Chinese History, Culture and Tourism Wu Di, Associate Professor Chapter 1 Overview of Chinese History Section 1 Introduction to Chinese Lineages The First and Third Dynasties Three dynasties refer to the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. 1. Xia (21st century BC to 16th century BC) Xia began with Qi and finally died after sixteen generations. "Bamboo Chronicles" states: "(Xia) from Yu to Jie XVII, four hundred and seventy-one years." 2. Shang (16th century BC to 11th century BC) The Shang Dynasty began with Tang and ended with Xin (King Zhou). It lasted for about 500 years after thirty generations. King Zhou had several major crimes: first, he indulged in pleasure and leisure; second, he conquered the Eastern Barbarians and harmed his body; third, he imposed heavy taxes; fourth, he recruited people from all directions and fled; fifth, he punished them severely. 3. The Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC to 256 BC) was divided into two eras: the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period). 3.1 The Western Zhou Dynasty began with Fa (King Wu) and ended with Nirvana (King You, 771 BC). It lasted for eleven generations and lasted for more than 500 years. There are two main reasons for King You's defeat: one is militarism; the other is favor and trust in Bao Si. 2. The Spring and Autumn Period (early Eastern Zhou Dynasty) began with King Ping (Yijiu, 770 BC) and ended with King Jing (匄, 477 BC), 323 years ago. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhou Dynasty was declining, ritual music and conquests came out from the princes, groups of princes emerged together, the princes competed for hegemony, and other countries became the lord. During the wars between various countries in the Spring and Autumn Period, there were successively Duke Huan of Qi (reigned from 685 to 643 BC), Duke Mu of Qin (reigned from 659 to 621 BC), Duke Xianggang of Song (reigned from 650 to 637 BC), and Duke Wen of Jin (reigned from 650 to 637 BC). King Chuzhuang (reigned 636-628 BC) and King Zhuang of Chu (613-591 BC) dominated the Central Plains and were known as the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period.
In addition, Wu and Yue in the south also dominated for a while. 3. The Warring States Period began with Wang Ren of Zhou Yuan (476 BC) and ended with King Zheng of Qin (221 BC) in 255 BC. Among them, the Zhou Dynasty ended in the 59th year of King Nan of Zhou (Yan) (256 BC). The Zhou family surnamed Ji ruled China for more than 900 years. During the Warring States Period, there were still disputes among the warring states and the vying for hegemony among the princes. Among them, the seven kingdoms of Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei and Qin were the most powerful and were known as the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period". 4. The lineage of Qin and Qin can be traced back to the era of King Xiao of Zhou (about 800 BC). Its ancestor was Boyi in the era of Dayu, with the surname Ying. During the reign of King Xiao of Zhou Dynasty, his ancestor Feizi was the leader of the tribe and lived in Quanqiu (now southeast of Xingping, Shaanxi). He was good at raising horses and was granted the title of Qin by King Xiao. His descendant Qin Xianggong had meritorious service in escorting King Ping of Zhou to move eastward. King Ping split the soil and made a lord, and the Qin State was officially founded, around 770 BC. It ended with Duke Xiao of Qin, the 24th Duke of the Lithuan Dynasty, and he became king thereafter. The title of king of the Qin State began with King Huiwen (337 BC) and passed down to Qin King Yingzheng for seven generations. In 221 BC, Qin King Yingzheng unified the six countries and was called the First Emperor. It was passed down to Ziying (two generations, 207 BC). year), was destroyed by Liu Bang. 5. Han Dynasty The Han Dynasty is also divided into two periods. The early period is called the Western Han Dynasty, and the later period is called the Eastern Han Dynasty. There was a short-lived dynasty between the two Han Dynasties, called the Xin Dynasty. 1. Western Han Dynasty (202 B.C.-8 A.D.) Before the Western Han Dynasty was officially established, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu fought for four years for supreme rule, which was known as the "Chu-Han War" in history. The Western Han Dynasty experienced fourteen emperors and one queen (the queen, Lu Pheasant, ruled for 8 years).
