Chapter 1 Ancient Literature
1. Basic knowledge
1. Ancient Ballads: Folk songs and ballads from ancient times are a type of folk literature. In ancient my country, Hele music was used as the song, and Tue song was used as the ballad. Ancient ballads were an important tool for ancestors to express their thoughts, emotions, and promote production. They were produced in the primitive era when productivity was extremely low, and were the earliest literary style. According to the theme and content, it can be divided into labor songs, sacrificial songs, totem songs, marriage and love songs, war songs, etc. They are collective, comprehensive and direct in reproducing life, with simple words and smooth rhythm, which are their main expression techniques.
2. "Book of Changes": a divination book from the pre-Qin period. Its text is divided into two parts: classics and biography. The hexagrams and lines in it are from the "Book of Changes", which was completed in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. They record some situations in ancient society and preserve some ancient songs with simple colors. "Yi Zhuan" is an explanation and explanation of the classics. Most of them were written during the Warring States Period and reflected the philosophical thoughts at that time.
3. Myth: Myth is an image description and explanation of natural phenomena and social life made by ancient ancestors through fantasy in an unconscious artistic way. It uses illusory imagination to express the ancestors' conquest of nature. , the strong desire to defeat nature and the spirit of optimism and heroism are the unconscious positive romantic artistic creations of early mankind. It is an important style of primitive literature and an important soil and arsenal for later generations of literature and art.
4. "The Classic of Mountains and Seas": an ancient geographical work related to witchcraft. The author is unknown. It was written around the Warring States Period and was supplemented during the Qin and Han Dynasties. ***18 volumes, mainly recording legendary geographical knowledge, as well as folk customs, products, medicine, witchcraft, sacrifices, etc., especially preserving a large number of ancient myths and legends, such as Jingwei Reclamation, Kuafu Zhuri, Huangdi The Killing of Chi You, Gun Yu's Flood Control, etc. are the ancient books with the most preserved myths in the pre-Qin Dynasty in my country and have important literary value.
2. Main writers and works
1. Intensive reading of works
"Dancing Song", "Yi Qi's Wax Ci", "God's Journey to the North", "Hou Renge" and "Book of Changes". Return to my sister. Shang Liu" Yao Ci, "Nuwa Mending the Sky", "Jingwei Filling the Sea", "Gun and Yu Controlling the Floods".
2. Reading works
"Zhouyi? Tongren", "Zhouyi? Zhongfu? Sixty-two", "Zhouyi? Tun? Sixty-two", "Bu Ci Tongzhi" 375, "Hou Yi shoots the sun", "Kuafu chases the sun", "The Yellow Emperor kills Chi You", "Xing Tian beheads", "The emperor touches the mountain".
3. Thoughts and exercises
1. Talk about the classification and content of ancient Chinese ballads.
Reference answer: The existing ancient ballads in our country can be roughly divided into the following five categories in terms of subject matter and content: First, labor ballads are the earliest ancient poems that appeared. They reenact labor behaviors and production experience. In summary, it was created consciously by the ancestors, with obvious utilitarian purposes, and "Tange" is the most typical one. The second is sacrificial ballads, which express the ancient ancestors' fantasy of praying to gods for blessings or commanding nature to obey their wishes, with a strong sense of primitive religion. The 375 pieces of "The Compilation of Oracles" and "The Wax Ci of Yiqi" are its representatives. . The third is totem ballads, which are poems composed by ancestors based on totem worship. The clues can be seen in "Yan Yan Flying". The fourth is marriage and love ballads, which generally show rough and barbaric characteristics, such as "Book of Changes." Tun? Sixty-two". The fifth is war ballads, such as "Book of Changes? Zhongfu? Sixty-two" and "Book of Changes." "Fan Ren", with its vivid descriptions, makes people feel as if they hear the sound of ancient killings, see the etiquette of ancient wars, the figures of tribal members fighting bravely, the sorrow of failure and the joy of victory.
1. Briefly describe the artistic characteristics of ancient Chinese ballads.
Reference answer: my country’s ancient ballads have four artistic characteristics: First, it is a collective and comprehensive art form. The second is the directness with which it reproduces life. Third, the sentence structure is simple, the language is simple, and the rhythm is smooth. The fourth is the expression technique based on Fu.
