This preface outlines the development of the author's early thoughts, and at the same time deeply analyzes the self-wandering in the background at that time.
In this preface, the question of "medical treatment" becomes a basic clue used by the author to express the past. First, I buy medicine for my father. As a result, "my father finally died day after day." Then I went to a medical school in Japan to study medicine, determined to "treat the pain of patients who were misdiagnosed like my father." But what I saw was a group of China audiences who were "equally strong and numb". From this group of spectators, what I see is no longer a physical disease, but a psychological disease. The author shows the development process of the author's thought from paying attention to physical diseases to paying attention to mental diseases. This process of ideological transformation is very important to the author. At the same time, in terms of artistic expression, this change of the author's thought is only realized through the performance of some small things that have not been noticed by others, which shows the author's accurate and precise grasp ability and artistic expression.
In this preface, the author does not shy away from his hesitation and loneliness, showing frank artistic character. As a preface, the work appropriately prompts the reason why he wants to write a novel: As the symbol of the author to the traditional China society, the "iron house" not only shows the loneliness of Lu Xun's life, but also shows the author's determination to lead the people out of this loneliness spiritually. Thus, "Scream" has become a cavity of passion and loneliness ejected by the author from deep loneliness. Judging from the works included in the anthology, it is also obvious that the author stood up and appealed after a period of silence at the climax of the May 4th Movement.
The writing characteristics of this preface clearly show that the author uses a simple pen and does nothing. This brushwork corresponds to his deep and cold thoughts; At the same time, the simplicity of the author does not mean that the author's thinking is monotonous and narrow. When describing the lock of life, the author always pushes his thrust to our hearts and spirits. Today, this preface still brings readers deep thinking with its concise and thoughtful artistic personality and profound thoughts of worry and anger.
However, Scream is a collection of short stories written by Lu Xun from 19 18 to 1922. The works truly describe the social life from the Revolution of 1911 to the May 4th Movement, reveal all kinds of deep-seated social contradictions, deeply analyze and completely deny China's old system and stale traditional ideas, and show a strong sense of national survival and a strong desire for social change.
This collection of novels was published by Beijing Xinchao Publishing House/KLOC-0 in August, 923, including fourteen novels, such as Diary of a Madman, Medicine, Tomorrow and The True Story of Ah Q, which received great response after publication.
In the preface to Scream, Lu Xun talked about the process and purpose of his abandoning medicine and joining literature. 1898 graduated from Nanjing Jiangnan naval academy, and transferred to the mining and metallurgy school affiliated to Jiangnan Lushi academy in the second year. 1902 After graduation, he was sent by the Qing government to study in Japan. 1904 entered Sendai Medical College. 1906 stopped studying medicine and returned to Tokyo to prepare for the literary movement. It was an experience of looking at pictures in class that made him abandon medicine and join literature. He recalled: "On one occasion, I suddenly met many China people I hadn't seen for a long time in a photo. One is tied in the middle, and there are many people standing around, all of whom are physically strong, but they look numb.
According to the explanation, it is tied with a military detective for Russia, who is about to be beheaded by the Japanese army and surrounded by people who come to enjoy this grand exhibition. He believes that medicine is not a top priority, and all stupid and weak citizens, no matter how healthy and strong, can only be meaningless propaganda materials and spectators, and there is no need to think that they have died unfortunately. So our first task is to change their spirit, and what is good at changing their spirit is that I thought it was natural to advocate literature and art at that time, so I wanted to advocate the literary movement. "
Lu Xun also talked about how he contributed novels such as Diary of a Madman to New Youth. He once asked a friend who ran New Youth:' If an iron house has absolutely no windows, it is extremely difficult to be destroyed, and there are many people sleeping in it, it will soon suffocate. However, when they went from lethargy to death, they did not feel the sadness of death. Since you are shouting, you have awakened several sober people and made this unfortunate minority suffer irreparable dying pain. Do you think you deserve them? The man replied,' However, since several people have come up, you can't say that there is no hope to destroy this iron house. So he wrote Diary of a Madman, and since then he has published more than ten other articles. Lu Xun hopes that his works can awaken people in the "iron house" and save the people. Talking about the name "Scream", he said:' In my own mind, I thought I was no longer an eager person who couldn't speak, but maybe I still couldn't forget my loneliness and sadness that day, so sometimes I couldn't help shouting to comfort the brave man who was running in loneliness and let him not be afraid of his predecessors. As for whether my cry is brave or sad, hateful or ridiculous, it doesn't matter so much; But since it's up to you to cry, of course, I often don't care about using a curved pen to put a wreath at Yu's grave in medicine, and don't tell her tomorrow that she didn't see her son's dream, because the Lord didn't advocate negativity at that time. As for myself, I don't want to infect young people who are dreaming like I was young.