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the sixth emperor. He reigned for 54 years from 140 BC to 87 BC. He made outstanding achievements throughout his life and did not hide his shortcomings. 2. In the late Western Han Dynasty (AD 8-25), relatives had exclusive power. During the reign of Emperor Ping, Wang Mang was gaining momentum and trying to win over people's hearts. In the fifth year of Emperor Ping's reign (AD 5), Wang Mang mobilized local officials to praise him for refusing to accept Shinnoda. At one time, the number of local people who paid tribute to him reached 487,572. In 8 AD, Wang Mang officially proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of the Han Dynasty and established a new dynasty. Wang Mang advocated reform, but because he was too hasty and the local old forces surnamed Liu counterattacked, he triggered the Chimei and Green Forest uprisings in 22 AD. In 25 AD, Liu Xiu seized the fruits of the peasant uprising and proclaimed himself emperor in Ha , rebuilt the Han Dynasty, and later moved the capital to Luoyang, known as the Eastern Han Dynasty in history. 3. Eastern Han Dynasty (25-219) The Eastern Han Dynasty had thirteen emperors from Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu to Emperor Xian Liu Xie. In the later period, due to the alternation of power between relatives and eunuchs, the emperor was manipulated by them, and his dethronement was impermanent. Especially in the late period, Dong Zhuo's dictatorial power aroused dissatisfaction among the people of the country. Heroes from all walks of life raised armies in the name of fighting Zhuo, and the world was in chaos. In the end, three major forces were formed, headed by Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan, and then the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu emerged. 6. The Three Kingdoms (220-280 AD) The Three Kingdoms refers to the collective name of the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu. 1. Wei In October of the lunar calendar in 220 AD, Cao Pi abolished the Han Dynasty and established himself as the emperor. He changed the country's name to Wei and made its capital Luoyang. Wei Jingpi, Rui, Fang, Mao and Huan died in the Five Dynasties and died in Jin (265). 2. Shu In April of the lunar calendar of 221 AD, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu and established the Kingdom of Shu.
The two generations of Jingbei and Chan died in Wei (263) 3. In October of the lunar calendar of 222 AD, Sun Quan was proclaimed King of Wu, and officially proclaimed the emperor in April of the lunar calendar of 229 AD, with the capital Jianye (today's Nanjing). Wu Jingquan, Liang, Xiu and Hao died in the Jin Dynasty (280 years). 7. Jin (265-419) The Jin Dynasty is also divided into two eras, known as the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. 1. Western Jin Dynasty (265-316 years) The Western Jin Dynasty passed through four emperors including Sima Yan and Sima Zhong and died in the Northern Han Dynasty.
In the late Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Yuan, a Huns, proclaimed himself king in Zuoguocheng (now northeast of Lishi County, Shanxi) in 304 AD. His country was named Han, and it was called Northern Han in history. In 308 AD, he officially proclaimed himself emperor, with his capital in Pingyang (now Linfen, Shanxi). The so-called "Five Hus and Sixteen Kingdoms Era" in the north began in history. 2. Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-419) In November 316, Northern Han general Liu Yao fell into Chang'an, Jin Min Emperor Sima Ye surrendered, and the Western Jin Dynasty perished. In 317, Sima Rui proclaimed himself king in Jiankang (now Nanjing), and the Eastern Jin Dynasty began. In March 318, Sima Rui officially ascended the throne as emperor. The Eastern Jin Dynasty passed through 11 emperors and died in Liu Song Dynasty. 8. Southern and Northern Dynasties (304-589) After the fall of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, four dynasties, namely the Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen, emerged in the old areas ruled by it, which were historically called the "Southern Dynasties". During this period, the Chenghan regime was established in Sichuan. At the same time, sixteen separatist regimes emerged in the north, collectively known as the "Northern Dynasties". 1. Southern Dynasties (420-589) 1.1 Chenghan (304-374) In the late Western Jin Dynasty, the exploitation of the people was intensified, causing refugee uprisings. A refugee uprising led by Li Te, a Di man, appeared in Sichuan.