2. What is the reason for the emergence of myths?
Reference answer: The emergence of myths is first of all related to the low productivity and low level of understanding in ancient times. The ancestors were unable to provide scientific explanations for various natural phenomena, the origins and changes of the world and social and cultural life. They could only use imagination and fantasy to personify natural forces and the objective world. Secondly, it is related to the strong desire of ancient ancestors to explain nature, fight against nature and improve their abilities. This desire prompted the ancestors to think about various phenomena and problems in nature and society, and tried to explain and describe them. Again, it is related to the primitive cosmology and primitive thinking of the ancestors. The primitive ancestors believed that all things were animistic, and their thinking also took this as the core content, based on the principle of the interpenetration of man and nature, and was characterized by intuitive perceptuality, full of emotion and rich imagination. Therefore, in mythology, all natural phenomena and certain social existences are regarded as alive, endowed with human characteristics and supernatural abilities.
3. How is the preservation of mythology in my country?
Reference answer: Our country’s mythology has not been completely and systematically recorded and preserved, and only a few fragmentary parts remain. Nowadays, myths generally refer to ancient myths recorded in Han classics before the Tang and Song Dynasties.
These classics mainly include "The Book of Songs", "Zhuangzi", "Han Feizi", "The Classic of Mountains and Seas", "Chu Ci", "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals", "Huainanzi", "Customs", "Sanwu Liji", "Liezi" and so on. Among them, "The Classic of Mountains and Seas", "Chu Ci" and "Huainanzi" preserve more myths, especially "The Classic of Mountains and Seas" has the most, and is close to the original appearance of ancient myths. There are generally three reasons why our country's myths have been handed down so few and fragmented: First, our country's writing is complicated and recording is inconvenient; second, Confucianism, represented by Confucius, advocates practicality and abandons fantasy, and does not talk about strange powers, chaotic gods, and ancient absurdities. The third reason is due to factors such as historicalization, literaryization and religiousization in the evolution of mythology.
4. What are the main contents of Chinese mythology?
Reference answer: The contents of existing Chinese myths mainly include the following aspects: First, the creation myths that explore the secrets of the creation of heaven and earth, the generation of all things and the origin of human beings. The most representative ones are the myths of Pangu and Nuwa. The second is natural myths that describe wind, thunder, birds, beasts, grass, trees, etc., reflecting the ancestors' mentality of reverence and conquest of nature, such as "Thunder God", "Poseidon", "Water Boy", etc., the most famous The ones are Jingwei Reclamation and Kuafu Zhuri. The third is the heroic myth, which shows the initial awakening of the subject consciousness of the ancestors. They dimly realized that man is the center of the world and the master of the universe. The protagonist is a demigod or a "hero" supported by divine power. The more famous ones such as " "Gun Yu Controlled the Flood" and "Hou Yi Shoots the Sun". The former praises Gun and his son, the hero of flood control, while the latter praises Hou Yi, the hero who conquered drought. The fourth is the legendary myths about exotic lands, weird people and gods, which reflect the desire and ideal of the early people to break through the limitations of natural conditions and transform their living environment. The images are strange, full of curiosity, surreal and supernatural. Such as Huan Tou, Silk Girl, Feather Republic, Long Arm Country, Fire-weary Country, etc.
5. What are the basic characteristics of Chinese mythology?
Reference answer: In terms of ideological content, its characteristics are mainly reflected in: first, it is highly realistic, and it can be seen everywhere that the ancestors were engaged in labor and creation for survival at that time, and the ancestors shared the same fate with the great nation. The specific circumstances of the natural struggle can also reveal the true face of the social struggle at that time. Second, deifying people and attaching importance to their strength and sociality reflects their unremitting pursuit of truth and passionate longing for ideals, and embodies the Chinese nation’s fighting spirit and perseverance based on real life, self-improvement, and perseverance. A high-spirited and optimistic character. In terms of art, my country's ancient mythology first demonstrated the original artistic spirit that centered on life and human survival, and demonstrated the characteristics of our nation's future artistic thinking. Secondly, the depiction and expression of real life in ancient Chinese mythology is not direct and concrete, but a perverted reality processed through childish fantasy. On the basis of reflecting the national character of the Chinese nation that pursues truth, is rich in ideals, is strong-willed, proactive, optimistic and heroic, the positive romantic spirit of the myth has been formed. Thirdly, my country's ancient mythology successfully used what later generations would call fantasy, imagination, exaggeration, personification and other romantic techniques. Fourth, my country’s ancient mythology embodies the unity of tragic beauty and sublime beauty.
