Hakka folk songs have a wide range of contents and their language is simple and vivid. The lyrics make good use of Bixing and have neat rhymes. The following is an introduction to the knowledge of Hakka folk song culture, welcome to read, for reference only!
1. Introduction to Hakka folk songs
Hakka folk songs are known as the sounds of nature with the legacy of the "Book of Songs" , has a history of more than a thousand years since the Tang Dynasty. It is mainly spread in Meizhou, Heyuan, Huizhou, Ganzhou, Longyan, Shaoguan counties as well as Yantian, Longgang, Shiyan, Guanlan in Shenzhen, Zhangzhou, Zhanjiang Lianjiang, Maoming Dianbai, Shantou Chaoyang, Chaonan, Shanwei Luhe, Lufeng , Jiexi in Jieyang, Raoping in Chaozhou, Hezhou, Bobai, and Luchuan in Guangxi, Nanfeng in Danzhou in Hainan, Yanling and Liuyang in Hunan, Miaoli, Hsinchu, and Taoyuan in Taiwan, as well as Hakka settlements at home and abroad. After continuous development, Hakka folk songs have attracted the attention of the world. On May 20, 2006, Meizhou Hakka folk songs were approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists.
It inherits the traditional style in the Book of Songs and is greatly influenced by Tang poetry and Zhuzhi Ci. At the same time, it absorbs the excellent elements of folk songs from all over the south. For thousands of years, it has been widely circulated and has been sung for a long time. decline.
Hakka folk songs include labor songs, persuasive songs, industry songs, show songs, show off songs, Xuxuan songs, lafan songs, riddle songs, guessing tunes, minor tunes, bamboo songs, etc.
The structure of the lyrics is roughly the same. Each song has four sentences, each sentence has seven characters, and the first, second, and fourth sentences often rhyme in flat tones.
She has a rich range of tunes, including haozi folk songs, Zhengban folk songs, four-line and eight-section folk songs, Allegro folk songs, Dieban folk songs, five-line folk songs, etc.
2. Source
Hakka folk songs are the most influential and important type of Hakka folk songs. They are sung in Hakka dialect and inherit the traditional style of "The Book of Songs" and Tang poetry. It has a great influence on Lu Jue and later Zhuzhi Ci. At the same time, it absorbs the excellent elements of folk songs from all over the south, forming its own system and unique style. Judging from the subject matter and content, it includes labor songs, songs of persuasion, industry songs, entertainment songs, current affairs songs, ritual songs, love songs, life songs, children's songs, guessing tunes, minor tunes, bamboo songs, etc. The tunes are rich, mainly including Haozi folk songs, Zhengban folk songs, four-line eight-section folk songs, Allegro folk songs, Dieban folk songs, five-line folk songs, etc. The melody is very beautiful. The structure of the various lyrics is roughly the same. Each song has 4 sentences, each sentence has 7 words, and the first, second and fourth sentences often rhyme with flat tones. They make good use of Bixing techniques, especially puns. The language is vivid and popular, and the rhymes are catchy.
3. The background of the formation of Hakka folk songs
Hakka folk songs are the oral literature of the Hakka people. They are rich in Hakka language characteristics and form an independent branch of folk songs. Due to the environment in which they live, the Hakka people work in the fields and mountains all day long, and both men and women work together. There is no strict distinction between men working outside and women working inside. The Hakka people are mostly simple and hard-working in character, rarely lazy and exaggerated, and they retain the customs of the ancient Central Plains people. These are quite related to the emergence of Hakka folk songs. Any kind of art has its social background and historical origin. There are roughly four reasons why folk songs are popular in the Hakka area:
First, Hakkas are mostly distributed in the mountainous areas of southeastern China, and their daily life is related to the mountains. Moreover, Hakka customs are women and Men are also responsible for various operations in the mountains. During the long-term joint work in the mountains, it is expected that men and women talk to each other about their feelings, and folk songs are melodic words that can express feelings better than ordinary language.
Secondly, Hakkas live in mountainous areas and work relatively hard. Once they go to the mountains or wilderness valleys, they will inevitably feel elated and want to sing a few songs to vent their emotions.
Thirdly, in the old days, Hakkas did not have other relatively complete and common folk entertainment, and their usually suppressed emotions could not be properly vented. Singing folk songs was a popular entertainment, so most men and women were not interested in it. Have the same favorites.
