Second, the expression techniques: symbol, contrast, contrast, suspense setting, echo before and after, desire to promote first, express meaning by holding things, express feelings by borrowing things, associate, imagine and set off (positive contrast, negative contrast).
Third, rhetorical devices: metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, quotation, rhetorical question, repetition, intertextuality, contrast, metonymy and irony.
Four, the six elements of narrative: time, place, people, the cause, process and result of things.
5. Narrative sequence: sequence, flashback and insertion.
Sixth, description angle: positive description and side description.
Methods of describing characters: language, action, manner, psychology and appearance.
Eight, the perspective of describing the scene: vision, hearing, taste and touch.
Methods of describing scenery: the combination of dynamic and static (writing static by moving), the combination of generalization and concrete, from far to near (or from near to far).
X. Description (or lyric) methods: positive (also called direct) and negative (also called indirect).
XI。 Narrative mode: general narrative and detailed description.
Twelve. Interpretation order: chronological order, spatial order, logical order.
13. explanation: examples, numbers, analogy, comparison, definition, classification, explanation, imitation and quotation.
Fourteen, the plot of the novel is divided into four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending.
Fifteen, the three elements of the novel: the character, the plot and the specific environment.
Sixteen, environmental description is divided into: natural environment and social environment.
17. Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.
18. Argumentation is divided into factual argument and rational argument.
Nineteen. Argumentation methods: example (or fact) argument, reason argument (sometimes called quotation argument), contrast (or positive and negative contrast) argument, metaphor argument.
20. Method of argument: argument and rebuttal (rebuttable argument, argument, argument)
Twenty-one, the structure of argumentative essay: total score, total score, total score; There are often parallel and progressive parts.
Twenty-two, the role of quotation marks: citation; Emphasize; Specific appellation; Negation, irony, irony
Twenty-three, dash usage: prompt, comment, summary, progression, topic change, interjection.
Twenty-four, others:
( 1)
The function of sentences in the text;
1, prefix: opening point; Render the atmosphere (narrative, novel), bury the foreshadowing (narrative, novel), and set suspense (novel) as an auxiliary foreshadowing for the following; Below the general collar;
2. In the text: connecting the preceding with the following; Below the general collar; Summarize the above;
3. At the end of the article: point out the center (narrative, novel); Deepen the theme (narrative, novel); Pay attention to the beginning (argumentative, narrative, novel)
(2)
The function of rhetoric: (1) its own function; (2) Combined with sentence context.
1, figuratively personified: vivid;
Answer format: written vividly+object+characteristics.
2, parallelism: momentum, strengthen the tone, in one go and so on. ;
Answer format: emphasis+object+characteristics.
3; Questioning: arouse readers' attention and thinking;
Answer format: arouse readers' attention and thinking about+object+characteristics
Rhetorical question: emphasis, emphasis, etc.
4. Contrast: emphasize … stand out …
5. repeatedly emphasize ... strengthen the tone.
(3)
Answer to the meaning of the sentence:
In such a topic, a word or phrase in a sentence is often expressed by metaphor, contrast, metonymy and symbol. When answering a question, reveal the object it refers to, and then clear the sentence.
(4)
Can one word in a sentence be replaced by another? Why?
Verb: No. Because the word accurately, vividly and specifically wrote ...
Adjective: No. Because this word vividly describes ...
Adverbs (such as all, most, very only, etc. ): no. Because this word accurately describes the situation of … (table degree, table limit, table time, table range, etc.). ), after the change, it becomes ... not in line with the facts.
(5)
Can the order of two or three words in a sentence be reversed? Why?
I can't. Because (1) does not conform to the law of people's understanding of things (from shallow to deep, from surface to inside, from phenomenon to essence) (2) this word corresponds to the above one by one (3) these words are progressive, interlocking and cannot be exchanged.
(6)
Induction of paragraph meaning
1. Narrative: Give a clear answer (when and where) to who did what.
Format: (time+place)+people+things.
2. explanatory text: the answer clearly States what the object is and what its characteristics are.
Format: description (introduction)+description object+description content (characteristics)
3. Argumentative essay: clearly answer what the question is and what the author's point of view is.
Format: What demonstration method is used to prove (demonstrate)+demonstrate?
Practical problem-solving skills in modern text reading
There are three steps to solve the problem of modern Chinese reading:
The first step is to read the full text and grasp the main idea.
The first is to clarify the thinking of the article. In the final analysis, every paragraph and sentence of the article is to clarify the center and return to the main idea of the article. Usually, we should learn to bid for articles, summarize the meaning of each paragraph and summarize the central idea. Often effective.
