drank" were all "intoxicating" or accused of inverting right and wrong, discrediting the same upper class; Or expose the decadent darkness of the world; Or reflect the sinister occupation; Or express the joy of the poet after he quit the officialdom; Or express the poet's grievances in difficulties. Judging from the interest and style of the poem, it may not be a work of the same period. In the second year of Yuanxi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (420), Emperor Wu of Song abolished Gong Jin as the king of Lingling, killed him the following year, and established the Liu and Song Dynasties. Narrating wine records the process of usurping power in a subtle and tortuous way by metaphor. He expressed infinite sorrow for the downfall of Emperor Jin Gong and the Jin Dynasty. At this time, Tao Yuanming had lived in seclusion for many years and was used to troubled times and usurping power. But this poem still reveals his unforgettable human spirit.
On the "Interest" of Tao Yuanming's Drinking Poems
There are more than 60 drinking poems in Tao Yuanming's poetry collection. Xiao Tong put forward the connotation of Tao Yuanming's drinking poems for the first time in his Preface to Poems of Tao Yuanming. "If you doubt that there is wine in Tao Yuanming's poems, I think it is not for the sake of wine, but also for the sake of trace", which explains the profound meaning of Tao Yuanming's drinking poems from its unique aesthetic perspective. As the ancients said, the things in the cup can be enjoyed, and once you drink your soul, you will always be worried. Looking at Tao Yuanming's drinking poems, we can also appreciate the poet's pure pleasure.
First, carry the wine dust net-"the happiness of vegetarianism."
Tao Yuanming pursued "truth", "simplicity", "purity" and "nature" all his life, advocated returning to the spontaneous "hometown of nature" and hated bureaucratic life that catered to all tastes. Although they had great ambitions in their early years, they all smoothed their edges and corners in the dark and turbid social atmosphere. In order to make a living, although he has been an official for many times, the poet is unhappy and laments that his official career has "strayed into the dust net". It can be seen how urgent the poet's yearning for an unrestrained and free life is!
In the second year of Jin Yuanxing (403), the poet was worried at home because of his mother's death, and wrote two poems "What Country Master Book". In the first poem, "Good wine in spring, I cooked it." Weak children play on my side, learning language is not perfect. Qiu Jiasui's "Stone Tao in Dongshan Caotang" has three comments: "This Taogong tells himself that he is happy, because he is poor but not envious, but because he is rich, he does not move in the middle. Is it hypocritical? " At this age, "there are many vegetables in the garden, and the old valley still exists now." In midsummer, the south wind blows clothes, and the "six arts" and "weak children" babble, playing and tasting wine and enjoying the happiness of human relations are naturally interesting. At this time, Tao Yuanming deeply felt the ease of getting rid of "the heart is a kind of service" and happily wrote: "It's really a pleasure to get it back, and forget it."
Second, there is wine and fun-"The Study of Lotte".
Tao Yuanming's poem "Rivers, Willow, Wood and Mulberry" after his return to the field has the words "the wind in the valley turns bleak, and the spring mash relieves hunger". Although a weak woman is not a man, comfort is better than nothing. Wu Zhantai commented on the second volume of Notes of Shi Taohui: "This poem is a study of tranquility and happiness." After ploughing, the east wind has been "bleak and thin". A small glass of wine can relieve fatigue. Although turbid wine is not as good as good wine, it is better to adjust the taste than nothing. It is the embodiment of the poet "Lotte know life"' s outlook on life.
Another example is "Wandering Xie Chuan", in which "I love you from afar, and I can't forget you for thousands of years. And today is very happy, and the bright moon is not what you want. As the poet said, "You have been gone for a hundred years, and your name is just like yours. "You don't have to worry too much about the situation in a hundred years." It is a pleasure to have wine. Another example is "Although the cup must be tilted from itself" in the fourth part of Miscellaneous Poems, and "Although you don't spend money, you can rely on turbid wine" in the ninth part of Drinking, which are all spiritual manifestations of the poet's understanding of life.
Third, we fight for wine and get close to each other-"Love is fun".
Different from some hermits at that time, Tao Yuanming did not gather in the mountains and stay away from the crowd, but "built his house in the human environment" and showed his temperament in the natural life state of "gathering with people", which also made him have some fun.
The fifth part of "Returning to the Garden" has "I am a newly cooked wine, and only one chicken is near the game. When the sun entered the room, it was dark, the salary turned into a candle, and the joy and bitterness were short, and it returned to Tianxu. Qiu Jiasui's Poem on Pottery in Dongshan Caotang has three comments: "The former (fourth) mourned the dead, and this poem missed the living, so the dead did not return, and the living were coke. "If you go home after ploughing, enough is enough, that is, fighting for chickens and attracting guests for a long night." Poets who open up wasteland in the south will inevitably plough and work as hard as farmers. After work, I get together with my neighbors to drink. When I was drunk, I lamented that time flies and joy is too short, so everyone drank all night and drank the wine. Just as Sun said in Volume I of Notes on the Early Learning of Tao Shi: "(This) Tianjia is really beautiful and relaxed." Another example is the attitude of "cherish time, Da Le" embodied in Miscellaneous History, one of which is "enjoy yourself, fight for wine and get together with your neighbors".
Fourth, the title of * * * drink-"Be virtuous and be happy."
Tao Yuanming is different from Laozi's thought of "old age and death are not related". He believes that the mutual understanding between people lies in communication and spiritual communication, rather than hiding their true feelings in indifference and blindly pursuing detachment from the world. This is a typical rural gentleman's thought of "loving and being happy".
In Answer to Pang Joining the Army, there are some sentences such as "I have a purpose to drink and have fun with you", "I am on the road and have fun with you" and "I forgot to entertain guests". Sun's "First Reading of Tao Gong's Poems" commented: "(This article) is elegant and free from vulgarity, with profound metaphor and deep friendship, and it is well written." The wine in this poem reflects the gradual change of the poet's psychology and shows the poet's thought of "loving morality and being happy" incisively and vividly. Write "what I like" and "seeking common interests" respectively; Thirdly, since people who write "like-minded" have come, why not entertain them with wine in order to have fun together? Because the subject and object are like-minded, there is a kind of "how to think if you don't see it for a day"; The fourth is the wine of parting. There are very few intimate friends in the world. Now we meet in a hurry and say goodbye before we finish talking. Friends of Tongde don't know when they heard the news again. The fifth is worrying about wine. Social unrest in Wei and Jin Dynasties, "Wang Shi was fascinated by Ning", and Pang was ordered by Yi Long to "go to Beijing as an ambassador". His future is uncertain, and a thin glass of wine shows affection. The whole poem is full of concern for friends. It's touching to read and tears to taste!
Tao Yuanming's drinking poems have a unique charm, but why not drink them? Reading Tao Yuanming's poems is like tasting wine. There is wine outside poetry, and it pleases people outside poetry.