Chapter 2 "The Book of Songs"
1. Basic knowledge
1. "Three Hundred Poems": the "Book of Songs". The Book of Songs was not called "The Book of Songs" in the pre-Qin period, but was called "Poems" or "Three Hundred Poems", as is the case in The Analects of Confucius when it quoted "Poems" and commented on "Poems". There are 305 poems in the Book of Songs. Taking the whole number as an integer, it is called "Three Hundred Poems". It became an official school in the early Western Han Dynasty and was revered as a classic. It was first called "The Book of Songs" and later generations also called it "Three Hundred Poems".
2. Ode to Fengya: It is the three components of the Book of Songs, and is also a classification of the Book of Songs based on differences in region and music. Wind is also called national style, which is music and song with the local characteristics of various princes and countries. There are 15 national styles in total, with 160 pieces, most of which are folk songs, and a few are works of aristocrats. Ya is a song from the Kyoto area of ??the Zhou Dynasty, divided into Daya and Xiaoya. There are 31 poems in Daya, many dynasty banquets, and 74 poems in Xiaoya, many personal expressions of emotion. There are also some folk songs in Yashi. Songs are songs used during sacrifices or major ceremonies in royal ancestral temples. They are divided into three types: Zhou Song, Lu Song, and Shang Song, with a total of 40 chapters.
3. Four schools of poetry: refers to the four schools of poetry of Qi, Lu, Han, and Mao that appeared in the early Han Dynasty and taught the Book of Songs. The first three families of "Jinwen Shi" were established as academic officials in the Western Han Dynasty, and died in the Three Kingdoms, Western Jin Dynasty and Song Dynasty respectively. "Mao Shi" belongs to "ancient poetry". It was established as an academic official in the Eastern Han Dynasty. "Erya" was mostly used for exegesis. In fact, many copies of "Zuo Zhuan" have been handed down to this day.
4. Mao Biography Zheng Jian: The annotations written by Mao Heng and Mao Chang for the Book of Songs in the Han Dynasty are called "Mao Shi Gu Xun Biography", referred to as "Mao Shi". Zheng Xuan of the Eastern Han Dynasty also wrote notes for "Mao's Poems", called "Mao's Poems Biography Notes", referred to as "Zheng Notes".
5. Fu Bixing: three artistic expression techniques commonly used in "The Book of Songs". Fu refers to the method of laying out a straightforward narrative. Comparison means metaphor or comparison. Xing means to stir things up by mentioning other things first to trigger the words to be chanted.
2. Main writers and works
1. Intensive reading of works
"Guan Ju", "Jian Jia", "Meng", "July", " "Dongshan", "Zai Chi", "Fa Tan", "Shuo Shu"
2. Reading works
"Jing Nu", "A Gentleman in War", "General Zhongzi" , "Wuyi", "Plucking Wei", "Millet", "Shengmin"