Second, we should find and understand the key words in the article. Especially those words that reflect the author's position and viewpoint, reflect the profound content of the article, have rich connotations and vivid images. In particular, the central idea of the article is often implied in the opening sentence, ending sentence, independent paragraph sentence, figurative sentence, serial sentence, turning sentence and lyric discussion sentence.
Don't rush to do the problem, be sure to read the article twice before getting to the point. Read and browse quickly for the first time, absorb the general meaning of each paragraph, establish an overall understanding of the article, and focus on solving a problem-what is the selected article written? The second intensive reading, read every sentence carefully, try to figure out and understand some important sentences and paragraphs, and have a certain understanding of the main idea of the article. Draw words, sentences and paragraphs that play a connecting role in the structure of the article, and draw the central sentence of each paragraph, paying special attention to the beginning and end of the paragraph. These words are often key words that need to be studied when answering questions. Find important words to further understand the ideas and structural levels of the article. (3) Have a sense of style in your heart and find out the sentences that make the dragon shine at the moment. As a philosophical prose, there are always some argumentative and lyrical sentences in narration and description. When reading, we must be good at grasping lyric sentences to grasp the meaning of the text, and pay special attention to lyric comments at the end of the article, which is often the theme of the full text.
Remember: haste makes waste. Be sure to read the article before doing the problem, and resolutely put an end to skimming.
The second step is to carefully examine the questions and conduct directional scanning.
The key to doing subjective questions in modern Chinese reading is to examine them accurately. If you grasp the key to the examination, you can find the key to the answer. The examination of modern text reading is to carefully analyze the stem and grasp the requirements of the topic, that is, to grasp all kinds of information related to the answer contained in the stem. This is the first and most critical step to answer the question. The stem of the question generally consists of two parts, one is the words of the author and the other is the words of the proposer. The purpose of setting the stem is mainly to limit the content of the answer; At the same time, in order to prevent candidates from being at a loss, proposers often prompt the position of the answer content in the text in the stem of the question, and even limit it to which paragraph or sentence. In this way, you can find out the points of each question according to the tips of the stem, and lock the answer interval, which is specific to paragraphs, sentences and words. As long as we find the relevant areas in the original text, carefully ponder the meaning of the context, accurately grasp the key words and accurately grasp the relevant information of the answers, the answers to most questions can be found in the original text.
Remember: the stem prompts the answer range, specifies the answer angle, provides the answer idea, implies the answer information and embodies the answer law.
Thirdly, screening and combining, and directional expression.
Reading literary works is mostly subjective, and its stem can show both the answer area and the answer method. We should answer questions from the perspective of the "question" of the presenter, and answer any questions if there are any, so that the answers are sufficient, in place, accurate and organized. When integrating, we must ensure the fluency of the text.
Please remember:
1, find out the attitude or tendency in the stem.
If the question you encounter is negative, you should use the answer method of reverse first and then correct to avoid missing the main points; If your question is in a positive form, use a positive answer.
2. Find out the composition form of the stem language and determine the answer language form.
The structure of stem is an external form of ideogram, which implies what the meaning of a sentence is made of. The analysis structure can prompt candidates how to organize the language when answering questions.
3. Find out the author's words and the proposer's words in the stem.
The author's sentences in the topic are generally the objects for students to understand and analyze, while the proposer's words generally play a role in guiding students to clearly answer the key points or provide restrictive conditions.
4. Change implication into directness and differentiation into generalization.
Modern Chinese reading materials in NMET are mostly prose, and the language is not only rich in connotation, but also attaches great importance to artistic skills. Some are subtle and euphemistic, some are vivid and delicate, and some are specific. Sentences with these characteristics have always been the focus of the college entrance examination. When organizing the answer, we should first integrate the relevant information in the text to find out the similarities and differences of the information conveyed by the relevant paragraphs in the original text, and then use the concrete and visualized sentences with the same information in the text to transform these concrete and visualized languages into abstract and summarized languages, which is the mandatory answer.
5. Select, refine and integrate sentences from the original text.
The purpose of modern text reading is to master and understand the information that the author wants to convey in the text. Therefore, we should understand the work according to the author's thinking and find the answer from the original text. But it is not extracted directly, sometimes it is rewritten on the basis of words or sentences in the article, and sometimes it is necessary to consider the whole text and extract relevant information from each paragraph for integration. This kind of questions appear most in the college entrance examination.
In addition, we should also find out the common noun terms in the test questions.