Lu Xun's novels are the foundation works and classics of China's modern vernacular novels. They have been popular for more than half a century with infinite charm and are still popular today. These three collections of novels are "Scream", "Wandering" and "New Stories" which we are all familiar with. Among them, Scream is Lu Xun's second collection of classic novels after Diary of a Madman, and it is China's masterpiece. It is also a masterpiece of the world.
Scream includes 19 18- 1922 novels written by Lu Xun. Later, the author dug up a historical novel "The Non-Mountain of the Zhou Dynasty" (later renamed "Casting Sword"), which became the present 14. These novels reflect the miserable life and fate of the oppressed in China around the May 4th Movement. The following is the content of Scream. In the preface of Scream, the author reviews his own life experience, reflecting the process of the author's ideological development and his purpose and attitude in literary and artistic activities. At the same time, it also explains the origin and naming reasons of these novels. The author praised literature and art as a weapon to change the national spirit from learning Westernization, studying medicine and taking the road of saving the country scientifically, and showed the development of his patriotic thought and the mental process of seeking the road of saving the country and the people. This article is of great reference value for understanding the author's life, thoughts and the connotation and implication of this novel. In writing, this preface is fresh and refined, thorough and smooth, shocking and fascinating, which makes people want to stop. Its language style is full of Lu Xun's unique personality and has strong artistic charm.
Diary of a Madman is Lu Xun's first vernacular novel and the first vernacular novel in the history of modern literature. Published in May 19 18, the author adopted the pseudonym of Lu Xun for the first time. This article created the image of an anti-feudal warrior-"madman". Through the narration of a madman, the author reveals the history of China's civilization for thousands of years, which is essentially a history of eating people. The essence of feudal family system and feudal ethics in the cloak of "benevolence, righteousness and morality" is cannibalism. At the same time, the author issued a call to "save the children", calling on the people to wake up and overthrow the feudal system. With its distinctive anti-feudal ideology and strong artistic appeal, this article has aroused great repercussions in the ideological and cultural circles, thus laying a solid foundation for the whole China New Literature Movement. The artistic features of this article have had a wide influence in the New Culture Movement. The author's realistic description of the madman's paranoia, sensitivity and delusion accords with the pathological characteristics of the persecutor. And write the expression of madman's pun by symbolic means. The Madman gives a symbolic description of feudal forces, combining realism and symbolism seamlessly. This has produced a strong artistic appeal, followed by language personality. Diary of a Crazy Followers uses modern literary language. The author carefully conceived a "incoherent" madman. The language seems messy but sharp, which not only conforms to the characteristics of mental patients, but also expresses the voice of the oppressed. Personality language has successfully created a warrior image that looks like a madman but has symbolic significance.
Kong Yiji created a typical image of a declining intellectual in feudal society. Kong Yiji, impoverished and pedantic, was finally swallowed up by the feudal society under the poison and destruction of the feudal imperial examination system. The author attacked the numbness of the national spirit and the indifference of society to the suffering people, and sharply condemned the decadent feudal imperial examination system. The artistic feature of this article lies in its rigorous structure. First, it explains the environment and atmosphere. Secondly, develop and introduce characters; Then there is the climax, which is the center of the novel-suggesting the ruthlessness of society. Novel management articles, works are unique. The second feature is to use profile description to shape characters. The work uses the first person "I"-what the hotel waiter saw and heard to write about Kong Yiji. His character description, dialogue and experience are all expressed through the general description of "I", so that the characters created in this way are true and credible, thus vividly depicting the characters. The language of the novel is also extremely concise. Many characters such as hotel shopkeepers, waiters, jackets, customers, children, etc. portrayed by the author are all sketched with a few concise strokes and lifelike. When Kong Yiji finally defended his unreliable innocence, the self-deceiving phrase "stealing books is not stealing" made the image of intellectuals in the old society pretentious, pedantic and amazing!
