Introduction:
Three mountains and five mountains, idiom, generally refers to famous mountains or places. Three mountains refer to Huangshan, Lushan and Yandang, and five mountains refer to Taishan, Huashan, Hengshan, Songshan and Hengshan. There is also a saying that these three mountains are the legendary three fairy mountains of Penglai (Penghu), Abbot Mountain (Fanghu) and Yingzhou (Yinghu). Although the three mountains and five mountains are not the highest mountains in China, they are all higher than the plains or basins, which makes them extremely steep. East, west and Zhongshan are all located on the banks of the Yellow River, which is the cradle of the Chinese nation and the earliest place where Chinese ancestors settled. Sanshan Mountain is located in the south, a little far from the Central Plains, and became famous after Wuyue Mountain, reflecting the expansion of the Chinese nation to the south and the spread of Central Plains culture.
Sanshan
The legendary "three mountains", that is, the "three sacred mountains" on the sea, were particularly fascinated by the ancients because they were places where immortals lived. The Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor contains: "Xu Fu and others in the Qi Dynasty wrote that there are three sacred mountains in the sea, named Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou". Since then, the names of the three sacred mountains in the sea often appear in ancient novels, operas and notes, but they are legends and do not exist. In order to continue the beautiful myth of three mountains and five mountains, later generations chose the new three mountains among the famous mountains outside the five mountains. The three widely circulated mountains are: Huangshan Mountain in Anhui, Lushan Mountain in Jiangxi and Yandang Mountain in Zhejiang. However, there is another saying: Huangshan Mountain in Anhui, Lushan Mountain in Jiangxi and Emei Mountain in Sichuan. International recognition is mostly the first statement, because Emei Mountain itself is one of the four famous mountains of Buddhism, and it is generally not listed as one of the three famous mountains.
Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province is located in Huangshan City in the south of Anhui Province. As one of the three mountains in the Five Mountains, it has the reputation of "the first wonder mountain in the world". It is a sacred place of Taoism and has many relics. It is said that Xuanyuan Huangdi once made an alchemy here. Xu Xiake visited Huangshan twice, leaving a sigh that "the Five Mountains returned without looking at the mountains, and Huangshan returned without looking at the mountains". Great poets such as Li Bai left magnificent poems here. One of the top ten most beautiful and shocking mountains in China. Strange pines, strange rocks, sea of clouds and hot springs are called the four wonders of Huangshan Mountain. Huangshan Mountain is a famous summer resort, a national-level scenic spot and a convalescent summer resort. 1985 was selected as one of the top ten scenic spots in China, and1990 was included in the World Cultural and Natural Heritage List by UNESCO in February, with intact ecological protection and numerous animals and plants!
Mount the horse. Jiangxi land is located in Poyang Lake basin in northern Jiangxi Province, Lushan District of Jiujiang City, bordering Poyang Lake, the south bank of the Yangtze River and one of the five mountains. The mountain is oval. A typical horst-type long mountain is about 25 kilometers wide and about 10 kilometers long. More than 90 peaks stretch like nine screens, shielding the north gate of Jiangxi. It is famous for its heroism, adventure and beauty, and is known as "the first beauty in the world". The majestic mountains with beautiful green peaks, the silver spring waterfall with snow and thunder, the ever-changing wonders of the sea of clouds and beautiful garden buildings show the infinite charm of Lushan Mountain. Lushan Mountain is a famous scenic spot and summer resort, especially its cool climate, such as summer spring. There are many poems in past dynasties, among which Li Bai's Looking at Lushan Waterfall is especially famous.