Expressions, commonly used expressions are narrative, description, discussion, lyric, explanation and so on.
Writing skills, candidates should be clear, the narrow sense of writing skills is "expression", and the broad sense refers to all writing skills, such as expression, rhetoric, suppression before promotion, symbol, straight to the point, expressing ambition and so on.
Commonly used rhetorical devices include metaphor, personification, repetition, exaggeration, parallelism, antithesis, contrast, rhetorical questions and so on.
Language features generally refer to easy-to-understand spoken language, rigorous and elegant written language, vivid image and emotional literary language. When analyzing, it is generally analyzed from rhetoric.
Feeling refers to feeling, understanding and comprehension from the heart.
Explanatory text of types, things and reasons (content perspective); Simple and vivid explanatory text (language expression angle).
Explaining methods generally include examples, classification, data list, comparison, definition, explanation, analogy, drawing charts, imitation, etc. (generally three words).
Descriptive order, chronological order (program order), spatial order, logical order. When answering questions, candidates can be more specific, such as: spatial order (from top to bottom, from inside to outside, etc. ), logical order (results first, reasons later, step by step, etc. ).
The object of explanation refers to the main person or thing explained in the article (generally there is no need to answer the characteristics of people or things).
Demonstration methods, reasonable argumentation, factual argumentation, comparative argumentation, figurative argumentation and reduction to absurdity required by middle schools.
Demonstration mode, demonstration and refutation.
Theoretical arguments, including famous sayings, proverbs, formula laws, etc.
Factual arguments, all facts, historical facts, data, etc.
Concise and concise sentences are generally limited by the number of words.
Decent, civilized, polite and humanized.
What's the role? The function or benefit of answering something in the article can be considered from three aspects. The first is the content, such as deepening the theme and emphasizing feelings; Second, the structure, such as transition and echo; Third, language, such as fascinating and lively.
Ideological nature basically refers to the central idea or theme of an article.
Thoughts and feelings, the ideological tendency shown by the author or characters in his works, such as good and evil, likes and dislikes, praise and criticism, etc.
The above-mentioned "common terms" secretly examine students' language foundation and are also the points for assigning topics. Candidates can understand it, which can cure the problem of "answering irrelevant questions" well.
Five steps of poetry appreciation
first step
Let's take a look at what poetry is like (divided into realism and romanticism in expression: pastoral poetry, frontier poetry and so on). By content)
Poems of Tang and Song Dynasties are generally used in ancient poetry, with lyric poems as the majority. Lyric poetry can be divided into scenery description and lyric, ancient lyric and lyric. Writing lyric poems about scenery is mainly to grasp the relationship between scenery and emotion; Generally speaking, to grasp the relationship between the ancient and the present, it can be used to describe the present or satirize it; The first step is to understand the relationship between things and ambitions, and express ambitions by what things are.
Second step
Go to the second half of the poem to find the center of the poem (the author wants to express his feelings and heartfelt wishes).
Third step
Look at the first half of the poem and think about what images are written, what pictures these images constitute, what characteristics these pictures have, and what role they play in the center of the poem (this is actually the blending of scenes, that is, the grasp of artistic conception).
Fourth step
Do five must-see things:
(1) Be sure to look at the topic (the topic is often the eye of the poem, or the central event, which helps to understand the content of the poem);
(2) Be sure to meet the author (know the world and the author's style);
3 must-read notes (you can understand the emotional tone of poetry, difficult knowledge allusions, and sometimes the answers are among them);
4 must-see famous sentences (central sentences and poetic eyes are often here. Poetry appreciation is often the appreciation of famous sentences);
(5) Be sure to look at the stem of the question (the stem of the question is very directional, so be sure to look at the requirements clearly, and be sure to answer with the content and stem of the original poem, and not explain the concept in an empty way. Answers must be targeted and directional, and it is very important to ask, answer, ask and give.
Step five
Take a look at the techniques used in poetry, so that it is easy to appreciate ancient poetry. Generally, the expression program can be used when organizing writing: what kind of poem is this, what kind of scenery the poet absorbed to form what kind of picture scroll (or what kind of image description), and what kind of thoughts and feelings the poet contains from it. In terms of artistic characteristics, what expression techniques are mainly used and what performance effect is achieved. Or put it this way: this poem uses the technique of (expression, rhetoric, expression), writes the characteristics of (image), shows (highlights) (certain) thoughts and feelings, and plays a (certain) role.
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First, summarize the main points.
1. Answer the original sentence. 2. Select the important words and sentences in the text and combine them into answers. 3. Divide relevant content levels. There are usually several levels and points.