"Medicine" is based on 1907 Qiu Jin Uprising, a hero of the democratic revolution, and is formed through artistic processing and typical shaping. The novel describes an old democratic revolution, in which the revolutionary's blood sacrifice is not understood, and his own blood is made into human blood steamed bread to treat consumption, and makes a thought-provoking analysis of the historical reasons for the unsuccessful revolution. This paper adopts an original double-line structure. A clue writes that Hua Laoshuan treats his son; Hua Laoshuan buys human blood steamed bread, Hua Xiaoshuan eats human blood steamed bread, and Hua Aunt goes to the grave; Clues to Yu Xia's revolutionary activities and sacrifices. The two tragedies are intertwined to form a tragic picture. The author's meticulous conception is highlighted by using special thinking and suggestive writing skills. Using the two symbolic surnames of "Hua" and "Xia" as synonymous with bleeding and eating blood, its strong and far-reaching significance is extremely rich and profound. In fact, the whole article only wrote the opposite of the sacrifice of a revolutionary, and reflected the tragic of the revolutionary through the impression and reflection of a group of unconscious people. Yu Xia's murder was not clearly written, but implied from the action description of onlookers; The place where he was killed was also clearly pointed out to be the pavilion in Gu Xuan, which was a hint provided by Gu Xuanting, a Shaoxing woman who was killed in Qiu Jin. The stupid reaction of prisoners and listeners reflects his spirit of death; The wreath on his grave suggested that their comrades were still fighting. At the end of the novel, the tomb is compared to steamed bread on the birthday of the rich, which is more profound and alarming. The whole novel is shrouded in a thick and cold atmosphere, which is also the atmosphere that the author successfully created to highlight the characters and themes, so the story of eating people's blood is more shocking.
Goddess: Goddess is Guo Moruo's first book of poetry. Its appearance was like thunder resounding through the sky, which shocked the literary and art circles at that time. Including the preface, Goddess consists of 54 poems and 3 poetic dramas. At that time, the China Revolution and the world proletarian revolution were in full swing, and the goddess was the product of that era.
The longing and praise for the birth of the motherland is an important content of Goddess. Phoenix Nirvana is a masterpiece in Goddess. It symbolizes the destruction of the old self and everything in China and the rebirth of the new self and everything in China with the myth and legend that the phoenix picked up incense and set itself on fire, which shows the poet's strong patriotism.
Singing the praises of self and all the rebels is another important content of Goddess. Poets yearn for and praise the rebirth of the motherland, as well as the rebirth and liberation of themselves. It is precisely because the poet shares the same fate with the motherland and the people that the "self" that often beats in his poems shows the power to devour mountains and rivers and shock the universe. For example, "The Dog of Heaven" shows all kinds of performances of a rebel who pursues personality liberation like "I".
Praising the constant destruction and creation is another important content of Goddess. Since the poet longs for the rebirth of the motherland and pursues the liberation of personality, he must hate and hope to destroy all the dark and decadent forces that hinder the rebirth and liberation. Therefore, he praised both "destruction" and "creation" and "power" of creation. In the poem "Stand on the Edge of the Earth and Blow the Horn", the poet blew a magnificent horn: "Ah! Constantly destroying, constantly creating and constantly working hard! /ah! Hey! Hey! /Power painting, power dance, power music, power poetry, power rhythm! " In I am an Idolater, the poet pays attention to the sun, mountains, oceans, lions, wild geese and forests in Taigu, water, fire, volcanoes and rivers, bold poetry, bold music and macro-worship art.
Praising nature is also an important part of Goddess. Among the poems praising nature, the poems praising the sun are the most, which can best reflect the poet's spirit of hating darkness and pursuing light. In Ode to the Sun, the poet greeted the radiant newborn sun with all his enthusiasm. At sunrise, the poet is willing to be the "runner" of the sun and drive away all the "dark clouds". There is also a spirit of revolutionary optimism in poems praising nature. In the poet's eyes, nature is full of "light waves" of life, "fresh mood everywhere" and "laughter everywhere" (ocean of light). These natural poems written at the climax of the May 4th Movement are novel in conception, magnificent in style and full of positive and optimistic spirit. This is also the embodiment of the poet's love for the motherland and his pursuit of light, freedom and rebirth.