3. Thoughts and exercises
1. Give examples of the main contents of "The Book of Songs" .
Reference answer: The Book of Songs has broad ideological content, mainly reflecting social life from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. Its main contents include the following aspects: First, marriage poems expressing love and marriage themes. This type of poem accounts for one-third of the whole book, and it is also the most wonderful part of the book. Or they write about the harmony and joy when a man and a woman fall in love, the pain and sorrow when a love is lost, and praise the protagonist's loyalty and brave pursuit of love, such as "Guan Ju", "Jing Nu", "Jian Jia", "Cai Zhou", etc. Or they write about the misfortune of love and marriage, expressing the pain of persecution, humiliation and abandonment suffered by women in the society at that time, such as "Sun and Moon", "Gu Feng", "Jiang Zhongzi", "Meng", etc. The second is agricultural poetry describing agricultural production. There are many poems of this type, some of which praise agricultural achievements, boasting of vast fields, numerous farmers, and abundant harvests, such as "Chen Gong", "Yin Xi", "Zai Qian", "Liang Shu", and "Liang Shu" in "Song of Zhou" "Hey" and so on; some describe cheerful labor scenes, such as "Zhou Nan? Fuyi"; some describe the busy working life, such as "Binfeng? July" and so on. The third is a collection of conscription poems about war and corvee service. This type of poem mainly expresses the heavy disasters and pain that war and corvee have brought to the people. They are either written by a conquering husband or written in the tone of missing a wife. They are all written with sincere emotions, sad tones and tragic plots, such as "East Mountain" , "The East Is Not Bright", "What Grass Is Not Yellow", "A Gentleman in Service", etc. There are also a few works that express patriotic thoughts, such as "Qin Feng? Wu Yi", "阘风? Zai Chi", "Xiao Ya? Picking Wei", etc. The fourth is carols. Most of these poems were written by officials or music officials. They are most preserved in the three "Songs" and there are also many in the "Ya" poems. Some eulogize the emperor and the destiny of heaven, seeking theological basis for the rationality of the Zhou king's rule, such as "The Mate of Weitian" and "King Wen"; some praise the military achievements and promote the power of the king, such as "Yinwu" and "Jianghan"; some Praise the guests at the banquet, such as "Lu Ming", "There are Jiayu in the South", etc. The fifth is poetry of resentment that reflects social contradictions and exposes and criticizes reality. This type of poetry mainly exists in "Ya" poems and "Guofeng", which bear the distinct imprint of troubled times. Most of the resentful poems in "Er Ya" are satirical and admonishing works by officials and scholars, some of which refer to the past to satirize the present, such as "Dang" and "The First Moon". More of them criticize the ills of the times and criticize the foolish emperor, such as "Min Lao", "Ban", and "Dang". There are also some with the theme of rebuking traitors, such as "Xiang Bo", "The First Moon", etc. Most of the resentful poems in "Guo Feng" come from the folk and more directly reflect the thoughts, feelings and wishes of the lower class people. Its content is deeper and broader, the resentment is stronger, the satire is more acerbic, and it has a more intense critical spirit, such as "Shuo Shu", "Fa Tan", "Xintai", "Nanshan", and "Yellow Bird". Sixth is the epic of the Zhou nation. "Daya" preserves five ancient Zhou nationality epics, "Shengmin", "Gongliu", "Mian", "Huangyi" and "Daming", which use thick lines to more completely outline the origin, entrepreneurship and founding of the Zhou clan. , glorious history of prosperity. There are very few epic poems handed down from ancient times, so this group of poems is particularly precious.
2. Talk about the artistic achievements of "The Book of Songs".
Reference answer: The artistic achievements of "The Book of Songs" are mainly reflected in the following four aspects: First, the strong spirit of realism. "The Book of Songs" mainly describes the social reality of my country's Western Zhou Dynasty for hundreds of years from various aspects. It is true, profound, extensive and colorful, especially the folk songs in it, "The hungry sing about their food, the laborers sing about their work", which is directly and truly It reflects the labor and life, love and hate, pain and hope of the lower class people. These poems not only have a wide variety of themes and themes, are true and profound, but also grasp and reveal some essential contradictions in social life at that time with amazing artistic summary power. Secondly, the artistic expression techniques of Fu, Bi and Xing. Fu refers to a method of laying out direct narrative narratives. For example, "July" describes the serfs' one-year labor process from spring to winter. Bi means metaphor or comparison. There are many places where metaphors are used in the Book of Songs, and they come in various forms, including similes, metaphors, metonymy, metaphors, etc. These metaphors can closely match the emotions, events, and scenes in the poem, and are very appropriate. Xing means to stir things up. First use other things to start, and then use them to associate to elicit the thoughts and feelings that the poet wants to express. Rhetoric sentences are often used at the beginning of a poem, either to coordinate rhythm, to create artistic conception, to heighten the atmosphere, or to symbolize, associate, or compare. The Book of Songs often combines the three techniques. Third, the complex composition and sentence structure are mainly composed of four words. The composition method of Fu Da is also called Chong Zhang Duo Sen, that is, the words and sentences in each chapter are basically the same, but a few words in the middle are replaced and chanted repeatedly. Its function is to deepen the theme, exaggerate the atmosphere, deepen the emotion, and enhance the musicality and rhythm. In the replacement of specific words, either the increasing method or the decreasing method is always used, such as "Wang Feng? Picking Ge". Although the "Book of Songs" also has two-character, three-character, five-character, six-character, seven-character, eight-character, etc. sentence patterns, four-character sentences are used most often, accounting for more than 90% of the whole poem. Fourth, rich, vivid, concise, and vivid language.
