The following are others'. Let's see if it works.
Bai Juyi wanted to help the world through his allegorical poems, but this ambition was not realized before his death. Behind him, he inspired generations of people with lofty ideals to give to the whole world. To this day, his Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu still have distinct practical significance. What is left for this course is its artistic characteristics. Speaking of it, Bai Juyi's artistic characteristics and achievements were also unknown before Bai Juyi's death. He knows this very well: "The poems of today's servants are loved by people, but no one cares about miscellaneous poems and songs of everlasting regret." Time is heavy, but servants are light. As for the satirist, the meaning is exciting and qualitative; A leisurely person thinks and talks about it. The quality is not good and it is uncomfortable to love. " Nine Books in Yuyuan Garden
Today, there are still many people who praise Bai Juyi's allegory for its strong political nature and "quality of speech" and belittle its poor artistry. As I said last class, a lot of poems in Qin Zhongyin, especially in the new Yuefu, and other fable poems are quite artistic. There have been many analyses on Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa. However, the ideological discussion of satirical poems is far more than the artistic discussion, so in this class we will talk about the artistic characteristics of Bai Juyi's satirical poems.
There is no abstract form divorced from the content, and the artistic form serves to express its ideological content, which determines the form. Since the content is allegorical, it is decided that this kind of poetry must have artistic characteristics different from other poems. It is meaningless or impossible to compare the artistic quality of different kinds of poems. For example, singing, bel canto and pop, and competing separately, each has its own standards, and so does poetry. Some people say that "Carbon Man" is not as artistic as "Song of Eternal Sorrow", which is like putting pop singers and bel canto singers in a group to compete. Some people say that these allegorical poems are too straightforward, too explicit, not smooth and implicit enough, and have no aftertaste. He measured them by the standards of love poems. If there are these shortcomings, it is by no means a good love poem, but it is absurd to ask allegorical poems to be written tactfully and with endless aftertaste. Who can tactfully imply that "there is a drought in the south of the Yangtze River and people in Quzhou eat people" and "I don't know that there are death row inmates who freeze to death in Ganxiang Prison"? "I don't know whether the ground is warm or cold, and I don't want to take people's clothes as lichens." "Peel my silk and take the millet from my mouth. If you abuse people and hurt things, you are a wolf. Why do you have to grab your teeth and eat human flesh! " Does such an angry reprimand need to be remembered? Excess is insufficient, and deficiency is insufficient. Therefore, we must analyze the artistic form of fable poetry according to its essential requirements. The more thoroughly the fable is expressed, the more perfect its form and the more distinctive its artistic features are.
What are the artistic features of Bai Juyi's satirical poems? I think there are at least the following items:
(a), shaping the typical;
(2) Frame plot;
(3) Highlight the contrast;
(4), combined with discussion.
We take poems or verses as examples and analyze them item by item.
First of all, let's look at how to shape the typical.
Bai Juyi said that his Qin Zhongyin was "a sad story", but it was not just Qin Zhongyin. All his satirical poems are basically like this, and one poem only writes one thing. However, this "one thing" is not random but conditional. According to the order of Qin Zhongyin and Xinyue, it must be said that "someone is covered in sorrow" and "it is true". This actually means that the saddest and truest things are selected from many real things. Let's start with "Selling Charcoal Weng-Bitter Miyagi". What was the court market like at that time? "New Tang Book" is recorded as follows: "When relics enter the market, they return empty. Every China official went out and the houses selling pulp and cakes were closed. " There is a saying in Han Yu's Records of Shunzong: "It's really a capture to be named Miyagi." It can be seen that there are many victims, and Bai Juyi has heard a lot, but he only wrote an old man selling charcoal, and the reason must be the saddest and most real. The writing process focuses more on one word "sadness". "the face is covered with dust and fireworks, and the temples are gray and black." Draw three or more colors by grasping the face, temples and hands in two sentences. The face is brown, the temples are gray (more than one color is gray) and the fingers are black. Combined with the context, the reader knows that he cuts wood, burns charcoal and sells it by cart, so he is alone. And "what is the business of selling charcoal to make money?" Clothes on your body, food in your mouth ",question and answer, fourteen words, outline a minimum level of survival, just alive, can't sell money, there is no way out. This is sad enough, but the poet went on to write: "The poor man is wearing clothes. He is worried about charcoal and hopes it is cold." At night, it snowed a foot thick outside the city. Early in the morning, the old man drove a charcoal wheel to the market. Cows are hungry, and mud rests outside the south gate. "Why did the poet go on like this? It is the need of writing to the extreme. After the extreme sadness, "a car full of charcoal, more than a thousand Jin, the palace envoy is not spared" has shocking power, because it has broken the road of such a lonely and helpless old man!