Fourth, in Hakka society, the old ethics are very strict. Usually in families or villages, strict boundaries are maintained between men and women. Except for the relationship between husband and wife, social activities between men and women are very rare. . Even among couples, there are few light-hearted life programs. Because I was too restrained at home, my spirit seemed to be liberated when I went to the mountains, so I sang folk songs naturally.
In terms of the content and nature of Hakka folk songs, they can be roughly divided into the following three types: First, they are self-intoxicating or self-venting. They may not have an audience when singing. Sometimes they can be hummed by a person alone. Refresh your boring mood. The second is folk songs about flirting between men and women, which is the most important part of Hakka folk songs. The third one is a joke song, that is, one of the men and women sings a folk song to the other party in a joking manner. If the other party responds, they will tease each other with the folk song and ridicule the other party. If there is no response, it means that she (he) is an honest person who can be bullied. Or people who can't sing folk songs, then they can let it go.
4. Category
Haozi folk songs are also called folk songs and haozi. Most of the lyrics are such as "yo ho ha", with only one long phrase, performed between two or three adjacent tones in the high-pitched area, with a loose rhythm and a free rhythm. It is sung in falsetto and has a high-pitched voice.
Zhengban folk song is also called four-sentence ban folk song. It consists of four phrases with a neat and symmetrical structure. It is the most common form among Hakka folk songs.
Four lines and eight stanzas of folk songs have 4 lines of lyrics, and eight stanzas refer to 8 musical phrases. It is to divide a line of lyrics into two musical phrases to sing, with more lining words sandwiched between the words. Its tunes are developed on the basis of traditional folk songs.
Allegro folk songs are also called Presto folk songs. The lyrics have no liners and the tune has no drawl. It is sung to the tune of a genuine folk song, tightening the rhythm and speeding up the speed.
Diaoban folk song is also called Duizi folk song. There are many repeated words and phrases inserted into the lyrics, sometimes as many as 10 words. The beginning and end of the melody basically retain the characteristics of a traditional folk song, while in the middle the melody is expanded by the use of overlapping words and refrains, and the singing is similar to counting banban.
Five-sentence folk song The lyrics are 7 characters and 5 sentences, and the melody is an expansion of the authentic folk song.
5. Expression Techniques
Hakka folk songs should turn invisible thoughts and emotions into concrete, visible, vivid and touching artistic images. They often use various vivid expression techniques, mainly There are eleven types: metaphor, pun, overlap, direct narration, contrast, parallelism, duality, veracity, exaggeration, and word splitting. For example:
A man has a heart and a girl has a heart. They are like a thread and a needle;
The silver needle never leaves the silk thread, and the silk thread never leaves the silver needle.
This folk song uses metaphorical words "like" to directly compare the inseparable love between men and women to the needle and thread that have never been separated. It is easy to understand, visible in image, sincere and vivid.
Hakka folk songs have a wide range of themes, implicit artistic conceptions, good use of metaphors, and are especially good at puns. The language is vivid and popular, and the rhymes are catchy. For example: When a man has a heart, he comes to a girl who has a heart. He grinds an iron pestle into an embroidery needle; when a man ties a needle, he comes to the girl to tie a thread. The needle moves three steps to find the thread. ?The metaphor used in this folk song is like ?directly comparing the inseparable love between men and women to the needle and thread that have never been separated. It is easy to understand, the image is visible, the love is sincere, and the life is vivid and expressive; Acacia does not dare to speak nonsense; a mute eats with only one chopstick, thinking that he cannot speak. ?This song uses vivid metaphors and puns to express the feeling of missing each other and to tell the story of admiring the other person and wanting to form a couple with them but finding it difficult to speak. It is euphemistic, implicit and thought-provoking.
6. Artistic Features
1. Strong emotions and rich imagination
The new ring has nine links, and each link lasts for nine years;
Ninety-nine will return to eighty-one, and love will return to each other for nineteen years.
In Hakka folk songs, everything has emotions and life. Rings were originally emotionless ornaments, but the rings in the songs became witnesses of love, expressing the passion of a man and a woman who have been married for hundreds of years. love affair.
2. The image is vivid and the artistic conception is fresh.
When you enter the mountain, you will see the vines wrapped around the trees, and when you come out of the mountain, you will see the trees wrapped around the vines;
The trees will die and the vines will twine until they die, and the vines will die of the trees. Life and death are also entangled.
Using the specific image of the vines and trees on the mountain entangled and inseparable until death, it is a metaphor for the noble feelings and strong will of a pair of lovers who are loyal to love and love each other for life and death. The song not only depicts a vivid image, but also embodies emotions in the scenery and conveys emotions through the scenery, forming a fresh and beautiful artistic conception that blends the scenes.