The Book of Songs uses approximately three thousand words, including nouns, verbs, and adjectives, which express various things and their changing characteristics in a rich, vivid and accurate way. For example, there are 373 nouns representing animals and plants, and reading them can make people knowledgeable. In addition, "The Book of Songs" also uses a large number of verbs, adjectives, double-tone words, overlapping words, and overlapping rhyming words to describe scenery, imitate sounds, and be meticulous and expressive, making the poems rich in image beauty and phonological beauty, and enhancing the poetic language. Artistic charm.
3. Briefly describe the influence of "The Book of Songs" on later generations of literature.
Reference answer: The Book of Songs has a profound impact on later generations of literature, mainly in the following three aspects: First, it created a fine tradition of realism in Chinese poetry. His creative spirit of "the hungry sing about their food, the laborers sing about their deeds" inspired and promoted later generations of writers to pay close attention to reality, the fate of the country and the suffering of the people, such as Han Yuefu folk song writers, Jian'an poets, Chen Zi'ang, Du Fu, and the New Yuefu Movement The Yuefu works of various poets are all direct inheritance of this creative spirit. Secondly, its artistic techniques of composing, comparing and evoking provide successful artistic reference for later literary creations. Later, Qu Yuan used vanilla beauty to express his feelings and express love and hate, the allegorical poetry in Han Yuefu folk songs, Ruan Ji's "Yong Huai", Guo Pu's "Wandering Immortals", Li Bai's "Ancient Style", Li Shangyin's "Jin" "Se", Lu You's "Bu Suanzi Yong Mei" and the beautiful allegorical works in Yuan Qu and Qing operas are all the inheritance and development of the metaphorical technique in "The Book of Songs", and even formed the long lasting and implicit national characteristics of our country's literature. As for his technique of writing, it also had a profound influence on later literature. Fu-style literature is directly developed from it. In addition, many works in poetry, lyrics, operas, and novels incorporate fu techniques. Thirdly, it established the status of folk literature in literary history. Most of the poems in the Book of Songs are folk songs, which are simple, fresh, lively, harmonious and natural, opening up a broad way for later generations of literati to learn folk literature. From the perspective of the development of literary history, a new literary style is often conceived among the people and then processed and developed by literati. Some accomplished writers in the past have mostly enriched their creations by learning from folk literature. Learning from folk literature is a fine tradition in the development history of Chinese literature.
Chapter 3 Pre-Qin Historical Prose
1. Basic knowledge
1. The modern and ancient text "Shang Shu": In the Han Dynasty, "Shang Shu" began to be divided into modern and ancient texts . Chao Cuo, Emperor Wen of the Western Han Dynasty, compiled 28 chapters of "Shang Shu" based on Fu Sheng's memorization. They were written in the official script popular in the Han Dynasty and were called "Jin Wen Shangshu". During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, another manuscript written in the ancient characters of the Warring States Period was found in the wall of a cave in Qufu, called the "Guwen Shangshu". It has 16 more chapters than the "Jinwen Shangshu". This book was lost due to war at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty. At the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the "Gu Wen Shangshu" presented by Mei Zhen, the Nei Shi of Yuzhang, was verified by scholars since the Tang, Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties to be a forgery.
2. Three Biography of Spring and Autumn Annals: The collective name of the three books "Zuo Zhuan", "Gongyang Zhuan" and "Gu Liang Biography" that explain "Spring and Autumn".
2. Main writers and works
1. Intensive reading of works
"Zheng Bo Duan Yu Yan", "Cao GUI's Discussion", "Zuo Zhuan" "Zhao Gong admonishes King Li to eliminate his slander" in "Guoyu", "Zou Ji satirizes King Qi and accepts remonstrance" and "Feng Xuan guest Meng Changjun" in "Warring States Policy".
2. Reading works
"Wuyi" in "Shangshu", "The Exodus of Jin Gongzi Chong'er" and "The Battle of Jinchu City Pu" in "Zuo Zhuan" , "Li Ji kills Prince Shen Sheng" in "Guoyu", "Su Qin talks about Qin with Lian Heng" in "Warring States Policy", and "King Yan Zhao seeks scholars".
