In 7 12 AD, a loud cry rang out in a yard in Dongyaowan, Gongxian County, Henan Province. A fat baby rode on strong legs and cried with his mouth open to celebrate his arrival in this world. He is Du Fu.
When Du Fu was born, his family was not as good as before, but this bureaucratic family with a long tradition had good educational conditions and environment. His mother died when he was very young. Father wanted to be an official in other places, so he sent him to his aunt's house in Luoyang.
At the end of Tang Gaozong, Luoyang became the second capital. After Wuhou proclaimed himself emperor, Luoyang was renamed Zhoudu. The economy here is prosperous and food is abundant. After Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ascended the throne, it was a thriving scene. Du Fu lived in such a prosperous city and was deeply influenced by his culture. Besides, my aunt is a kind and educated person. She treated Du Fu as if she were her own son. Besides taking care of him in life, she often tells him about the past and present.
Du Fu's grandfather, Du Shen Yan, was an influential poet at that time, and later became famous in the history of literature. So my aunt often encourages him to say, "Your grandfather is a famous poet. His poems were praised by the emperor. People praised him as a gifted scholar. You should learn from him. " Du Fu blinked and said, "I want to be a famous poet in the future, so that everyone can remember my name."
When Xiao Du Fu was a teenager, he studied hard, studied hard and struggled hard, which made him unwilling to be lonely. At the age of 14 or 15, he made his mark in the literary world. One day, he showed his father an article he had written, and it happened that two guests were visiting. They also read with great interest. "This masterpiece is like the handwriting of Ban Gu and Yang Xiong (a famous writer in Han Dynasty)!" The guests were full of praise after reading it. Since then, these two guests have often praised Du Fu.
In 73 1 year, Du Fu, like Li Bai, traveled all over the country. He sailed from Luoyang to Jiangning, along the canal and across the Yangtze River. Beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River and rich cultural relics have broadened Du Fu's horizons. However, just as he was in full swing, he received a letter from home urging him to go back to his hometown to take the Jinshi exam. In this exam, Du Fu was full of ambition and entered the examination room with a wave of his hand. His family asked him, "Are you sure about the exam?" Du Fu said: "It is absolutely no problem to be the first." However, as soon as the gold medal list was announced, it fell on Sun Shantou, and a pot of cold water was poured on Du Fu's head.
Du Fu was not discouraged by this. He still wanted to have a part-time job to contribute to the country and benefit the people. But at this time, the Tang Dynasty was becoming more and more corrupt. Tang Xuanzong indulged in debauchery all day long, and only cared about his own enjoyment, not knowing that the world was declining. Li, the prime minister, is also duplicitous, jealous of virtuous and talented people, and has made irresponsible remarks and framed Zhongliang. Faced with this reality, the ambitious Du Fu is very contradictory. He hates official corruption and can't forget to make contributions. Therefore, on the one hand, he didn't want to leave the imperial city Chang 'an.
He sent poems to an official friend one after another, telling his own feelings, hoping for sympathy and understanding, bluntly and boldly attacking the real society and politics, expressing his mind and showing his diligence and talent. Although he was given a cold shoulder in politics, he did not lose his ideals and ambitions. Although his friends attach great importance to Du Fu, they can't change his situation.
In the tenth year of Tianbao (AD 75 1 year), three festivals were held in Chang 'an from the eighth day to the tenth day of the first month, namely, the Xuanyuan Emperor, the ancestral temple and the heaven. The scale and influence of such three grand ceremonies held at the same time are obviously unprecedented. Du Fu seized this opportunity and tried his best to write three "Gifts", voting for them, praising the three gifts and introducing his life experience. This is exactly what Tang Xuanzong wanted. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty appreciated it very much and immediately called Du Fu to Jixian Academy, presided over by the emperor himself, and the prime minister took an examination of Du Fu. But Du Fu never dreamed that such a good opportunity to be an official was broken like a dream. Although the emperor appreciated his articles in person, Li could not accommodate learned people.