In 304, Li Tezi Li Xiong proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, established political power, and took the title of country. It was passed down to Li Shou by two emperors, and the name of the country was changed to Han in 338, so it was also called Cheng Han in history. After Li Shou, it was passed to Li Shi by one emperor and died in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (Huan Wen). 1.2 Song Dynasty (420-479) In June 420, General Liu Yu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty deposed Sima Dewen and established himself, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty fell. The founding name of Liu Yu was the Song Dynasty, and the history was called the Liu Song Dynasty. The Nine Emperors of the Song Dynasty came to Qi. 1.3 Qi (479-502) In April 479, Xiao Daocheng, a powerful official in the Liu Song Dynasty, proclaimed himself the emperor of the Song Dynasty. In 501, Xiao Yan supported Xiao Baorong, the king of Nankang, as the emperor in Jiangling (today's Jingzhou, Hubei). In 502, Xiao Yan proclaimed himself emperor and changed the country's name to Liang. Xiao Qi's biography of the Five Emperors. 1.4 Liang (502-557) Xiao Liang passed through the Four Emperors from Xiao Yan to Jing Emperor Xiao Fangzhi and died in Chen. 1.5 Chen (557-589) In October 557, Chen Baxian, a powerful minister of Liang, proclaimed himself emperor and Liang died. After the Five Emperors of Chen Jing came to Chen Empress, Chen Shubao died in the Sui Dynasty. 2. Northern Dynasties (304-581) 2.1 Han, known as Northern Han in history, was founded by Liu Yuan in 304. In 318, Liu Yao moved the capital to Chang'an and changed the name of the country to Zhao, which was called Qian Zhao in history. Died in 329 AD by Shihu of Later Zhao Dynasty. 2.2 Qianliang, in 314, General Zhang Gui of the Northern Han Dynasty was called the Mu of Liangzhou, and the Qianliang regime began. In 376, he died in the (former) Qin after the Eight Emperors. 2.3 Later Zhao, in 319, Shi Le proclaimed himself emperor in Xiangguo (now Xingtai, Hebei), and died in Ran Wei (352) as the Five Emperors. 2.4 Former Qin, in 351, Fu Jian claimed to be the King of Qin, and the founding name was Qin, and it was called Qian in history. Qin, passed down to the Six Emperors and died in Later Qin (394).
2.5 Wei, in the first month of 386 AD, Tuoba Gui proclaimed himself king in Niuchuan (now Hohhot), and in April of the same year he proclaimed himself emperor in Yi Shengle (now Helinger) , the country was named Wei, and was called "Northern Wei" in history. After 12 emperors to Emperor Xiaowu in the third year of Yuanxiu (534), it was divided into Western Wei and Eastern Wei. During the reign of Emperor Xiaowen Tuobahong (471-499), he carried out bold reforms, and the Northern Wei Dynasty became stronger from then on. 2.6 Eastern Wei, Western Wei and Northern Wei split, forming two countries: Eastern Wei (534-549) and Western Wei (535-557). In June 534, Gao Huan, the prime minister of the Northern Wei Dynasty, led his troops into Luoyang. Emperor Xiaowu was afraid of avoiding Chang'an and surrendered to his general Yuwentai. In October, Gao Huan established Yuan Jianshan as emperor in Luoyang, which was called the Eastern Wei in history. In December of the same year, Yuwentai killed Emperor Xiaowu, and in the first month of 535, he established Nanyang Wang Yuanbaoju as emperor in Chang'an, which was known as the Western Wei Dynasty in history. 2.7 In the 550th year of the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou Dynasties, Gao Yang, a descendant of the Gao family in the Eastern Wei Dynasty, deposed Emperor Xiaojing and established himself, and changed the name of the country to Qi, which was known as "Northern Qi" in history. The Sixth Emperor of the Northern Qi Dynasty died in the Northern Zhou Dynasty (577). In 557, Yuwen Jue, a descendant of the Yuwen family in the Western Wei Dynasty, deposed Emperor Gong and established himself on his own. He changed the name of the country to Zhou, which was known as "Northern Zhou" in history. The two emperors of the Northern Zhou Dynasty were destroyed by the Sui Dynasty (581). During this historical period, in addition to the above dynasties, there were also Hou Liang, Northern Liang, Southern Liang, Qian Yan, Hou Yan, Hou Qin, Western Qin and other dynasties. There were sixteen dynasties in total. 9. Sui Dynasty (581-618) In May 580 AD, Emperor Xuan of the (Northern) Zhou Dynasty Yuwen Yun died, and Zi Chan was established as Emperor Jing. Young, Yang Jian's grandfather was the fake Huang Yue and the prime minister Zuo.