3. Lyrical narrative, integrated
My brother was shocked when he saw his sister shouldering the burden;
I wonder how much I can share with you, Seeing that there were so many people, I dared not speak.
The song describes the hard-working and capable Hakka girls who carry a load of 120 to 30 kilograms for a long distance, which makes the men surprised and distressed. At the same time, it also details the young man's concern and shyness towards his lover. Mixed emotions.
4. Sense of things and things, natural and smooth
The newly built big house is square, and the upper hall and the lower hall are made;
Three rooms and three rooms are made Set, ask the girl whether she loves the corridor or not (Lang).
The folk song uses the structure of Hakka people’s houses to test the meaning of lovers. The meaning is implicit, relevant and vivid. The listener seems to see a simple and honest young man who is eager to know the girl's feelings, so he uses objects as metaphors for love, and uses the pun of "corridor" and "lang" to test his beloved girl in a clever and euphemistic way.
7. Inheritance and development of Hakka folk songs
1. Inheritance
Hakka folk songs have beautiful melodies, and almost all tunes have vibrato, portamento, appliqué, etc. The ornamentation makes the melody winding, euphemistic and beautiful. Hakka folk songs have a variety of singing styles, including Songkou Yuanban folk songs, Meixian District folk songs, Xingning Luogang folk songs, Jiaoling Changtan folk songs, Dabu Xihe folk songs, etc. Hakka folk songs have a wide range of themes, implicit artistic conceptions, good use of metaphorical techniques, and are especially good at puns. The language is vivid and popular, and the rhymes are catchy. For example: When the man is interested, the girl is interested, and the iron pestle is ground into an embroidery needle; when the man ties the needle, the girl ties the thread, and the needle moves three steps to find the thread.
?The metaphor used in this folk song is like ?directly comparing the inseparable love between men and women to the needle and thread that have never been separated. It is easy to understand, the image is visible, the love is sincere, and the life is vivid and expressive; Acacia does not dare to speak nonsense; a mute eats with only one chopstick, thinking that he cannot speak. ?This song uses vivid metaphors and puns to express the feeling of missing each other and to tell the story of admiring the other person and wanting to form a couple with them but finding it difficult to speak. It is euphemistic, implicit and thought-provoking.
Hakka folk songs have strong artistic imagination. For example: When you make a new ring with nine rings, one ring will last for nine years; ninety-nine will return to eighty-one, and love will last for nineteen years. ?Everything in Hakka folk songs has emotions and life. Rings are originally emotionless ornaments, but they are often used as "tokens of love." Therefore, the rings in the songs become witnesses of love and express the expression of love. A man and a woman have been in a passionate love affair for a century. When he saw his sister shouldering the burden, my brother was shocked. He wanted to share how much he wanted to share with you, but he didn't dare to say anything when there were so many people. ?The song describes a Hakka girl who is hard-working and capable, and can carry a load of 120 to 30 pounds for a long distance, which makes the man surprised and distressed. At the same time, it also carefully depicts the complex mood of the young man who is both concerned and shy about his lover. The lyrical narrative is completely clear. One body.
2. Development
The famous composer Xu Peidong believes that Hakka folk songs have been circulated for thousands of years, retaining many elements of ancient sayings, and have high appreciation value. As an art form, it should also keep pace with the times, innovate on the basis of the original folk songs, examine folk songs from today's perspective and the characteristics of the times, and use this as inspiration to integrate Hakka customs into the creation of songs. go.
The famous composer Chen Xiaoqi pointed out that Hakka folk songs have limited their spread across the country due to language limitations. But its melody is second to none in the country, and its arrangement can be greatly changed. Its structure is only four or five sentences, so it has more room for development. He said that the creative materials of Hakka music are very rich, and the art world has not fully explored them.
The famous lyricist Yan Su believes that Hakka folk songs have great potential and value for artistic development. He said: The impromptu singing and implicit artistic conception of Hakka folk songs, as well as more than 100 kinds of tunes, inspired everyone. We will use the musical melodies of Hakka folk songs to create a batch of new folk songs that have both a sense of the times and a Hakka flavor, and carry forward the Hakka folk songs. ?
Experts believe that in order to revitalize and prosper Hakka folk song culture, a two-pronged approach should be taken: not only to organize and preserve the original folk song materials, but also to encourage the creation of new folk songs with the flavor of the times. By blending tradition and the times, traditional folk songs can glow with the artistic charm of the times, thus driving and promoting the development of local economy.