Du Fu spent ten years in Chang 'an. Not only did he not get the position, but even his life became a problem. In order to make a living, Du Fu had to humble himself to the noble family and get some alms and help from it. Sometimes I go to Shan Ye to collect herbs, or grow some herbs at my doorstep and sell them in the market. Frustrated in officialdom and living in poverty, Du Fu realized social injustice. He began to care about the sufferings of the people, and his thoughts and feelings changed.
On this day, Du Fu went to the suburbs to collect herbs. When he came to xian yangqiao, he heard a deafening cry from a distance. When I looked closely, I saw teams of recruits, with bows and knives hanging around their waists, walking away. Their parents and wives came to see me off, and they dragged their feet and cried. The crying was mixed with the sound of wheels rolling and horses neighing, and the scene was really terrible.
"Where are you going?" Du Fu asked a gray-haired veteran.
"Go to the frontier to fight!" The veteran replied.
"You are so old, how can you be called?"
"Alas," the veteran sighed, "being drafted by the army didn't also the way! It is said that some people were taken to the army at the age of 14 or 15 and didn't come back until they were in their forties. I'm afraid even old bones will be buried in the frontier. There are still a few acres of fertile land at home, which can be planted for my wife! The tax is not reduced at all, alas, I can't live any longer! " As he spoke, the veteran shed tears.
After listening to the veteran's words, Du Fu's eyes were moist and his heart was filled with grief and indignation. That night, he wrote the famous poem "Automobile Shop". In this poem, Du Fu reflected the people's voice with vivid language and told the people's pain caused by the war. This is Du Fu's first poem to speak for the people.
After years of running and hard work, Du Fu was finally appointed by the court as a small official in charge of ordnance equipment at the age of 44. After accepting this position, he decided to visit his long-lost wife and children in Fengxian (now Pucheng, Shaanxi).
At midnight that day, Du Fu set out from Chang 'an. It was winter, the wind was cold, the grass was withered, and Du Fu walked slowly on a donkey, his fingers were frozen. Suddenly, he found a man lying on the side of the road. When he went down, he turned out to be a poor man who died of hunger and cold.
Du Fu shook his head sympathetically and continued on his way. When he passed Mount Li at dawn, he vaguely heard melodious music. He looked up and saw that the gate of Huaqing Palace in scarlet was hidden among pines and cypresses. Du Fu knew that Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Yang Guifei came here every winter to avoid the cold, and they were having fun in the palace at this time.
Du Fu thought: In Chang 'an city, senior officials wear fur coats, eat delicacies, hold dances and banquets, and enjoy themselves. There are countless possessions at home, and there is too much wine and meat to eat. However, how many poor people do not have enough to eat and wear, or even starve to death or freeze to death in the suburbs. What an unfair world this is!
Du Fu didn't know until he got home that his youngest son, who was under one year old, had starved to death. He immediately remembered everything he saw on the road. Later, he wrote a famous poem, which is "Chanting 500 words from Beijing to Fengxian". In the poem, there is such an immortal sentence as "the wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones on the road freeze to death".
When Du Fu was in Huazhou, Tang Jun, with the help of foreigners, defeated the main force of the rebel army and recovered Chang 'an and Luoyang. The situation has improved, but the remnants of the rebels are still making trouble everywhere and the war continues. Tang Jun was defeated in World War I in Xiangzhou (now Henan Province). In order to supplement the army, local officials sent men to arrest able-bodied men and extort money, making life more difficult for ordinary people.
One day, when Du Fu returned to Huazhou from Luoyang and came to Xin 'an County (now Henan Province), he was recruited by the government. All of them were underage teenagers, and his mother cried her eyes out.
"How do you want these children to be soldiers?" Du Fu asked the officials.
"Our county is small, and the able-bodied men have already finished smoking. The top management is still urging troops, no way! " The county magistrate said.
Du Fu shook his head sadly. After the Western Expedition in Xin 'an, Du Fu went to Shihao Village and lived in a poor family. In the middle of the night, a quick knock on the door woke him up. It turned out that an official had come to arrest able-bodied men. The old man of this family knew that they were coming to arrest people, so he jumped off the wall and ran away. The old woman went out to open the door.