In December, Jian called himself King of Sui and added Jiuxi. In February 581, Emperor Jianzheng (Emperor Wen) was appointed, his country was named Sui, and his capital was Chang'an. In the first month of 589, the Sui army crossed the Yangtze River to destroy the Chen Dynasty, reunifying China and ending China's more than 300 years of division and separatism. In 604 AD, Prince Yang Guang killed his father and established himself as Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang was cruel and cruel. He set up palaces, opened canals, traveled to Jiangdu, and conquered Korea. The people were destitute and had no money. They resisted constantly, which led to the uprising of Du Fuwei and Dou Jiande. In May 617, Li Yuan, who was left behind in Taiyuan, raised troops. In November, Liu Futong introduced Li Yuan to lead troops into Chang'an and established Yang You as emperor (Emperor Gong). In March 618, Yu Wenhua and Yang Guang were killed in Jiangdu, and the Sui Dynasty died. The king of Qin, Li Yuanji is the king of Qi. In June 626, Li Shimin killed Jiancheng, Yuanji and their sons, forcing his father to abdicate in August of that year. Li Shimin was Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, and his reign was Zhenguan. In 688, Wu Zetian proclaimed herself the Holy Mother God Emperor and massacred the Tang clan. In 690, Wu Zetian officially changed the name of the country to Zhou.
In 705, Wu Zetian passed the throne to Prince Li Xian and restored the title of Tang Dynasty. In 712, Li Longji succeeded to the throne (reigned 712-755) as Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. In his early years, Xuanzong worked hard to govern, and the country was peaceful and the people were peaceful, which was known as the "Kaiyuan Prosperity". In 755, An Lushan rebelled, and the Tang Dynasty began to decline. Over the next hundred years, the eunuchs' monopoly became increasingly severe. In 874, Wang Xianzhi revolted; in 875, Huang Chao revolted. In March 907, Zhu Wen (Zhu Quanzhong, Zhu Huang) usurped the Tang Dynasty, established the Liang Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty fell.
In the Tang Dynasty, the minority regimes that coexisted with the Tang Dynasty mainly included Yan in northern North China, Bohai in Northeast China, Nanzhao in Yunnan, and Tubo in the Tibetan area. 11. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-960) In March 907, Zhu Quanzhong established the Liang Dynasty. Since then, the Central Plains has experienced five dynasties: Tang, Jin, Han, and Zhou Dynasties, known as the "Five Dynasties" in history. Since all of them appeared in the history of the Five Dynasties, the characters "suffix" were added before their names. At the same time, more than ten separatist regimes have emerged in the south, north and Sichuan of my country, mainly including the former Shu, Hou Shu, Wuyue, Wu, Khitan, Southern Han, Northern Han, Later Han, Fujian, Southern Tang, etc. . 12. Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan (960-1368) (1) Song (960-1279) The Song Dynasty was also divided into two periods. The capital was Kaifeng in the early period, which was called the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127); the capital was Hangzhou in the later period. It is called the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279). There were 16 emperors in the two Song Dynasties, 319 years. (2) In 916 of the Liao Dynasty (947-1125), Yelu Abaoji established the Khitan Kingdom. In 947, the Khitan Lord Yelu Deguang proclaimed himself emperor, and the country was named Daliao. It was renamed Khitan in 9831066 years. It was destroyed by Jin in 1125. Calendar of the Nine Emperors, AD 210. In 1125, Yelu Dashi led his troops to move westward, and rebuilt the Liao Dynasty in 1131. The capital was later established at Tokmak in present-day Kyrgyzstan, which was known as Western Liao in history. (3) Built by the Tuoba clan of Dangxiang in Xixia (1038-1227). In 1038, Yuan Hao proclaimed himself emperor, and the capital was Xingqing (today's Yinchuan), and the country was named Xia. It was destroyed by the Mongols in 1227, and it lasted for 190 years after ten emperors.