Let's take Shang Yang's White Haired Man as an example and continue to see how the poet chooses the theme to shape the model:
Shang Yang people, beauty black, white hair new; Green guards the palace gate, how many springs are there when it is closed!
Xuanzong entered the primary election at the end of the year and entered the 16 th and 60 th; At the same time, more than 100 people were selected, who were deeply disabled.
Recalling the past, I fought back my grief and said goodbye to my loved ones. I helped myself into the car and didn't teach me to cry. When the clouds are fashionable, they are grateful, their faces are like hibiscus, and their chests are like jade.
The king was not allowed to meet, and Yang Fei squinted at him. Jealousy makes you sneak into the palace and stay in the empty room all your life.
Leave it blank, the autumn night is long, and the night is sleepless. The shadow on the wall after the lamp still lingers, and the rustle of dark rain hitting the window.
It's late spring, so it's hard to sit alone at night. Gong Ying was full of sadness and disgust, and Liang Yan was jealous of her old age.
The warbler's cry goes to Yan quietly, and the spring goes without remembering the year. Just look at the deep palace and the bright moon, and the object is round four or five hundred times.
Now the palace is the oldest, and everyone named it Shangshu. Small-headed shoes with narrow clothes and slender indigo eyebrows;
Outsiders should laugh if they can't see it. Shang Yang people suffered the most; Less is bitter, always bitter,
How about suffering less and suffering more? You can't see Lv Xiang's Beauty Fu in those days, and you can't see Yang's Song of White Hair today!
Before this poem, Bai Juyi had a comment:
In the five years of Tianbao, Yang Guifei was particularly fond of her, and the harem people had no luck. Those who have beauty in the sixth house need to be placed in other places, and Shang Yang is one of them. Zhenyuan has work to do.
On this note, it is stated that "this matter is true", that the imperial secretary is 30-60 years old, and that there is more than one "parting place". But why only write "Shang Yang"? Why are there other ladies in his court, and this is the only one written by a rare beauty in 3,000 years? The same is for the ultimate sadness, in order to shape the typical. Don't list a large number of harem women and their experiences, just choose a palace maid who is confined for life. Don't write about her beauty when she was young, write about her old dragon bell; It is better to write about her despair than her hope. Round after round of spring, summer, autumn and winter, how many unbearable sunset days, how many sleepless nights. The birds in the palace were very upset, but now I don't envy them when I see the swallows flying around on the beam and living well. In this way, only through the tragic experience of this maid-in-waiting, the poet vividly summed up the tragic fate of "there are three thousand rare beauties in the palace", which is called typical.
There are many poems about palace grievances in the Tang Dynasty, but a large number of them describe some sad things of maids in the form of quatrains. We don't need to cite other people's examples, but we still use Bai Juyi's. By comparison, we can see the difference between typical and atypical:
Tears wet Luo Jin's dream of not being able to sleep. Late at night, I heard a rhythmic song coming from the lobby. Beauty is not old, has lost the elegance of the king, and sat on warm clothes until dawn.
Rain and dew come from a little grace and can win thousands of doors. Three thousand ladies-in-waiting have a rouge face, and there are no tears in spring.
Of course, these two quatrains are also very good, but they are not typical, but they are written in a certain way from one end. Although Shang Yang's White-haired Man is a typical example of the unfortunate fate of a maid-in-waiting, it can be said that it reflects the tragic fate of hundreds of thousands of maids in 2000.
Second, look at how to structure the plot.
