Pushkin 1799 was born in a noble landlord family in Moscow. All his life, he was inclined to the revolution and fought against the dark autocratic system unremittingly. His thoughts and poems aroused the dissatisfaction and hatred of the tsarist Russian rulers. He was exiled twice and refused to surrender. Finally, he died in a duel with others under the conspiracy of the czar government. He is only 38 years old. He grew up in a strong literary atmosphere. As a child, he was disciplined by a French tutor and received an aristocratic education. At the age of eight, he was able to write poems in French. His family has a rich collection of books and makes friends with literary celebrities. His nanny was born a serf and often told him Russian folk stories and legends, which made him appreciate rich Russian since he was a child and became interested in folk creation.
18 1 1 year, Pushkin entered Huangcun School, a school for aristocratic children, and began his literary creation career at the age of 12. 18 15. In the senior high school entrance examination, he recited his own Memories of Huangcun, which showed his outstanding poetry writing ability, especially the beauty and exquisiteness of his poems. In his early poems, he imitated the romantic poets Bachu Skov and Zhukovsky, and learned the styles of French poets Andrei Che Nier 17 to 18. While studying in Huangcun Middle School, he was also influenced by the French Enlightenment and made friends with some security officers who later became party member in December. His thought of opposing czar's autocratic rule and pursuing freedom was initially formed.
Pushkin went to work in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Petersburg after graduation. During this period, he was deeply influenced by the December Party members and their thoughts on democracy and freedom. He joined the Green Light Society, a literary group associated with the secret organization of the December Party members, and wrote many poems against serfdom and eulogizing freedom, such as Ode to Freedom (18 17). To Cha Daieff (1818); Country, (18 19), 1820, Pushkin wrote a fairy tale narrative poem ruslan and lyudmila. The story is based on Russian folklore, and describes that ruslan, a knight, overcomes difficulties and obstacles and finally finds his bride, lyudmila. Pushkin used vivid folk language in his poems, which was different from classical poetry in content and form, and challenged the aristocratic traditional literature.
Pushkin's works aroused the anxiety of the czar government. 1820 was sent to work in southern Russia, which was actually a disguised exile. During this period, he had more frequent contacts with members of the1February Party and attended some secret meetings in The Decemberists. His thought of pursuing freedom is clearer and stronger. Pushkin has written famous works such as Short Sword (182 1), Prisoner (1822), To the Sea (1824), and also wrote a set of poems of the South, including Captives of the Caucasus. He also wrote many beautiful lyric poems: The Sun goes down (1820) and Prisoner and Short Sword (182 1), which expressed the poet's strong yearning for freedom. Since this period, Pushkin has fully demonstrated his unique style.
1824- 1825, Pushkin was sent back to the village of Mikhailovsk, the territory of his parents in Pskov, where he was imprisoned for two years and wrote nearly 100 poems. He collected folk songs and stories, studied Russian history, and his thoughts became more and more mature, and his realistic tendency in his creation became more and more obvious. From 65438 to 0825, he completed the creation of Boris Godunov, the first realistic tragedy in Russian literary history.
1826, czar Nicholas I ascended the throne. In order to win people's hearts, Pushkin was recalled to Moscow, but he was still under the secret surveillance of the czar police. Pushkin did not change his attitude towards The Decemberists. He had illusions about the new czar, hoping that Nicholas I could pardon The Decemberists in exile in Siberia, but his illusions were quickly shattered, so he wrote a political lyric poem "To the Prisoner of Siberia" to express his loyalty to The Decemberists's ideal.
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/830, Pushkin spent three months in his father's territory, which was the harvest period of his life's creation and was called "the autumn of Polkino" in the history of literature. He finished the poetic novel yevgeni onegin written from 1823, and created the image of the first "superfluous man" in Russian literature, which became his most important work. He also wrote Belgin's Tales, Tragic Knight, Mozart and Charlery, Plague Banquet, The Stone Man and nearly 30 lyric poems. The postmaster in Belgin's short stories is a model of Russian short stories, which opens the tradition of shaping "little people" and his realistic creation is in full swing.
Pushkin moved to Petersburg in 183 1 and still works in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He went on to create many works, including the narrative poem The Bronze Knight (1833), the fairy tale The Fisherman and the Goldfish (1833) and the short story The Queen of Spades (1834). He also wrote two novels about farmers, Du Blovsky (1832- 1833) and The Captain's Daughter (1836).
1836 Pushkin founded the literary magazine Modern People. This publication was edited by belinsky, Necrasov, Chernyshevski and Dobro Lyubov. Until the 1960s of 19, it not only trained a large number of outstanding writers, but also became the mouthpiece of Russian progressives.
