First, the classification of ancient poetry
Ancient poetry includes poems and songs.
From the form of poetry can be divided into:
(1) Ancient poems, including four-character poems (first appeared in The Book of Songs), five-character poems (matured in the Han Dynasty, such as Nineteen Ancient Poems), seven-character poems (matured in the Tang Dynasty, such as The Song of Eternal Sorrow) and Yuefu poems (some titles added songs, lines, songs and songs).
Classical poetry does not talk about antithesis and rhymes freely. The development track of classical poetry: The Book of Songs → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Folk Songs → Jian 'an Poetry → Tao Poetry and other literati five-character poems → Tang Dynasty Ancient Style New Yuefu.
② Modern poetry, including metrical poems and quatrains. Modern poetry flourished in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to the regular arrangement, it also has the positions of definite sentences, definite words, definite sounds and definite rhymes. There are two kinds of quatrains: five-character quatrains (five-character quatrains) and seven-character quatrains (seven-character quatrains). There are three kinds of metrical poems: five-character metrical poems (five laws), seven-character metrical poems (seven laws) and arranged laws.
③ Ci, which flourished in the Song Dynasty, can be divided into three forms according to the number of words: Xiaoling (within 58 words), Zhongdiao (within 59-90 words) and Longdiao (above 9 1 word). Fixed tone, fixed sentence, fixed words and rhymes. Words can be divided into monosyllabic and disyllabic, and disyllabic is divided into two paragraphs, in which the level and number of words are equal or roughly equal, and monosyllabic is only one paragraph. A paragraph of a word is called a que or an article, the first paragraph is called Qianque, Shangque and Shangpian, and the second paragraph is called Houque, Xiaque and Xiapian.
④ Qu, also known as Yuefu. Qu Xingsheng was born in Yuan Dynasty, and there are two forms: Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu has two forms: poem (short tune) and divertimento (also called divertimento).
Second, the related knowledge of poems, words and songs.
(1) Ancient poetry and modern poetry
Classical poetry and modern poetry are divided from the perspective of poetic rhythm. The main difference between them is that modern poetry refers to metrical poetry formed in the early Tang Dynasty, which has strict rules on the number of words, rhyme and antithesis, while classical poetry does not talk about metrical poetry, and poems before the Tang Dynasty are all classical poetry.
(2) rhymes and quatrains (also called abridged sentences)
The difference between metrical poems and quatrains is mainly in the number of sentences. There are only four quatrains, which can be typed or not. There are * * * eight metrical poems, one or two of which are head couplets, three or four are parallel couplets, five or six are neck couplets, and seven or eight are tail couplets; The first couplet and the last couplet can be couplet, but they can't be couplet, and the couplet and the neck couplet must be couplet; No matter whether it is a metrical poem or a quatrain, there are requirements for leveling. Rhymes of more than eight sentences are excluded.
(3) Songs, lines and quotations
There is no strict difference between the three genres of ancient poetry. Generally speaking, syllables and metrical forms are relatively free, including five words, seven words and miscellaneous words, such as "The Hut is Blown by Autumn Wind", "Pipa Line" and "Li Ping Quotations".
④ Yuefu New Yuefu
Yuefu, originally the official name in charge of music in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, later became a poetic name. Music songs collected and created by Yuefu officials in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties are called Yuefu for short. Xinle Building was built in the early Tang Dynasty. In the early Tang Dynasty, poets wrote Yuefu poems, except following the old poems of Yuefu in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, a few poets created new poems, which were different from the original rhyme, so they were called new Yuefu, and the name of the new Yuefu was determined by Bai Juyi.
⑤ Title and inscription
The difference between title and epigraph: the title of a word is the embodiment of the content of the word, and epigraph is the name of the tune of the word. For example, in Niannujiao Nostalgia for Red Cliff, Niannujiao is a epigraph, and Chibi Nostalgia is the title, which reveals that the word is lyrics and the place is Chibi. A word must have a epigraph, but not necessarily a title. A word is divided into two sections, the upper section is called "Shangque" (or "Part I") and the lower section is called "Xiaque" (or "Part II") (Que means the end of music).
Third, from the theme of poetry can be divided into:
Lyrics about scenery, lyrics about scenic spots and natural scenery. Because of their dissatisfaction with reality, some ancient poets often attached their feelings to mountains and rivers, and expressed their thoughts and feelings by describing the scenery of rivers and lakes and natural scenery. This kind of poetry often contains the feelings expressed by the scenery described later, which is what people often say. Its style is fresh and natural.
(2) Poetry is expressed by chanting things, in which the poet describes the shape, characteristics, charm and personality of chanting things, so as to entrust the poet's own feelings and express the poet's spirit, quality or ideal.
(3) I feel nostalgic about poetry, because one thing causes the poet's feelings, such as homesickness, homesickness and friends.
(4) Memorizing the past and chanting epic poems, taking historical allusions as the theme, or expressing their opinions, or satirizing the present through the past, or expressing vicissitudes of life.
⑤ Poems describing frontier battles, describing frontier scenery and the military life of frontier soldiers, or expressing optimism and heroism or homesickness, with tragic style and bold brushwork.
Fourthly, China ancient poetry schools and literary movements.
1. Landscape pastoral school. Mainly describes the quiet and carefree natural scenery, through the praise of natural scenery, or reveals the feelings of unwilling to go with the flow, or expresses the negative thoughts of seclusion and seclusion. Its representative writers are Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun in Jin Dynasty and Wang Wei and Meng Haoran in Tang Dynasty.
2. Frontier Poetry School. Taking frontier life and war as the theme. Representative writers are Gao Shi and Cen Can in Tang Dynasty, as well as Wang Changling, Wang Zhihuan, William Wang and Cui Hao.
3. Free and unfettered. As a major school of Ci in Song Dynasty, its works are bold, artistic conception is vigorous, and its ci is full of lofty sentiments and ambitions, giving people a positive force. The representative poets are mainly Su Shi and Xin Qiji, and their representative works include Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia and Xin Qiji's Yong Yu Le Jing Kou Gu Bei Ting Nostalgia.
4. Elegant school. As a major school in the Song Dynasty, the language of his works is beautiful and subtle, and the feelings expressed in the words are tactfully lingering, or have a relaxed and lively artistic conception, or deep bitterness. The subject matter is narrow, mostly based on personal experience, love between men and women and landscape scenery. The representative poets are Liu Yong, Qin Guan, Li Qingzhao and Jiang Kui.
5. New Yuefu Movement. Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen advocated that "articles should be written in time, and songs and poems should be written". Although it is called Yuefu, it is not limited to temperament, so it is called New Yuefu. Bai Juyi wrote 50 poems, many of which reflected social contradictions and were of practical significance at that time. Its form is Yuefu style, mostly mixed with three words and seven languages.