Comprehensive evaluation
The outstanding artistic feature of Goddess is its strong positive and romantic atmosphere. In Goddess, the poet describes life not according to its true colors, but according to his own subjective imagination, ideals and enthusiasm. The fanatical pursuit and praise of ideals and the future is more than the calm and meticulous portrayal of the dark and corrupt reality. However, the romanticism in Goddess is not divorced from reality, but rooted in the soil of reality. Its sturm und drang spirit of destroying everything and creating everything fully expressed the thoughts, feelings, wishes and demands of the people during the May 4th Movement, especially the awakened young intellectuals. If Lu Xun laid the foundation of China's modern novels with his battle Scream, then Guo Moruo opened a new world of China's modern poetry with his rebellious and creative Goddess.
In terms of expression, Goddess uses romantic techniques such as bold imagination, ingenious conception, strange association and extreme exaggeration to express the poet's volcanic passion and beautiful ideal. In terms of language, it not only uses colloquial language, but also uses ancient and modern Chinese and foreign words to describe people. It is determined to innovate and has strong subjective feelings, so the language of poetry is not only extremely rich, but also very vivid, colorful and expressive. In order to express warm feelings, the poet also uses sentence patterns such as overlapping sentences and parallel sentences to form a fast rhythm, thus forming a high style of poetry.
In the form of poetry, the poet made many bold creations. In order to break all the old poetic forms and reflect new ideological content, the poet successfully created an eclectic free poetic style. The poet also created a poetic drama combining poetry and prose, lyricism and narration, which opened up a new field of poetry creation.
In a word, the positive romanticism in Goddess is influenced by western positive romanticism and China classical romanticism, and it also shows Guo Moruo's unique artistic personality, that is, the romantic passion of loving the motherland and pursuing light is closely combined with strange expression techniques such as imagination, metaphor and exaggeration, forming an unrestrained artistic style.
The true story of ah q: joke: one spring, he was walking in the street drunk. In the sunshine of the foundation, he saw Wang Hu scratching lice bare-shouldered, and he suddenly felt itchy. This Wang Hu is ugly and stupid. Everyone called him Wang Hu, but Ah Q deleted a word, but he was very contemptuous. Ah Q means that it's not strange to think it's a beard, but it's too novel to look down upon. So he sat down side by side. If it is other idle people, Ah Q dare not sit down casually. But what's next to Wang Hu? To tell the truth: he is willing to sit down, just flattering him.
Appreciation: this passage shows Ah Q's self-deception psychology ~ especially the last sentence can better understand Ah Q's psychological characteristics!
Border town: paragraph: the first person to get the moon near the water tower is in peach blossom and apricot blossom. In spring, just pay attention. Where there are peach blossoms, there must be people, and where there are people, there must be wine.
Everything is always so quiet, and all people spend their days in this simple loneliness. A little silence will increase people's thinking ability on "personnel" and increase their dreams. Living in this small town, everyone is bound to have an inevitable expectation of love and hate for personnel in their own days. But what do these people think? Heaven/God knows
. These people, except for a cow who died at home, a boat capsized, or other major deaths, will feel very sad when they stumble over an unfortunate accident. People in this border town never seem to feel how unfortunate the struggle in other parts of China is.
There is a small white tower beside a stream, and a family lives under it. There is only an old man, a girl and a yellow dog in this family.
The person in charge of the ferry is an old man who lives under the tower. I lived for seventy years, and I have been staying by this stream since I was twenty. I don't know how many people have burned down the bridge in these fifty years. I'm too old. It should be a rest, but the sky doesn't allow him to rest. It seems that he can't live without this kind of life. He never thought about the significance of his position to himself, but lived there quietly and faithfully. Instead of the sky, he felt the power of life when the sun rose. When the sun went down, he didn't expect that it was the girl who died with him. His only friends are the ferryman and the yellow dog, and his only family is the girl.
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God bless us with some personnel difficulties. As for what Nuoshen gave us, according to local customs, people can't take it lightly.