Structured plot is to tell a story, including the occurrence, development, climax and ending of the story, the relationship between the background of the story and the characters, and many details to enrich and enrich it, which makes people feel immersive. Shang Yang's white-haired man, the life story of a maid-in-waiting; "charcoal man", the story of an old man and two eunuchs all morning; Let's look at the story of the poet Bai Juyi, an "old village man" and a group of "sudden deaths" for one night. This is the song "Su Zige Mountain North Village" in "Nine Books with the Same Yuan", which makes "people in important positions gnash their teeth". This poem was written in the fifth year of Yuanhe (8 10), when Bai Juyi was thirty-nine years old and was working as a left-handed and academician in Chang 'an.
Visit Zige Peak in the morning and Xiacun in the evening. When the elders in the village saw Yu, they opened a statue for Yu.
I got started without a drink. Purple clothes with knives and axes, Cao Cao has more than ten people.
Take the wine off my desk and leave me to eat Chinese food. The host stepped back and folded his hands like a guest.
There are strange trees in the atrium, which have been planted for thirty years. The master is sorry, but he cut off his roots with an axe.
I said I was a builder, and I belonged to the Shence Army. Master, be careful not to tell. The lieutenant is very kind.
In the morning, the poet Bai Juyi visited Zige Peak, and in the evening, he lived in the village at the foot of the mountain. The farmers in the village were very happy to see them. They welcomed them with wine. Before I could drink my cup, suddenly a group of violent soldiers rushed in. They are dressed in purple, with knives and axes. It's a mess. There are a dozen people. They rushed at each other, grabbed the cups, drank them, and ruined all the food on the plate. The master stood behind, tied behind his back, as if he were an outsider. There is a precious tree in the yard, which has grown for 30 years. How dare the master pity? He can only let the mob cut off its roots with an axe. At this time, we realized that grabbing wine and vegetables was just a prelude, and the climax was here. Violent soldiers have to cut down trees, which is their purpose. We finally understand what is going on from the following "names" of sudden death and the poet's exhortation to "village farmers". "Say Cai Zao, belongs to the shence army. The master is careful not to say anything, and the lieutenant owes. " Those who died suddenly claimed to be members of the Shence Army and were sent by the mining government to cut firewood. Master, don't say any more, the leader of the Shence Army bears the powerful favor of the emperor! These two sentences are the words of the poet. Let's think about it again. Can Bai Juyi cut down a tree and die suddenly? But it didn't stop. Who is Bai Juyi? Left gleaning about the emperor, Hanlin bachelor, many prime ministers were born Hanlin bachelor. They don't care about Ce Shen's army. How can they care about ordinary people? The so-called "Shence Army" was the praetorian guard at that time. Since the Zhenyuan period, the left and right squadron leaders of the Shence Army have been appointed and eunuchs have served. In the early years of Yuanhe, Xian Zong reused eunuch Tu Tu Cheng Cui as the deputy commander of Zuo Shence Army. Then he was sent to serve as "the ambassador of the various armies to discuss and deal with", which was simply to let a eunuch serve as the commander-in-chief of the national army, so Bai Juyi wrote a letter to strongly remonstrate. The "lieutenant" in this poem refers to spitting and inheriting. Bai Juyi really deserves everyone's reputation. He made the layout layer by layer, which was quite clever. At first, the origin of "sudden death" was unknown. Later, they called themselves "Shence Army" and revealed their backstage "Captain". In the end, only two words make the theme of the whole poem suddenly clear: why is the "Shence Army" so arrogant? It is precisely because the emperor favored their leader, the great eunuch. This poem is not in Qin Zhongyin or New Yuefu, but it is also an allegorical poem. Is it clear what fable is? No wonder "those in military positions gnash their teeth".
Third, see how to highlight the contrast.