The main part of Zhejiang Yandang Mountain is located in the northeast coast of Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, and a small part is in the south of Wenling City, Taizhou City. "Collection of Classics" contains: "Yandang Mountain is divided into North Yandang Mountain and South Yandang Mountain with the Oujiang River as the boundary. In terms of landscape location, people nearby are called North Yandang Mountain, South Yandang Mountain, West Yandang Mountain, East Yandang Mountain and Middle Yandang Mountain. Yandang Mountain, which was formed10.2 billion years ago, is a rhyolite-like fire-damaged area from Japan to Cenozoic in the volcanic belt around the Pacific Ocean. Its pioneering success began in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and flourished in the Tang Dynasty. Known as "the best in the world" and "a famous mountain on the sea". History is called "the first mountain in Southeast China". With a total area of 450 square kilometers, more than 500 scenic spots are distributed in 8 scenic spots, including Qifeng grotesque rocks, ancient caves, waterfalls, flowing springs and other scenic spots. Among them, Lingfeng, Lingyan and Dalong Waterfall are called "Three Wonders of Yandang". Especially the night view of Lingfeng, the flying of Lingyan is a must for China. Because there is a lake on the top of the mountain, the reeds are dense and the grass is swaying, and the autumn geese in the south stay here, so it is named Yandang.
Literati and poets came in droves, and Xie Lingyun, Guan Xiu, Shen Kuo, Xu Xiake, Kang Youwei, Zhang Daqian, Sha Menghai, Pan Tianshou, Yu Dafu, Guo Moruo, Deng Tuo and Shu Ting all left poems and ink.
? Five holy mountains
China's famous mountains are the first to promote five mountains. The Five Mountains are the product of the combination of the worship of ancient mountain gods, the concept of five elements and the meditation of emperors. They are famous for their tall image symbolizing the Chinese nation. Taking the Central Plains as the center, it is named according to the directions of east, west, south, north and middle, and "Five Mountains return without looking at the mountains". Five Mountains, the first of the famous mountains in China, have both landscape and cultural significance. The five mountains have their own characteristics: the hero of Mount Tai in Dongyue, the danger of Huashan in Xiyue, the beauty of Hengshan in Nanyue, the wonder of Hengshan in Beiyue and the preciseness of Songshan in Zhongyue, which have long been famous all over the world.
Mount Tai in Dongyue is the first of the "Five Mountains" and has the reputation of "the mountain of China" and "the first mountain in the world". Also called Dongyue, it is the first of the top ten famous mountains in China. It is located in Taian, Shandong Province, with thousands of years of spiritual and cultural infiltration and rendering, as well as the contrast of human landscape. 1987 is listed in the World Natural and Cultural Heritage List, which is the first natural and cultural dual heritage project in China. The cultural heritage is extremely rich, with 97 existing ancient sites and 22 ancient buildings, which provides physical materials for studying the history of ancient architecture in China.
Mount Tai in Dongyue is majestic and majestic. It is regarded as the head of the five mountains, the "first mountain in the world" and a symbol of sublimity and sacredness, so it is called "the exclusive respect of the five mountains". "The sky is out of reach, so I set up a meditation ceremony on Mount Tai to worship, hoping to get close to the gods." Confucius' "Climbing Mount Tai and Being Small in the World" has been circulated for thousands of years. "More important than Mount Tai" and "Mount Tai Beidou", Mount Tai has actually become an inseparable part of the accumulation of traditional Chinese culture.
Mount Tai is bordered by the Yellow Sea in the east and the Yellow River in the west, surrounded by water. It looks at Qufu, the holy city, with its back to Jinan, the spring city. It stands in the east of China and is famous for its exclusive respect for the five mountains. The spiritual symbol of the Chinese nation and the epitome of China's history and culture.
With the main peak as the center, Mount Tai scenic spot is distributed radially. After thousands of years of protection and construction, Mount Tai has sprung up and stood on the land of Qilu. The main peak is abrupt, the mountain is steep, and the peaks are overlapping, forming the lofty momentum that "all other mountains are dwarfed under the sky". And "countless peaks and arches"
The pines and cypresses of Mount Tai are even more majestic and lush. There are many streams and springs, and there is no shortage of beautiful scenery. The misty clouds add a bit of mystery and abstinence to it. It has beautiful foothills, quiet secluded areas, open open areas, illusory wonderful areas and deep Austrian areas; There are also ten natural wonders, such as the rising sun, the jade plate in the sea of clouds, the golden belt of the Yellow River in the sunset, and ten natural landscapes, such as Ten Houses of Songtao, Duisong Cliff, Taoyuan Jingshe and Lingyan Scenic Area, just like a natural landscape painting; The human landscape, with its layout focusing on Sheshou Mountain and Lihao Mountain in the southwest of Taicheng, reaches the Jade Emperor Peak in the sky directly, forming a triple space of "hell", "earth" and "heaven". Dai Temple is the main building on the central axis of the mountain platform city, which is connected to Tianjie in front and Pallet Road in the back, forming a mountain city as a whole. Thus, I climbed the ladder step by step and gradually entered a good situation, from "human" to "heaven".