3. Thoughts and exercises
1. Talk about the development and characteristics of pre-Qin historical prose.
Reference answer: The development of pre-Qin historical prose can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage is from the Xia to the Spring and Autumn Period, represented by "Shang Shu" and "Spring and Autumn". , Things are not mixed up, such as "Shang Shu" records words and "Spring and Autumn" records events, the writing is simple and concise. The second stage is from the late Spring and Autumn Period to the early Warring States Period. The representative works are "Zuo Zhuan" and "Guoyu". The creations at this time record both words and events, blending words and events, lengthening the length, auspicious content, twists and turns of events, and vivid descriptions of people. , rich in literary talent. The third stage is the middle and late period of the Warring States Period, represented by "Warring States Policy", which adopts the national style, absorbs and develops the creative techniques of "Zuo Zhuan" and "Guoyu", and brings the development of historical prose to a new peak.
The general trend in the development of pre-Qin historical prose is from simplicity to complexity, from quality to prose, and from fragmentary prose to more detailed and vivid descriptions of words, events, and people. There are several important historical books from the pre-Qin Dynasty, which were mainly written during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. They all have strong literary characteristics. Most of them pay attention to infiltrating myths and legends into historical books, turning historical events into stories, focusing on description and characterization of characters, making history The characters are visualized, the events are praised and criticized, and the events are recorded with emotion and emotion.
2. Briefly describe the writing characteristics of "Spring and Autumn".
Reference answers: (1) The compilation of "Spring and Autumn" has the purpose of summarizing historical experience and providing reference for those in power. It emphasized the unification of the world, social stability, naming and the orthodox status of the Emperor of Zhou, and opposed the arrogance and annexation wars of princes. (2) It is a self-contained book, recording events in sequence, with clear organization, complete and systematic structure.
(3) Its language is concise and implicit, accurate and cautious, and it is very careful in choosing words and sentences. Each word often "contains praise and blame, distinguishing between good and evil", and is respected by later generations as the "Spring and Autumn Writing Style" with "small words and big meanings".
3. Briefly describe the progressive ideological tendency of "Zuo Zhuan".
Reference answer: "Zuo Zhuan" reveals the author's progressive ideological tendency in the selection of historical materials, narration of historical facts and "Junzi said", which is mainly reflected in the following points: (1) Praising and praising wise kings and virtuous people (2) Exposing and criticizing the internal contradictions of the ruling class, brutal and debauchery, and frequent wars between countries; (3) Promoting people-centered ideas and doubting the traditional concepts of heaven, ghosts and gods, etc. However, there are also some ideas that promote the idealistic view of history in which emperors, generals and ministers create history and maintain the patriarchal system and hierarchical system. This is their historical limitation.
4. Give examples of the literary achievements of "Zuo Zhuan".
Reference answer: "Zuo Zhuan" has a high literary achievement, which is first reflected in its good narrative. The narration of complex historical events is true and vivid, euphemistic and thoughtful, with clear clues, paying attention to hidden lines, echoing, and highlighting key points. Its narrative methods are also diverse, including more than 20 kinds of narration, forward narration, flashback, and supplementary narration. The changes are strange and unpredictable. For example, in the 23rd year of Duke Xi's reign, he wrote about Chong'er's exile. The most prominent feature of his narrative is war. The author does not focus on the specific description of war scenes, but always focuses on a certain theme, focusing on the background of the war, pre-war preparations, deployment of troops on both sides, comparison of forces, activities of generals and soldiers, and strategies. The use of tactics, the reasons for victory and defeat, and other plots related to human plots are described, so that the contradictions in the article are complicated, the plot is ups and downs, relaxed and interlocking, the structure is rigorous, the levels are clear, and the center is prominent. Such as the famous "Battle of Wei", "Battle of Chengpu", "Battle of Bi", "Battle of Changshao" and so on. Secondly, it is the art of writing people in "Zuo Zhuan". There are many characters written in "Zuo Zhuan", including princes, generals and ministers, as well as merchants, leaders, servants, thieves, chivalrous heroes, etc. The scope is much wider than that of "Shang Shu" and "Spring and Autumn". For the same type of people, the author can often highlight their distinctive personalities. For example, Zichan and Yan Ying are both enlightened politicians. Zichan is decisive and decisive, while Yan Ying is humorous and alert. For the same person, we sometimes notice the development and changes in his character before and after, such as the change of Jin Gongzi Chong'er from being greedy for enjoyment and having no ambition to being a talented and careless overlord. The author also uses a variety of methods to depict characters. Either reveal the character's psychology and personality traits in conflicts, or express the character's character through supplementary plots, or use contrast to describe the character, or use detailed description to deepen the character's character. The most common way is to express the character's character through the character's language and actions, such as the portrayal of Cao GUI's political foresight and resourceful and calm character in "Cao GUI's Debate". Thirdly, the language of "Zuo Zhuan" is concise yet rich, implicit yet smooth, full of twists and turns, and extremely expressive. This can be true regardless of narrative language or character language. Especially the diplomatic rhetoric in the characters' language, many of which are well-known masterpieces, such as Qu Wan Qi Hou, Zhan Xi Reward Qin's Master, Zhu Zhiwu Retreats Qin's Master, Wang Sun Man Lun Ding, Lu Xiang Jue Qin, etc., or they are euphemistic and tactful, stating interests and disadvantages. Or the diction may be intense, or the language may be full of emotions, but the diction must be elegant and upright, and the lyrics may express human feelings, and each has its own beauty.