"Where are your people?" Invite officials to drink.
"My three sons have all gone to the front to fight, and there are no other men at home." Grandma cried and said.
"What about your family?" The official asked mercilessly.
"If necessary, let me go! Although my old woman is old and weak, she can still cook. " Grandma said mercilessly.
The officials were very angry when they heard the grandmother's words, but they really took her away when they saw that no one was caught at home.
Along the way, Du Fu also saw many tragic scenes: a young couple just got married and the man was taken to be a soldier; A white-haired old man, whose son and grandson died in the battle, was also taken to be a soldier. His wife knew that he couldn't come back this time and cried sadly on the side of the road. A soldier who escaped from defeat returned to the village. When he returned to the village, he saw the house covered with grass and empty. His relatives died and fled, and it was a bleak scene. When he picked up a hoe to open up wasteland, the county magistrate sent someone to take him out.
With deep sympathy for the people, Du Fu wrote what he saw and heard in six poems, namely Xin 'an official, Tongguan official, Shi Haoguan, newly married, resigned and homeless. These six poems profoundly reflect the turbulent social outlook at that time, which are vivid and touching, and are immortal masterpieces in China's classical poems.
Reason for selection:
The immortal beginning of a great poet.
Ali's words
Du Fu, a poor boy, lived in a broken thatched cottage for the first half of his life and wrote a very famous poem called "The thatched cottage was broken by the autumn wind". None of this is the point. The point is that he is honest and clean, and he can consider other poor people, so he is popular.
When we say that the Tang Dynasty was prosperous, we mean that the politics and economy of the Tang Dynasty reached a peak, including poetry, which was also the heyday. There are countless good poets in Ganges River, but only two people are immortal: Li Bai and Du Fu. Du Fu was different from Li Bai, who was lucky and was born in a real prosperous time. In the era of Li Bai, the society was stable and all countries came to Korea. Naturally, he can be free and free. On the other hand, Du Fu is different. The Anshi Rebellion dealt a heavy blow to the Li and Tang Dynasties, and all the people suffered. The voice of poetry can only give way to Du Fu's gloomy and depressed voice, and give way to the vigorous and prosperous voice.
Character makes fate. Although suffering is also a part of life, what is more important is the external environment. Du Fu has been worried about his country and people all his life, and he has suffered a lot. In the end, he was poor and ill, and died on a broken ship, only living at the age of 59. Of course, he is also doing well. In the heyday of Kaiyuan, Du Fu was only a young poet, and the poems written during that relatively quiet time of reading and traveling did not bring him a good reputation. It should be said that the poets at that time were unremarkable.
The poet's middle age, from 36 to 44, passed the period of being trapped in Chang 'an. During this period, poets began to develop into realism. Then from the age of 45 to 48, it was the most intense period of the Anshi Rebellion. The poet was trapped in the rebels and fled alone. He saw the deep disaster of the people under the national disaster, even if the country broke down and died, the pain was deep. The "three officials and three points" in this period made Du Fu, and it was also a difficult peak in realistic poetry.
Then during the wandering period in the southwest, the poet's spirit and material were even more depressed. During this period, he created many famous works, such as Heartwarming on the Water Threshold, Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Sick Orange, Climbing the Building, and Shuxiang. A hero is born in troubled times, and a great writer is born in troubled times. It just so happens that Du Fu is the kind of person who is proud of his spring breeze or has nothing to do, but the deeper his suffering, the more he can make progress. He pushed himself under a depressing roof and sang with the suffering of others. There is a kind of bird called nightingale in the west. In fairy tales, the nightingale sings like nature. It doesn't sing for itself. Because the nightingale needs to put a rose thorn on her chest before singing, the song stops bleeding. This is a song sung with life, so it is wonderful. The same is true of Du Fu's poems.
Du Fu's poems are the deepest part of life in the latent era, and his people, like this country, are the most suffering, so they touched the hardest riverbed of this era. Poets who remember suffering will also be remembered by history.