The narrative of "Warring States Policy" has a high level of achievement. The book describes the lobbying activities of counselors and counselors, and describes a large number of characters with distinctive personalities, ranging from the kings and nobles to the people in the alleys. Among them, the most brilliant portrayals are those of "the most powerful and eloquent scholars in the world". The author uses vivid writing to reproduce their outstanding style on the political stage of the Warring States Period. It is very different from "Zuo Zhuan" which writes about people as they happened in the chronological narrative. "Warring States Policy" often focuses on describing one person's deeds in one work, and there are many exaggerations, exaggerations and even fictions in the narrative. The author not only expresses the characters' personalities through characteristic words and deeds, but also pays attention to revealing their inner world, so that the characters are full of flesh and blood, with both form and spirit. For example, "Qin Ce Yi" records that Su Qin used Lian Heng to criticize the King of Qin in his early years, but received a cold reception:
Said that the King of Qin wrote ten books but said that it was not possible. The black mink's fur is bad, a hundred catties of gold are exhausted, and the resources are exhausted. He went to Qin and returned. The poor man walks on the hub and carries books and a bag. It is described as haggard, with a swarthy face and a look of guilt (ashamed). When he returned home, his wife did not leave her bed, her sister-in-law did not cook for her, and her parents did not talk to her. Su Qin sighed and said: "My wife does not regard me as her husband, my sister-in-law does not regard me as her uncle, and my parents do not regard me as their son. This is all Qin's fault." He sent out the book at night and presented it to dozens of people, and finally got "Tai Gong Yin Fu" The plan is laid down and recited, and it is concise and easy to figure out. When he was about to fall asleep while reading, he used the awl to stab his buttocks, causing blood to flow to his feet. He said: "Did you say that the master of a human being cannot use his gold, jade, and brocade to win the honor of his ministers?" After a period of time, he figured it out and said: "This can really be said to be the king of the world!"
So Naimo Yanwu gathered in the palace and saw the king of Zhao under the beautiful house, holding hands and talking. King Zhao was very happy and was granted the title of Lord Wu'an. After receiving the seal of the prime minister, hundreds of leather chariots, thousands of pure cotton embroideries, hundreds of pairs of white jade stones, and thousands of gold coins were sent to follow him.
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The king of Chu was passing by Luoyang. His parents heard about it, and they cleared the palace and set up a banquet hall, and the suburbs were thirty miles away. The wife looked sideways and listened, while the sister-in-law crouched like a snake, bowed four times and knelt down to thank her. Su Qin said: "Sister-in-law, why do you stand in front and be humble in the back?" Sister-in-law said: "The younger brother has more wealth because of his high position." Su Qin said: "Sorry! If you are poor, your parents will have no children, and if you are rich, your relatives will be afraid. In the world, power and position are important. How can wealth and honor be so unexpected?"
The article reproduces the history of a strategist's efforts. Su Qin's early years of decline, his later dignity, and his late-night anger scenes are all vividly written; several monologues before and after powerfully express his character and ideological characteristics; and the attitude of his family members who are in front of each other and respectful in back makes people see it. The typical environment in which Su Qin lived makes this image more real and credible. In these aspects, the author deliberately exaggerates, exaggerates, and even adds elements of imagination.
The narratives of "Warring States Policy" are all based on characters; what is recorded in the book are mostly about the deeds of scheming people who came up with ingenious strategies to turn danger into safety and destiny to survive, and the author often deliberately exaggerated it , therefore, the strange and tortuous plot is organically combined with the magnificent and extraordinary characters, making the work legendary. For example, in the section "Feng Xuan's guest, Mengchang Jun" in "Qi Ce IV", Feng Xuan gives people an unusual feeling as soon as he appears. , then, the author continued to create suspense through plots such as playing the cymbals and singing, burning coupons for charity, and creating three caves. In the fascinating story, the author showed Feng Yuan's extraordinary talent. Wu Chucai and Wu Tiaohou in the Qing Dynasty said: "Three times, I want to see a powerful man fall for a while, and I can't help but feel excited. The whole article is full of waves and gestures, which can make Feng Gong's eyebrows float on the paper. "The fallen man becomes more beautiful." (Volume 4 of "Guwen Guanzhi") In addition, the author often spares no effort in describing people in detail, such as "Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi" in "Qi Ceyi". The psychological activities of Zou Ji looking at himself in the mirror several times in "Accepting Admonition", the dialogue between Chulong and the Queen Mother Zhao in "Zhu Long Talks about the Queen Mother Zhao" in "Zhao Ce IV" and the change in the attitude of the Queen Mother Zhao are all written in detail and vividly. . These detailed descriptions in "Warring States Policy" are very different from "Zuo Zhuan" which is concise.