There are 56 peaks 156, cliffs 138, 72 famous caves, 72 strange stones, valleys 130, 64 waterfalls, 72 famous springs, more than 10,000 ancient trees, 42 ancient ruins, 3 ancient tombs 13 ancient buildings in Taishan Scenic Area. Among them, the Chengziya site, the earliest existing stone pagodas-Simen Pagoda, Dawenkou site, Lingyan Temple, Dai Temple, Thousand Buddha Cliff Grottoes Statues, Dragon Tiger Pagoda, Jiuding Pagoda, Feng Yuxiang Tomb and Tang Daguanfeng Stone Carvings have been announced by the State Council as national key cultural relics protection units.
Huashan Mountain in Xiyue is one of the five famous mountains in China, with an altitude of 2 154.9 meters. It is located in huayin city, Weinan City, 65,438+020 kilometers east of Xi City, Shaanxi Province. It is a granite mountain on the north side of the watershed ridge of the Qinling branch, bordering the broad Weihe Plain and the roaring Yellow River in the north and Qinling Mountain in the south. With the changing dress of nature, various forms of Huashan Mountain are vividly outlined. Huashan Mountain is a national scenic spot and a national 5A-level tourist attraction.
Huashan Mountain in Xiyue is called "Taihua" by the five emperors, "Xiyue" by the Xia and Shang Dynasties, and nicknamed "Hua Yue". According to the textual research of Mr. Zhang Taiyan, a famous scholar in the Qing Dynasty, "Huaxia" and "China" are all named after Huashan. "Huashan has been the Tao since ancient times", ranking first among the five mountains. Huashan Scenic Area, located in Huayin County, Shaanxi Province, is the western mountain among the five mountains. It is located at the intersection of Qin, Jin and Henan provinces in the east of Guanzhong Plain. There are geese in the south, Chaoyang in the east, lotus flowers in the west, Yuntai in the north, and the Five Peaks of Jade Girl in the middle, which are lofty and lofty, "looking like flowers from afar", hence the name.
Because Huashan Mountain is too dangerous, few people boarded it before the Tang Dynasty. Kings of past dynasties offered sacrifices to Xiyue, and all held ceremonies at Xiyue Temple at the foot of the mountain. According to the Book of History, Huashan is "the place where Emperor Xuanyuan meets the immortals". According to Records of the Historian, both the Yellow Emperor and Yu Shun went hunting in Huashan Mountain. According to records, Zhao Haoqi of Qin ordered craftsmen to climb Huashan Mountain with hooks and ladders. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there was no road to the peak of Huashan Mountain. Until the Tang Dynasty, with the prosperity of Taoism, Taoists began to build temples on the mountains, and gradually dug a dangerous road along the valley on the northern slope, forming the "road of ancient Huashan".
Huashan Mountain has attracted countless tourists for its precipitousness. The scenery, courtyards and pavilions on the mountain are all built according to the mountain situation. A mountain flies like a castle in the air, which is unique to Gu Song. The peaks are beautiful and have different images, such as Han Xiangzi herding cattle, the golden toad killing turtles, and the white snake causing trouble. Gu Dao gurgling water, mountain streams and waterfalls are even more interesting. Huashan stands tall and straight in Weihe Plain with its majestic 180 degrees. The three peaks in the east, south and west rise again and again like knives. Zhang Qiao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in his poem: "Who will cut Yongfeng according to the heavenly sword?" They are all aimed at the straightness of Huashan Mountain. The Weihe Plain at the foot of Huashan Mountain is only 330-400 meters above sea level, while Huashan Mountain is 2 154.96 meters above sea level, and the height difference exceeds 1700 meters. The mountain is magnificent and more upright.
Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue, also known as Nanyue Mountain, is one of the five famous mountains in China. It is located in Nanyue District, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, with an altitude of 1300.2 meters. Because the climatic conditions are better than the other four mountains, there are lush forests and bamboos everywhere, which are green all year round; Strange flowers and different grasses, fragrant seasons and beautiful natural scenery, so it has the reputation of "Nanyue independence". Wei Yuan, a poet in A Qing, said in Ode to Heng Yue: "Mount Hengshan walks, Mount Taishan sits, Mount Huashan stands, Mount Songshan lies, and Nanyue flies alone." This is a compliment to Hengshan. Of the five mountains, Hengshan is the only one in the south. Different Classics says that Nanyue was formed by Pangu's left arm. Nanyue is called Hengshan Mountain. It is called "Mount Hengshan" because it is located on the wing of the Twilight Star with a star degree of 28 nights. It is like a weighing instrument, which can be called the weight of heaven and earth and "balance everything". And because there is a small star next to the star, called "Changsha Star", which is in charge of human life. Hengshan is an ancient Changsha. By extension, Hengshan is known as "Shouyue". The daily life of future generations is praised as "longevity is better than Nanshan", and its source is borrowed from this.
Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue is adjacent to the waterfront of Hunan, with lush trees and beautiful scenery, enjoying the reputation of "the exclusive respect of five mountains". Hengshan, located in Hengshan County, Hunan Province, is Nanyue among the five mountains. It has been famous all over the world since ancient times, especially the magnificent natural scenery and human landscape formed by Buddhism and Taoism.
Hengshan Mountain in Beiyue, commonly known as Beiyue, is also called "Taiheng Mountain", also known as "Yuan Yue, Ziyue and damao mountain". It is also known as the Five Mountains with Mount Taishan in Dongyue, Huashan in Xiyue, Hengshan in Nanyue and Songshan in Zhongyue. 1982, Hengshan Mountain was included in the first batch of national scenic spots with the approval of the State Council. It was once called Changshan, Hengzong, Yuan Yue and Confucius. Located in the south of Hunyuan 10 Mountain in Shanxi Province, it is known as the Five Mountains together with Mount Taishan in Dongyue, Mount Huashan in Xiyue, Mount Hengshan in Nanyue and Mount Songshan in Zhongyue. 1982, Hengshan Mountain was included in the first batch of national scenic spots with the approval of the State Council. It was once called Changshan, Hengzong, Yuan Yue and Confucius. It is located at 10 km south of Hunyuan, 62 km away from Datong. Among them, Daomaguan, Zijingguan, Pingxingguan, Yanmenguan and Ning Wuguan Huju are dangerous places, which are the throat of the Great Wall Plateau leading to Jizhong Plain and have been battlegrounds for military strategists since ancient times. Tianfengling, the main peak, is located in the south of Hunyuan, with an altitude of 20 16.8 meters. Known as "the pillar of the northern people's heaven", "the first mountain in the world" and "the second mountain in the world".
Mount Hengshan in Beiyue is steep and the valley is deep. Deep mountain treasures, such as the famous Hanging Temple, are hidden in it. According to legend, Shun Di traveled here 4000 years ago, and was named Beiyue because of its majestic mountains. In the Qin Dynasty, Mount Tai was the second most famous mountain in the world.
Hengshan Mountain, also known as Heng Yue, is located in hun yuan. Hengshan is alias Changshan. Constant, constant, everything is in the north, there is constant. Always called Beiyue. In the Qin Dynasty, "Mount Hengshan is the second most famous mountain in the world", and Erya also said: "Mount Hengshan is the North Mountain".
In the 25th year of Daoguang (AD 1845), Lingtian in Quyang County completed the renovation of Beiyue Temple. In "Rebuilding the Monument of Beiyue Temple", he said: "Damao is in the northwest of the city, and Cui Mi cut it off, far away." Wait, there are many such records.
