The Tang Dynasty was unprecedentedly vast in territory, strong in national strength, prosperous in economy, frequent in cultural exchanges, enlightened in politics, and greatly strengthened its compatibility with various ideas. This provides a broad world for the existence and development of various schools of thought. Moreover, the most obvious ideological feature of the Tang Dynasty was the coexistence of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, which was unprecedented in previous dynasties. However, this scene is not seamless, which makes the choice between "being born" and "joining the WTO" so difficult! It is understandable that the compatibility of ideas is conducive to the prosperity of cultural ideas in the Tang Dynasty. On the contrary, however, all these ideas are prevalent, and at the same time, many people's ideas are in a state of confusion. For example, Wang Wei and Du Fu have the same ideas. It needs to be clarified here: many scholars believe that a poet presents many ideas in his life, which is a manifestation of the poet's compatibility with these ideas. Actually, I don't totally agree with this view. I think the poet has become a collection of contradictions, whether it is subjective digestion or forced acceptance. The more ideas he absorbs, the more complicated the contradiction is, and the more obvious one idea is, which means the stronger the rejection of other ideas. Therefore, using the word "compatibility" to cover up the ideological diversity released by the subject of ideological acceptance is inevitably suspected of boosting the poet's ideological tolerance, completely ignoring the poet's painful struggle against many ideological contradictions.
It is self-evident that the diversity of thoughts in an era hurts the hearts of people living in this era. People living in this era are trying to find a way out, and many literati choose pastoral landscapes. This choice is absolute freedom, and freedom is after the thought is expelled, so the process of choice is always completed in an instant, but this choice is inextricably linked with the maintenance of thought. As stated in the introduction of "Soul and Poetic Mind-History of Ancient Landscape Poetry in China", "Landscape poetry is poetry, and poetry's duty is to express emotion. Many poems express the poet's surprise, love, intoxication and admiration for the natural beauty of mountains and rivers. China's ancient landscape poems often combine thoughts and contents such as worrying about the country and the people, reminiscing about the past, visiting mountains and waters, farewell banquets, seclusion in the countryside, and seeking immortals to visit the Tao to express rich and complex thoughts and feelings rather than simple aesthetics. " (P 1) In other words, the poet writes poems with mountains and rivers, not just for the sake of poetry, but to express an emotion by writing poems (with mountains and rivers), which is the embodiment of a certain thought in the poet's heart, and the poetic style is the reproduction of this thought. This shows that pastoral poetry is the closest to the poet's temperament (it is undeniable that any poem is closely related to the poet's heart, but landscape poetry reflects the poet's philosophy of life and survival semantics, and can best reflect the poet's attitude of being born into the world, so pastoral poetry is the closest to the poet's temperament). So we can start with Zhong Nanshan of Wang Wei and Wang Yue of Du Fu. "Being born" and "joining the WTO" are the two extremes of ancient literati's life, and they are the ultimate concern for all thoughts to sublimate into human actions. The starting point of any thought belongs to one of the two ("being born" and "joining the WTO"), trying to guide its receptor-people to develop in the same direction. The pluralistic pattern of a dynasty's thoughts will inevitably put forward different life ideas for poets (although their results will eventually be "born" and "joined the WTO"). This makes people who live in the present look forward to many choices and have to make painful choices in the torture of various thoughts. The most prominent contradiction reflected in the two poems is the ideological struggle between "being born" and "joining the WTO". Mount Zhongnan reflects Wang Wei's dilemma, and Looking at Yue highlights Du Fu's great ambition to be born.
First of all, Wang Wei is a poet with sharp ideological contradictions. The views and opinions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, which prevailed in the Tang Dynasty, all found a shadow in him, which had a far-reaching impact on Wang Wei's life, especially on Buddhism. Zhong Nanshan:
Its huge height is close to the city of heaven, from the mountain to the corner of the sea.
Cloud, when I looked back, it was behind me. I was too young to see anything.
The central mountain peaks separate the southwest, and the valleys are different.
Want to find a house to live in the mountains, is it convenient for the water guide to ask the woodcutter?
This poem is about the majestic wonders of Mount Zhongnan, and all the sights that come into view are broad and far-reaching. The whole poem highlights the majestic main peak, continuous mountains, the ever-changing white clouds, the unpredictable blue haze on the mountain surface and the unpredictable weather. The whole poem has the characteristics of grand vision and grandeur, as the predecessors commented: "It is a poem with the spirit of HarmonyOS system at the beginning of its development, and it is also a spectacular sight." (Two Tang Poems) Collection of Tang Poems, Tang Poetry Review, page 3 18). This greatness contains infinite Buddhism and kindness, which is consistent with the Zen thought of "combining reality with reality, combining static and dynamic". Among them, the last sentence "I need a place to spend the night, and I call a woodcutter to cross the river" can better reflect the seclusion thought of Zen Buddhism. This sentence is the central sentence of the whole poem, which plays the role of making the finishing point and is also the place that best reflects the poet's inner world. This sentence alone is enough to discuss poetry and Buddhism and Zen thoughts on the poet's ideological level. The Woodman is closely related to the fertility thought of Confucianism and Taoism. Its philosophical concept is beyond the simple understanding of "firewood man". It has always been associated with "hermit", to some extent, it has been equivalent to the concept of hermit and become the embodiment of hermit.