Pushkin's creation and activities are a headache for the czar government. They conspired to provoke the captain of the French gendarmerie, Dants, and desecrated Pushkin's wife, Natalia Nikolaevna Goncharova, which led to the duel between Pushkin and Dants in 1837. Pushkin was seriously injured in the duel and died on February 8, 1987 at the age of 37. His early death made Russian progressive literati sigh: "The sun of Russian poetry has set".
Pushkin's works have exerted great influence in the world with their lofty ideology and perfect artistry. His works have been translated into all the major languages in the world. Pushkin's love for freedom and life in his works, his firm belief that light will overcome darkness and reason will overcome prejudice, and his lofty mission and lofty ambition of "illuminating people with words" have deeply touched generations. Genius masterpieces have inspired the creative passion and inspiration of many Russian musicians. Opera "yevgeny? Onegin ","Boris? Godunov, the Queen of Spades, ruslan and lyudmila, Zokan and so on are all great music works. Pushkin's lyric poems have been set to music and become popular art songs; Other works have also been adapted into ballets and become immortal classics on the stage.
In memory of Pushkin, people renamed Huangcun, where he was born, Pushkin (1the place where Emperor Catherine died in 796). Now it has become a famous tourist attraction, and the famous village of Poljinnuo is also nearby.
Robert Frost (1874— 1963) is an American poet. Born in California. My father died at the age of 1 1. His mother took him to Massachusetts, his hometown in New England. After graduating from high school, I studied at Harvard University for two years. Before and after this, I worked as a textile worker, a teacher, ran a farm and began to write poems. He roamed many places on foot and was known as "the peasant poet of New England". Frost/Kloc-began to write poems at the age of 0/6, and officially published his first poem at the age of 20. He worked hard and published more than 65,438+00 poems in his life, including North of Boston (65,438+0914), Mountains (65,438+0916) and New Hampshire (65,438). Frost's poems can be divided into two categories: lyric short poems and dramatic narrative poems, both of which are famous. Frost's lyric poems mainly describe nature and farmers, especially the scenery in New England and farmers in the north. These poems are vivid and appealing, and are welcomed by readers at all levels. His narrative poems are generally low-key, reflecting the dark side of the poet's thought and character. Frost's worldview is complicated. He thinks the world is a mixture of good and evil. Therefore, on the one hand, his poems describe the beauty of nature and its benefits to human beings, on the other hand, they also describe its destructive power and the misfortune and disaster it brings to human beings. One of the greatest features of Frost's poetic style is unpretentious and profound implication, which contains profound thoughts and philosophies in plain content and unpretentious poetry. This is not only Frost's artistic pursuit, but also the secret of his career success.
Frost's poems did not attract attention in America at first. 19 12 After his family moved to England, he continued to write poems, which were well received by some British and American poets Ezra? With Pound's support and encouragement, he published a collection of poems, The Will of Teenagers (19 13) and North of Boston (19 14), which were well received and attracted the attention of American poetry circles. 19 15 returned to the United States to run a farm in New Hampshire. 1924, 193 1, 1937, 1943 won the Pulitzer Prize four times, and worked as a teacher, resident poet and poetry consultant in many famous universities. In his later years, he was an unofficial poet laureate in the United States. On his 75th and 85th birthdays, the US Senate made a resolution to honor him. His poetry is similar to traditional poetry in form, but it is not as artificial as romantic and aesthetical poets. He does not pursue external beauty. His poems often begin with describing the natural scenery or customs of New England and gradually enter the field of philosophy. His poems are unpretentious, but subtle and intriguing. The famous poem "Birch Tree" wrote that most people always want to escape from reality, but in the end they have to come back to reality. "Repairing the Wall" wrote that there are many tangible and intangible walls in the world that are worthless. In addition to short lyric poems, he also has some dramatic long narrative poems, which describe the spiritual outlook of rural people in New England, and the tone is relatively low and quite distinctive. In terms of meter, Frost likes to use variations of traditional blank poems and sonnets, which has its own characteristics in rhythm.
Frost is often called an "alternative poet", which means that he is in a period of alternation between traditional poetry and modernist poetry. He and Eliot are also called the two centers of modern American poetry.
Frost has published more than ten books of poetry, including his famous collection North of Boston, as well as The Peak, New Hampshire, Xixi, The Tree of Witness, The glade and so on. His poetry style is unique, and he vividly and simply describes rural scenery and rural daily life with spoken poems. His poems are full of American local flavor, widely circulated and deeply loved by people.