The third note (Volume II) of Historical Records says, "Kong Anguo said,' Land of Justice': Mount Hengshan is 140 miles northwest of Quyang County in Dingzhou", which is also the way to record Mount Damao and Mount Hengshan. China Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Geographical Names explains: "damao mountain is 70 miles northeast of Fuping County, Hebei Province, bordering Quyang County, that is, the top of Hengshan Mountain and the north of Wuyue Mountain. A sharp stone was once called Changshan ". Although this explanation is the rhetoric of modern people using ancient books, it also shows that it is an approval of Hengshan history.
"Ci Hai" contains: "Hengshan, the name of Gu Shan, was a damao mountain in the northwest of Quyang, Hebei Province and at the junction of Shanxi in the Tang and Song Dynasties." Although the explanation of Ci Hai is more general, it still points out that another name of Hengshan in Tang and Song Dynasties is damao mountain, which is mutually verified with other dictionaries.
According to the religious dictionary, "Hengshan Mountain, which borders Shanxi in the northwest of Quyang County, Hebei Province, ... was designated as Hengshan Mountain in Hunyuan, Shanxi Province, and began to worship Beiyue in Hunyuan in the Qing Dynasty. Since then, Mount Hengshan in Quyang has been called "Da Mao Mountain". This explanation is somewhat vague about the relationship and boundary between Hengshan and damao mountain, and the division of time is also different, but it is worth recommending: Hengshan in Quyang is commonly known as damao mountain.
The Atlas of Chinese History, compiled in the 1980s, also recorded: "From the Spring and Autumn Period to the early Ming Dynasty, Mount Hengshan in Beiyue was always between Quyang and Laiyuan in Hebei Province, also known as Changshan and damao mountain; In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Hengshan was marked in Hunyuan, Shanxi. " "damao mountain" is the boundary mountain between Northern Song Dynasty and Liao Dynasty, and Quyang and Hu Fei belong to Northern Song Dynasty and Liao Dynasty respectively. At that time, the Hengshan Mountain Range was called Changshan Mountain Range, and "Daomaguan" also appeared on the territory of the Jin Dynasty. There is also an inscription on Mount Hengshan in Beiyue Temple, which was preserved in the second year of Jin Da 'an (AD 12 10) and has a history of more than 700 years. This map depicts the regional scope of Mount Hengshan in Beiyue, the distribution of rivers and mountains and some geographical conditions of Quyang City.
There is also a poem by the poet Yuan Haowen, which proves that damao mountain is Beiyue: "Da Yue's ancient grandson is too clever to leave." Poets often describe Mount Heng with image thinking, thinking that "the mountain is the victory of the earth and the mountain is the spirit of the earth". With the cultivation of the mountain of winning the spirit, there is also a saying that "outstanding people are outstanding." Because mountains are spiritual and believed by the ancients, people who are good at mountains often call them their confidants.
Hengshan Mountain in Hunyuan, Shanxi Province, formerly known as Xuanwu Mountain, has been called "Gao's Mountain" in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties and even the Wei and Jin Dynasties, or "the height is one mountain and one mountain". Li Daoyuan, a geographer in the Northern Wei Dynasty, accurately recorded in the Notes on Water Classics: "The high mountain is full of water. In Jiayachuan, east longitude, Sichuan has water flowing south, and water flows out from the northern foot of Hengshan Mountain ... The water swims eastward and falls to Maguanguan ... and the southeast crosses the northern part of Quyang County, Zhongshan, and the constant water is injected from the west ... From bottom to top, the water swims, also known as Hengchuan. In other words, in Yugong, the so-called constancy is obedience. The Xushui recorded in the book (now Tanghe) comes from Gaoshi in the northwest of Lingqiu County, Dai Jun, and this Gaoshi is the birthplace of Tanghe now. Therefore, Gaoshi Mountain is not the original name of Hengshan Mountain. Here, we notice Zhu's record, which is different from the general landscape travel notes. It is not just a tour of scenery, but a geographical investigation. This paper focuses on topography. The combination of scientificity and literariness is not only a true record, but also a beautiful language, which has a far-reaching influence on the prose of later landscape works.