(4) Jin (1115-1234) In 1115, Aguda of the Jurchen Wanyan tribe was founded, and the capital was Ning (now Acheng, Heilongjiang). It was destroyed by the Mongols in 1234. The ten emperors lived for 120 years. (5) Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) In 1206, Genghis Khan established the Mongolian Kingdom and destroyed Xixia and Jin successively. In 1271, Kublai Khan named the country Yuan, and in 1276 he destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty and unified China again. In 1368, he was expelled from the Central Plains by Zhu Yuanzhang's Ming army and returned to Mobei. It was not until 1402 that he lost his national title. From Genghis Khan to 1386, there were fifteen emperors in the Chinese calendar, lasting 163 years. From the time Kublai Khan established the name of the country to the eleventh emperor of the Chinese calendar in 1368, it was ninety-eight years. 13. In 1351 of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), Liu Futong, a native of Yingzhou (now Fuyang, Anhui), rebelled and was named the Red Turban Army. In October, Xu Shouhui proclaimed himself emperor based in Qishui (today's Xishui, Hubei Province) and was named Tianwan. In leap March of 1852, Zhu Yuanzhang, a native of Zhongli (now Fengyang, Anhui), surrendered to Guo Zixing in Haozhou (now Fengyang, Anhui). In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang seized the fruits of the peasant uprising in the late Yuan Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian (now Nanjing), and established the Ming Dynasty. towards. In 1421, Emperor Yongle moved the capital to Beijing. The Ming Dynasty experienced sixteen emperors and lasted for 277 years. 14. Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) In 1616, the Jurchen leader Nurhaci established the Jin Dynasty, which was called Hou Jin Dynasty in history. In 1636, Huang Taiji changed the Jin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. In 1644, the Qing Dynasty took advantage of the chaos in the Central Plains and borrowed the power of the Communist Party to enter the customs and entered Beijing in May of that year. In the following years, it successively eliminated the peasant uprising army and the residual Ming forces, and basically unified mainland China.
During the Kangxi and Qianlong periods of the Qing Dynasty, we successively put down the San Francisco Rebellion (1673-1681), the *** (1683), the Geerdan Rebellion (1696), the Junggar Rebellion (1775), etc. , safeguarding the reunification of the motherland. Counting from Huang Taiji in the Qing Dynasty, there were 11 emperors, which lasted for 276 years. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851-1864) In 1851, Hong Xiuquan rebelled in Jintian, Guangxi. In 1853, he established his capital in Tianjing (now Nanjing). In 1864, he was eliminated by the Qing army. In ancient China, the dynasties were replaced by the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were chaotic; from the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Three Kingdoms were in full swing. The two Jin Dynasties were divided, and the north and south were separated; the Sui and Tang Dynasties unified the powerful and prosperous countries. The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were divided again, and the unification momentum in the Northern Song Dynasty was uneven. The Liao, Jin, and Southern Song Dynasties were in confrontation, and the Qiang Yuan Dynasty settled the situation in one fell swoop. The Ming and Qing dynasties continued to consolidate their unity, and the reincarnation of dynasties showed their changes.