The description of Zhong Nanshan in Zhong Nanshan is not only because of his love for Zhong Nanshan, but also because of the emotional accumulation in the last sentence. Zhong Nanshan is a place where scholars and hermits of past dynasties chose to live in seclusion, and poets highly praised the beauty of Zhong Nanshan. This kind of praise is not so much a love for the scenery of Zhongnanshan as a yearning for the life of a hermit. "Need a place to spend the night" reveals the poet's intention of retiring in Zhong Nanshan (or feeling seclusion) to a great extent. It's not just one night. But it's hard for poets. Once he chooses to join the WTO, it means that he will give up many things in real life, but this is impossible. He can't exist without the real society. Anyone who doesn't exist in reality is terrible, and Wang Wei's life also shows that he didn't fully join the WTO. He took the road of being an official and hiding.
Wang Wei's personal life experience-How many sad things in life is a personal experience of impermanence and difficulty in grasping life. This kind of life experience will naturally lead people to the ideological track of studying heaven and man, and this kind of emotional radiation can just find spiritual refuge in Taoist thought, linger between mountains and rivers, dispel the suffering of life, and thus cultivate a positive and optimistic spirit. Wandering in nature, seeking absolute freedom, seeking self and cherishing life, but Wang Wei's Zhong Nanshan reveals another kind of heterogeneity, which fails to realize the heart of "living next to the field" ... the real world. The mind is born, the words are civilized, and the way of sex is also. "(Liu Wen Xin Diao Long). What it reveals is only the poet's yearning for the "born" life. He knows his position in reality very well in his heart. Although his heart is so depressed, how much he expects to get rid of the shackles of the world and pursue an extraordinary life. He is clearly aware of how far it is from him to join the WTO. Although Zhong Nanshan-a good place to retire (be born) is just around the corner, he has to ask the woodcutter and hermit across the river.
As can be seen from this poem, Wang Wei has not really freed himself from the secular world. "The Tao is in the sky and goes against the wind." "I call a woodcutter crossing the river" not only tells the vastness of the mountain, but also tells the poet's confusion in choosing between "being born" and "entering the WTO".
Du Fu in Wang Yue is lucky. Wang Yue:
What a magnificent scenery Mount Tai is! Endless green spans Qilu and Qilu. ..
The magical nature brings together thousands of beautiful mountains in the south and the separation between morning and dusk in the north.
Hold your chest out, and you will surely return to the bird.
Try to climb to the top of the mountain: it dwarfs all the peaks under our feet.
This poem is written in the same way as Zhong Nanshan. The first sentence of the two poems begins with the endless mountains, and the couplets both inherit the breadth of the mountains. So far, Yamagata and Yamagata dominated by one side have been summarized and circulated, and poems have been summarized. As far as the poet's true feelings are concerned, Wang and Du are similar in writing style, but only at the end of the sentence. Du Fu's poems are straightforward, while Wang's poems are meaningful.
The philosophy of life reflected in Wang Yue is obviously different from that of Wang Wei in Zhongnanshan. "Looking at Yue" is the oldest extant poem of Du Fu. It was written on Du Fu's second trip, which fully showed the heroic feelings of the poet's initiative to "die". The grand perspective and admiration for the towering mountains show the poet's firm belief in making a difference in life. Looking at the Moon from far and near, from morning till night, from coarse to fine, the scenery is vast and magnificent, which makes people fascinated; Full of lofty sentiments, expressing ambition to make contributions, with high style and full of romantic spirit in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. This romantic spirit is based on the premise that it is not deeply involved in the world and is not greatly influenced by various social trends of thought. This almost arrogant radicalism is bound to be collided by various social ideologies, and will gradually shake with the deepening of the world. Du Fu's poems focus on fireworks. His poems tell us that as a poet, he cares more about real life. However, if we combine his poetry experience and life experience, we can easily find that he is actually exploring his own ideas in his poems, thus pursuing a spiritual purification, so the feeling of "being born" quietly spreads in his heart. However, this contradiction came later, and we can't just read it from the poem "Looking at Yue". But it can't be said that the idea of "joining the WTO" radiated by "Looking at Yue" is a source of his inner pain.
It can be seen that Wang Yue and Wang Yue, as poems with natural landscapes as their themes, not only poetize nature, but also care about the poet's inner realm in the process of poetizing, which more or less reflects the poet's tendency of "being born" and "joining the WTO"!
These are my views on Zhong Nanshan and Wang Yue after comparing them.