It's troublesome, isn't it? This is sad, isn't it? Happy? No, what makes this girl happy? She's angry, isn't she? -Yes, she seems really angry with someone and herself.
After an average of one month, all the pains in people's hearts seem to have been cured in that long day. It's very hot, so everyone is busy sweating and drinking cold rice wine. There's no need to worry. Worry can't stay in people's lives. Every day, Cui Cui takes a nap on the side facing away from the sun under the White Pagoda. The height is extremely cold, and there are many birds such as bamboo finches in the two mangosteens. They are floating in their sleep because of the singing of mountain birds, and their dreams are often absurd.
This is not a human sin. A poet will write a whole poem about a small matter. A sculptor can carve a bloody portrait on a stone. A painter can use magic to draw a colorful picture, one green, one red and one gray. Who hasn't made such a strange achievement to miss a shadow of a smile or a sign of a frown? Cui Cui can't use words, stones or colors to transfer the love and hate in her heart to other things, but can only let her heart gallop on all ridiculous things. She often gets surprises and happy excitement from this secret. A little unknown future shocked her feelings so strongly that she couldn't completely keep this illusion about her grandfather.
On the boat, I always see the old boatman's eyes staring at his face, trying to get a satisfactory answer and saying, "There is such a thing." Then promise means: "What if I have you?"
The old boatman said, "Really?"
That naturally said, "Really." It also means "What if it's true?"
Cui Cui said, "I'm not afraid!" I also want to say: "Grandpa, I am not afraid that you are here!" " First there was a huge thunder, and then there was a heavy sound beyond the rain.
Appreciation: In the dead of night, avoid the hustle and bustle of the city during the day, immerse yourself in silence, savor Mr. Shen Congwen's Border Town in your own Xiaotian, and your thoughts fluctuate with the changes of the characters in the book. ...
Border Town is a story about love with a simple and beautiful plot. Tianbao and Nuosong, two sons of Zhangshui Wharf in Xiangxi Mountain City, fell in love with Cui Cui, the granddaughter of Bixi old boatman. But Cui Cui's beloved fell in love with Nogo. On the same day, Bao understood the truth of this love triangle and knew that he could not quit the competition by force, so he took a boat to Chenzhou and forgot everything there. He was depressed, misunderstood the old boatman, and left home for Taoyuan painfully. Cui Cui took on all the changes alone, waiting for the person who may never come back, and maybe will come back tomorrow.
Poetic border town, poetic interpretation of life, poetic interpretation of life. The beauty of human nature shown in the book is saturated with perfection, while Cui Cui's Infinite Waiting shows imperfection. Her love tragedy can be said to be caused by that era. She and Nuosong could have combined to cultivate a beautiful flower of love, but they missed it and left a long regret.
And now who will give up their love? In today's society, who voluntarily gives up what they want, perfect love is what we want to pursue. In the border town, it is important to give up love for family, but it is also sad to give up love for family. Cui didn't know that Tianbao left home and died in the water because he couldn't get her love. He didn't know that he left home because he couldn't get her love, and he didn't know that Grandpa suddenly left home. Later, after Yang, who accompanied her, explained to her, she woke up from her dream, which really made people feel sorry and sad for her.
The story ends here. What is the ending? This leaves a suspense. Did you finally come back? Did they finally get together? I can't help falling into fantasy, hoping that they will have lovers and everything will be fine. After reading Border Town, I once again have doubts about the perfect love in the world and have a deeper understanding of human nature, but I understand that my happiness is to be fought for, and I will not fight for it, and there is nothing to regret.
Border Town is such a healthy and pure love tragedy and human tragedy.
The old man and the sea:
1. Life is a river, with ups and downs. In fact, this river can also be called the river of death. From the day of birth, everyone is dying step by step, and the turbulent waves have drowned everyone's efforts in this world. The only thing we can do is to keep a dignity.
2. The river of life and death is also the river of forgetting and memory. People forget the doomed fact of death again and again with countless feasts, cheerful music, fierce love and fervent faith. These writers who end their stories with suicide are vulnerable because they failed to treat death with an optimistic fate in the end. However, they are also strong, because they have experienced all the noise and turmoil in the world and went to that quiet place. Life and death are unbounded, and nature is silent.