5. Briefly describe the ideological content of "Warring States Policy".
Reference answer: The basic content of "Warring States Policy" is the vertical and horizontal struggles of counselors and strategists during the Warring States Period and their related plans or rhetoric. In describing the intrigues, deceptions, competitions, wars, and massacres among the ruling groups of various countries, he exposed and criticized the corruption and cruelty of the rulers, which also showed the author's admiration for the intrigues. The descriptions of frequent wars, heavy corvee labor, and the disregard of human life in various countries reflect the suffering of the lower class people. In addition, it also records the deeds of many monarchs, ministers, scholars, and officials who were politically enlightened, upheld justice, and resisted violence, showing the author's people-oriented thinking, noble tendencies, and praise of bravery, justice, and progressive consciousness. At the same time, it also shows that the author openly promotes the outlook on life of pursuing "position, wealth and honor".
6. Briefly discuss the artistic characteristics of "Warring States Policy".
Reference answer: The artistic characteristics of "Warring States Policy" are firstly manifested in being good at rhetoric. Most of his articles are words of advice for strategists. He is good at weighing the pros and cons. According to the different identities and statuses of different objects, he can figure out their different personalities and psychology. He may cater to their likes and avoid their taboos. He uses emotions to give advice in a roundabout way; or he uses short metaphors. Large, from far to near, it is emotional and thought-provoking; or the strategists look at each other, refute each other, and the words are sharp and sharp, and the momentum is fierce. The objects are different, the remonstrances are different, and the styles are changeable. The second is to be good at writing about people. The characters written in it cover more areas than any historical records of the pre-Qin Dynasty. The characters it represents are mainly counselors and strategists, and they are very successful in portraying them. They may show strong blood, or show scheming, or strange and unusual people, or repay favors and grudges, etc. Most of them are vivid in image, distinctive in personality, and consistent with the life experience of the characters. The outstanding feature of his characterization is that he is good at tightly and organically combining the description of the person with the narrative. Or focus on character development, organize the plot, arrange the structure, and write a complete series of vivid deeds of the characters, such as the characterization of Feng Chen in "The People of Qi Have Feng Chen"; or focus on events, intersperse characters, and promote the plot. , in the complete narrative of the development of events, the image and character of the characters are expressed. For example, "Prince Danzhi of Yan returned to Qin after his death" describes the story of Yan Dan's support of a scholar and his plot to assassinate the King of Qin.
The techniques used to depict characters are also flexible and varied. Sometimes they use language to talk, sometimes they use actions to act, sometimes they are placed in complex conflicts and entanglements, sometimes they are described in specific scenes, sometimes they are contrasted and set off, and sometimes they are psychologically confessed. They are flexible and changeable. , the writing skills are wonderful. For most of the characters, the author uses comprehensive techniques to depict them. Again, he is good at using colorful rhetorical devices and fables. The article skillfully uses a large number of rhetorical techniques such as parallelism, parallelism, metaphor, elaboration, and exaggeration, making it colorful, sonorous, full of emotion, full of momentum, lively, vivid, and euphemistic. The most noteworthy thing is its use of elaboration and exaggeration, which directly influenced Han Fu and Han Dynasty political treatises. As for the fables in "Warring States Policy", they are also rich and colorful, some are animal fables, some are social fables, or are historical fables, such as "the fox fakes the tiger's power", "adding foot to the snake", "frightened bird", etc., written with vivid images and short meanings It is long and highly literary.