Second, the feeling enlightenment class 1. Grasp the center of the paragraph, understand the meaning of the paragraph, and contact the center to answer. 2. Contact yourself or the actual situation of society to arouse feelings. 3. Choose words and make sentences, and pay attention to three beauties: use ancient poems and famous sayings; Appropriate use of rhetorical devices such as contrastive metaphor and parallelism; Use idioms. 4. Stealing the column: reinterpret the author's experience and views in this article in his own words.
Third, the word taste category 1. Word flavor: a kind of thinking about the joys and sorrows expressed by words. B. analyze rhetorical devices and understand the implied meaning of words. 2. sentence taste: a. see if the sentence has philosophy: if so, you can experience it from the enlightenment it brings you. B. Look at the sentence structure (different sentence expressions have different effects): the declarative sentence has a stable tone and is tepid; Asking questions can attract readers' curiosity and create suspense; Rhetorical questions can strengthen the tone; Exclamation sentences can express strong feelings; The parallelism is profound and magnificent; C. From the rhetorical point of view: metaphor makes the meaning easy to understand and concrete; Exaggeration can highlight the characteristics of things; Personification can visualize things; Contrast gives a vivid impression; Satire is humor, satire.
Fourth, the first-instance rhetoric of sentence imitation, second, sentence patterns, third, the relationship between sentences, fourth, stylistic color, fifth, words to be preserved and words to be replaced. Rhetoric, sentence patterns, relationships between sentences and stylistic colors are all understood, and it is not difficult to imitate them. In the absence of answering ideas, we should consider the words that correspond to and are the same as the keywords in the example, such as the imitation of the sentence "Without the openness of the blue sky, there will be leisure of white clouds". Through the exam, we can know: 1. We should keep the answer "No" 3 "Peng Pai has all rivers; There are no swift rivers, but clear streams; Without the rigor of the mountain, there can be the exquisiteness of the mound; Without the brightness of tall buildings, there can be the warmth of straw houses "and so on.
5. Paragraph structure (1) requires understanding the important paragraphs of the article and the problem-solving mode of their role in the full text 1. Look at the position of a sentence or paragraph in the article and choose its role in the article. If it is used at the beginning of the article, it mainly causes the following, always leads to the full text, leads to suspense, comes straight to the point, asks questions, ambush pens and so on. If used in the middle of the article, it is mainly: connecting the preceding with the following. 2. Summarize (1) the main content of the narrative: grasp the six elements. (2) Argumentative paragraph: Grasp the first sentence and key sentences of the paragraph.
6. According to the ideas put forward in the article, add examples. Be sure to see clearly what kind of examples you want to give, celebrities or others. 1, you can give examples of celebrities, which are more convincing and show your knowledge, but you must write accurate people and things and avoid arrogance. 2, you can also give examples of people, you can make them up, but you should pay attention to realism, not too exaggerated, so that people can know at a glance that they are made up.
Introduction to the argument: 1. Argument: it is the author's views and opinions on the things or problems discussed. (1), cut to the chase and put forward the central argument. (2) ask questions about the phenomenon, and then put forward the central argument. (3) Propose the argument (4) according to personal life cases, ask questions from stories, and then put forward the argument (5), and put forward the central argument in some way. Such as metaphor, contrast, etc. The form of expression of an argument is often the form of a judgment sentence that expresses affirmation or negation. It must be a clear declarative sentence, which can be a single sentence or a complex sentence. 2. The location of the parameter. A, often at the beginning of the article, b, in the middle of the article, c, at the end of the article. D, the topic directly puts forward e, which is not directly expressed in the article, and is for the reader to summarize. 3. Type of parameter. Arguments include: central argument and sub-argument. Argumentative essays in junior high schools generally have only one central argument. 4. Frequently asked questions: 1. How did the argument come out? 2. Summarize and find out the argument or central argument of the article. 5. To clearly analyze the methods and steps of the argument, we must first perceive the text as a whole, summarize the main points paragraph by paragraph (seize the key words), have a general understanding of the content of the article, and then analyze it in detail: (1) Pay attention to the general position of the argument. Argument is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed, that is, the views to be proved by the article. The position of an argument in an article often depends on the author's discussion needs. In other words, in order to better prove the argument, the author must carefully, reasonably and effectively consider the position of the argument. Generally, there are the following types: 1. Look at the title. The title of an argumentative essay sometimes reveals the topic and sometimes reveals the argument. Whether it is to reveal the topic or the argument, it will help us find the argument. 2. Look at the beginning. For the method of writing, start with the topic. Examining the first paragraph of an article and grasping the sentences that refer to the full text can often lead to arguments. 3. Look at the end. At the end of the article, the author often summarizes the content of the full text, sometimes rebates the center, and sometimes reveals the center at the end. (2) review the questions. See clearly what the topic of Chu's article is, or you can grasp the topic of the article and then ask the author what his views and opinions are on this topic, so that his views will be clearer. (3) refute the inference point through arguments. In order to better explain the truth, the author often uses arguments to prove his point of view. That is, grasping the facts or arguments used in the article to prove what, especially the words elaborated by the author on the arguments, can often help you understand.