Mr. Liang Yong pointed out in "Re-discussion on Mount Hengshan in Beiyue and its historical changes —— A discussion with Comrade Wang Chang": During the confrontation between Song and Liao Dynasties, Mount Hengshan in Beiyue became an important place of war, and a series of symbolic cultural landscapes in Beiyue were completely lost. In addition, the main peak is still a hundred miles away from Beiyue Temple, and officials only worship Hengshan Mountain. After the establishment of Fuping County in the northern part of Quyang in Jin Dynasty, Hengshan Mountain in Beiyue and Beiyue Temple belonged to different counties.
Zhongyue Songshan Zhongyue Songshan spans Xingyang, Xinmi, Gongyi, Dengfeng, Yanshi, Yichuan, Luoyang and other cities and counties, with a total length of more than 60 kilometers. The main part is in Dengfeng, which is divided into East Taishi Mountain and West Shao Shi Mountain. The main peak of Taishi Mountain is Jijun Peak with an altitude of1.494m, and the highest peak of Shao Shi Mountain is Liantian Peak with an altitude of1.51.2m. There are 36 peaks in each of the two mountains, which are collectively called 72 peaks in Songshan.
With a history of 3.5 billion years, Songshan is one of the birthplaces of the Chinese nation. As far back as 2.5 billion years ago, 65.438+08 billion years ago and 800 million years ago, there were three global Precambrian orogeny and land reclamation movements in Songshan area, namely "Songyang Movement", "Zhongyue Movement" and "Shaolin Movement", which finally formed today's gorgeous, strange, beautiful and beautiful natural landscape.
Songshan Mountain is crowned with five mountains because of its center, and it is mysterious because of its antiquity. Geologically speaking, five generations live under one roof, pine and cypress trees grow green for generations, Yu Xia dredged nine rivers to divert floods, Duke Zhou surveyed heaven and earth to build a sacred system, Wu Han was lucky enough to live in Taishi Mountain, and Tang Zongci's Shaolin Zen was widely celebrated. Then it was very steep, the Yue Temple was very successful, and there were too few poems about Ganlong, so Xu You could hide in Mount Ji.
Songshan is one of the five mountains. The Five Mountains are the most famous mountains in China. It is not only a scenic spot, but also a place where emperors worship heaven and worship Zen, and it is also a paradise where immortals meet and talk about heaven and earth. Songshan Mountain is the oldest. As early as 3.6 billion years ago, when the rest of the earth was still sleeping at the bottom of the sea, it was born and landed proudly. In addition, there is a famous sentence in China's earliest poetry anthology "The Book of Songs", "He who is the one who cultivates the land".
Located in the hinterland of the Central Plains, Songshan Mountain, also known as Gaosong in ancient times, belongs to the Funiu Mountains. Its main body is in Dengfeng County, Henan Province, with Zhengzhou, the provincial capital, in the east and Luoyang, the ancient capital of the Nine Dynasties, in the west. After Zhou Pingwang moved eastward to Luoyang, Songshan Mountain was located in the middle of the world, hence the name Zhongyue. Songshan Mountain is mainly composed of Taishi Mountain and Shao Shi Mountain. The mountain runs from east to west and winds for 70 kilometers, so it is called "Zhongyue is like lying". Songshan Scenic Area consists of six scenic spots: Shaolin Temple, Zhongyue Temple, Songyang Academy, Stargazing Platform, March Village and Baisha Lake. The top of Songshan Mountain is called Ji Jun, with an altitude of 1.49 1.7 meters. In ancient times, there was a saying that the sky was extremely steep.
Three emperors and five emperors all lived and multiplied here, and the ancestors of the Yellow Emperor were the land of three generations. Songyang Academy is the holy land of Confucian culture; Shaolin Temple is the ancestral home of Zen Buddhism, and Shaolin Wushu enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad. Different from the other four climbers, Songshan seems to stand out in the word "Olympics": beautiful natural scenery and endless mystery. There are many rooms like dragons sleeping, but few rooms like phoenix dancing. The thirty-six peaks are magnificent and wonderful, with unique geological features. Archean, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata converge in one place, becoming a unique "natural geological museum" in the world. In 20 10, the "Tiandi" historical building complex in Songshan area successfully declared the world cultural heritage, and Songshan was recognized as the concept of "Tiandi" all over the world.