From Warring States Policy to Zuozhuan, it is not difficult to see that pre-Qin historical prose established the tradition of ancient historical biography prose. Historians summarized historical experience and expressed their thoughts and opinions by recording historical facts. They either expressed praise, criticism, love and hate in their narratives, or they dared to write straightly. This spirit of using history to reflect aspirations was carried forward by future generations of historical and biographical writers. Sima Qian of the Han Dynasty strongly agreed with Confucius's view that "it is better to see the empty words that I want to record than to see the profound meaning through deeds." By writing "Historical Records", he "study the relationship between heaven and man, understand the changes in ancient and modern times, and formulate a family's words", which has placed his trust in it. Ideals, loves and hates are also written into a "real record" that "does not falsely describe beauty and does not hide evil". Pre-Qin historical prose combines rigorous historical writing with vivid literary expression techniques. Achieving the unity of authenticity and image, the work pays attention to depicting characters and details in the narrative, and is good at expressing dramatic plots. From these works, different styles such as chronology and country were developed. Miscellaneous histories such as "The Biography of Emperor Mu" and "Yanzi Chunqiu" further recorded historical events centered on one character. These creative characteristics and experiences were not only inherited by future generations of historical prose, but also directly gave birth to the birth of biographical literature such as "Historical Records" and "Hanshu". The biographies created by "Historical Records" draw heavily on the art of narrative writing in books such as "Zuo Zhuan" and "National Policy". Among them, the narrative styles such as "Benji", "Biao", "Family" and "Biography" also It draws lessons from the "Emperor Lineage", "Ji", "Prince Genealogy", "Aristocratic Family", "Biography" and other genres in "Shiben", and the "Tai Shigong said" at the end of the chapter is obviously inspired by the "Zuo Zhuan" Inspired by "The Gentleman Said".
Novels in ancient my country are closely related to historical and biographical literature, and pre-Qin historical prose is an important source of them. Some of the miscellaneous biographies of the pre-Qin period, such as "The Biography of Emperor Mu", have a novel flavor in themselves, and gradually developed into novels of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. Another part of the historical and biographical literature influenced the formation of ancient novels through the historical biographical literature of later generations such as "Historical Records". Ancient Chinese novels often take historical stories as their themes, and often adopt the narrative form of historical biography. The author arranges the plot structure in the order of time development, and depicts the characters through the actions and language of the protagonist during the narrative process, rarely giving static descriptions. These distinctive national characteristics can all be found in pre-Qin historical prose. The rich content of pre-Qin historical prose has become a treasure trove of materials for future generations' novels and operas.
The style, language and writing skills of pre-Qin historical prose have also become a model for later generations of essayists to learn from. Most of the essayists in the early Western Han Dynasty have the legacy of the Warring States strategists, and the great poems of Sima Xiangru and others also clearly bear the traces of the "Warring States Policy". When prose writers of the Tang and Song Dynasties advocated the ancient prose movement, they all regarded pre-Qin historical prose as a model for learning. Both Han and Liu's prose were influenced by "Zuo Zhuan". Han Yu's "Ping Huaixi Stele" was written in imitation of "Shang Shu". Liu Zongyuan also advocated that the prose should "incorporate the Chinese language to gain interest" ("Reply to Wei Zhongli" "Book of Teachers"). Ouyang Xiu highly praised the "simple but methodical" approach of "Spring and Autumn", while Su Xun and Su Shi's essays drew more from "Warring States Policy". Until the Qing Dynasty, the Tongcheng School still regarded pre-Qin historical prose such as "Zuo Zhuan" as a model for ancient prose. Fang Bao's "Yifa" theory was put forward based on summarizing the creative experience of "Zuo Zhuan" and "Historical Records" .