Eight, argument-facts and reasons used to prove the argument. 1. Argument type: ① factual arguments-including historical facts, stories, real-life examples and social phenomena. (2) Rationality argument-Rationality argument refers to the correct theory that has been tested by people's practice and recognized by society, including social science theories, such as philosophical theories, natural science principles, theorems, formulas, proverbs, aphorisms, poems, etc. 2. The role of argument: Whether it is truth argument or fact argument, their role in argumentative writing is used to prove the argument. -This is the general idea. Common examination form: 1, and the supplementary argument is consistent with the argument. (This requires students to (a) master a more comprehensive argument and (b) think about whether this argument conforms to this argument. ) 2. Judge whether a paragraph or sentence is a factual argument or a rational argument. 4. The role of arguments.
Nine, argument-is the method to prove the argument with arguments. Argumentation skills and their functions 1. Description: The viewpoint or argument of "..." is strongly demonstrated with concrete examples. (Look for a sentence from the context to focus on, or the original words or summarize yourself) 2. Reasoning argument: quoting famous sayings, authoritative and powerful "……" 3 argument. Metaphorical argument: A view or argument that is easy to understand and vividly proves "…". 4. Comparative argument: The viewpoint or argument of "……" has been clearly demonstrated. Note: When answering the function of argumentation method, consider the content first, and then consider it from the perspective of argumentation. Strong arguments are essential. When looking for an argument method, the order of analogy argument, contrast argument, example argument and reason argument can be foolproof.
X. There are only two kinds of argumentation: case argumentation and reason argumentation.
1 1. generally speaking, the method of opening an argumentative essay has three functions, but it depends on how to start. (1) (list the phenomena in life or quote poems from scenes in life, etc. ) enhance the vividness of the article and attract readers (2) lead to the following discussion (ideas, viewpoints, arguments, topics) (3) what arguments are used to prove the argument?
The role of environmental description 1. The main functions of social environment description: a. Explain the background of the work. B, when you answer, you must combine the local background at that time and point out what kind of social reality is revealed by the relevant statements describing the environment in the paragraph. Taking Kong Yiji as an example, the introduction to the layout and characters of Xianheng Hotel at the beginning is a description of the social environment, revealing the strict social hierarchy at that time, reflecting the cold snobbery between people and paving the way for the protagonist's appearance. 2. The main function of natural environment description: A sets off the atmosphere and paves the way for the following. ("Kong Yiji" "After the Mid-Autumn Festival, the autumn wind is getting colder every day"-a sad atmosphere) b shows the mood of the characters. (My uncle Yule) "There seems to be a purple shadow coming out of the sea in the distance of the horizon"-expressing the frustration and disappointment of the characters. C implies the social environment. ("The Chameleon" "There is no one around"-suggesting the social environment and reflecting the darkness of the czar's rule) D Combining with the specific context, setting the background of ... sets off the image, deepens the theme and forms a care with the beginning, making the article vivid and enhancing the appeal of the article. (Example: the description of "Pear Blossom Forest" in "Pear Blossom on the Post Road". The role of environmental description. We can judge from the following six situations: whether to highlight the mood of the characters, whether to render the atmosphere, whether to set the background, whether to highlight the character, whether to deepen the theme and whether to promote the development of the plot.
Thirteen. Expressions and common expressions, such as narration, description, discussion, explanation, discussion, etc. in lyric narration, point out the center or sublimate the theme.
14. Methods and functions of portraying characters. The methods of shaping characters are: description of language, action, appearance (expression, portrait) and psychology (front, side and details). Answer: This passage uses the description of …, shapes the image of … (if it is set off by profile description), shows the character of …, and embodies the spiritual quality of ….
15. The pronoun judgment class that refers to the object 1. Pronouns frequently tested are: this, that, these, those, other, above, so, this ...; 2. Generally look forward; 3. After finding it, read it in the sentence where the pronoun is located to see if it is appropriate and fluent.