In his allegorical poems, Bai Juyi often describes the decadent life of dignitaries first, but at the end of the poem, an antithesis unexpectedly pops up, such as "being light and fat" and "singing and dancing" mentioned in the last class: describing eunuchs who "Nine Treasures overflowed and land and water went hand in hand". After the fruit breaks the Dongting orange and the silver carp cuts the Tianchi scale, it highlights that "there is a drought in the south of the Yangtze River, and people in Quzhou eat people!" After "Zhu Lun chariots and horses, red candle dance floor" and "get drunk and warm, take off your heavy clothes", I suddenly said, "I didn't know there were death row inmates who froze to death in the township prison!" Then it came to an abrupt end. I don't think we can say "no rhyme" in general just by looking at these two songs. The sharp contrast highlights the extreme injustice of society and the extreme sharpness of contradictions.
Fourth, look at how to combine arguments.
Making comments is a means of Bai Juyi's so-called "dying to show his will". Some people use other means without discussion. However, most comments are vivid and emotional, not dry preaching. For example, after the concrete and vivid description of "The Red Carpet", the author seems to be pointing to the nose of Xuanzhou Prefecture and reprimanding loudly:
Does Xuancheng satrap know? A foot of carpet, 1200 silk! People who don't know the cold should keep warm, take less clothes and make lichens.
"Xinfeng Folding Arm Weng" satirizes the frontier fortress work and vividly discusses it with vivid historical lessons:
The old man speaks and you listen; You don't hear about Song Kaifu, Prime Minister of Kaiyuan, and you don't appreciate the border defense work to prevent arrogance?
I don't know Yang, Prime Minister of Tianbao. I want to be grateful and thankful. There are no complaints about border work, please ask Xinfeng folding arm Weng.
Song Kaifu, Prime Minister of Kaiyuan, refers to Song Jing, a wise man. These two sentences are about Wu Jun's silent beheading of Hao Lingyi at the beginning of Kaiyuan, claiming that he has made great contributions. However, Song Jing did not reward the commander of the frontier fortress in order to prevent him from abusing force to take credit. What do we mean by "Tianbao Prime Minister Yang" in Du Fu's series? Yang Guozhong provoked wars with Nanzhao twice, killing and injuring nearly 200,000 people. This is a comparison of historical facts and vividly expresses the author's thoughts and attitudes.
Finally, we talk about the linguistic features of Bai Juyi's poems according to the comments of the ancients, not limited to allegories. The overall style of Bai poetry language is simple and popular, which can be explained only by quoting the words of the ancients without analysis.
In the preface to "New Yuefu", it is easy for those who want to see it to distinguish. His words were straightforward, and those who wanted to hear them were deeply admonished. Its essence is true, so those who accept it can send messages. Its body is very smooth and can be played in music songs. " A few words, except the third sentence, "This is true", the other three sentences are all Bai Juyi's requirements for his own poetic language:
"Speaking by quality" is simple and easy to understand;
"Speak directly", straightforward and accurate;
"Smooth", smooth and catchy.
It is not easy to meet these requirements. In the Qing Dynasty, Liu Xizai said in The Outline of Art: "Common sayings are easy, but strange words are difficult. This poem is also closed at the beginning. Strange words are easy, but common sayings are difficult, so this poem is also important. Xiangshan is often strange, and this situation is not easy. " Zhao Yi's "Ou Bei Shi Hua" thinks: "Yuan and Bai are frank and open, and the person concerned says so." "People who are free and easy are more moved by the scene, have a bright future because of their intentions, and can be chewed." "Their pens are as fast as scissors and as sharp as Kun Dao, but they are all hidden without words, which is a bit unlucky. Work hard and exercise clean. It seems simple, but it is pure. "
Liu Yuxi, Bai Juyi's good friend, has a poem that most vividly and accurately expresses the characteristics of white poetry:
Yin Jun left me a hundred poems to sit alone. Qin Yu is silent in the clear night, and Qishuyan is blowing in the wind.
No one was found again, and the fairy clothes abandoned the knife ruler. The world wants to find each other, and there is nowhere to find them in four dimensions.
Let's use Liu Yuxi's phrase "Abandoning the Knife Ruler with Immortal Clothes" as the topic of this lecture, which is not only about Bai Juyi's satirical poem, but also about his language characteristics. In fact, this sentence most vividly summarizes the artistic characteristics of Bai Juyi's various poems, that is, flawless.