= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
The following is the official answer:
First of all, there are punctuation marks in ancient Chinese, such as:
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the Book of Houmameng used one or two short lines to indicate punctuation.
The short horizontal line circled by the red circle above is punctuation.
Lao Zi, a silk book written by Han Ma Wang Dun;
Punctuations are marked with blue circles. At this time, the punctuation system becomes more complicated. In addition to the single and double short horizontal lines in front, there are corner symbols, triangle symbols, point symbols, box symbols and so on. They are also used differently.
Lu Deming's classic interpretation of the Tang Dynasty (the picture shows the Song Dynasty engraving);
The pause and period here basically took the present form.
Notes on Shang Shu Biao in Song Dynasty
In the book, figures such as circle, square, black triangle, flat bar and semicircle are used as punctuation marks.
Criminal record of Ming dynasty
Punctuation is similar to classical interpretation, which is basically a pause and a period. In addition, circles are also used as bullets.
Yongle ceremony in Ming dynasty;
Only one period (circle) is used as punctuation, and the little red circle in the picture is it.
In addition, there are punctuation methods without symbols in classical Chinese, such as:
Punctuation with spaces: Punctuate with spaces, such as Huayang Record in Song Dynasty;
Punctuation: Punctuation is used as punctuation, that is, punctuation is made at the place of the whole sentence, such as Selected Works of Notes by Liu Chen of Song Dynasty.
Punctuation of Chinese characters: punctuation is based on Chinese characters such as "sentence" and "reading", that is, the word "sentence" or "reading" is added after each sentence, such as the interpretation of "Reading Four Books and Sentences" in Qing Dynasty.
Of course, there were a lot of books without punctuation in ancient times. For these books, punctuation is usually expressed in a specific way. For example, in poetry, repetitive forms and neat sentences are used, and in Sao, "Xi" is used to indicate the end of a sentence. In addition, Teacher Fan Yanting has given a detailed explanation, so I won't go into details here. Note that these are not only the methods of clause, but also the problems that must be paid attention to when writing articles. "Wen Xin Diao Zhang Long Sentence" talks about the problem of using function words to help readers break sentences when writing articles: "The poet used the word" Xi "in the sentence limit, and the word" Chu Ci "to make a sentence. Looking for the word Xi is a sentence, but language helps the rest of the sound. Shun Yong's "South Wind" has been used for a long time, but Wu Weihao is useless, isn't it? As for "My husband only covers the old", it is the first song of the originator; It is the old tune of Zagreb's sentence "well-founded"; Those who are "excellent" also have to attend the last regular class. According to things like leisure, I am really cutting. Lucky, sewing style, can make a few sentences, a life-saving word. Foreign words are difficult to understand and the situation is embarrassing. "
Of course, these methods still can't solve all the problems, so there are many unsolved cases in ancient China, such as the first sentence of Zi Han in The Analects of Confucius:
Should "Zi Han talks about benefiting life and benevolence" do: "Zi Han talks about benefiting life and benevolence." Or "the son is poor in words." With life and love. "People always put forward different explanations. When encountering these problems, we need to refer to some notes, cooperate with the basic skills of primary schools, and carefully identify them in order to understand their original intention.
In fact, you should be able to see that there were many books with punctuation marks in ancient China, not just those without punctuation marks. The problem is that the punctuation system is not uniform. Almost every family uses a system. You use a circle, I use a circle. You use solid, I use hollow. You mark it on the left side of the text, and I mark it under the text ... Like other kinds of knowledge, the problem is that there is no system. There is no system, so it can't circulate, and then it's gone.
2. The punctuation of ancient Chinese prose is set in Jinshi, and it is a matter of mulberry. It is said that "if you want to be brave, Jia Yu Yu Yong!" Chen Yu's teacher is in Hou, and his ugly father is on the right. Zhang Jinjie Yu Kezheng. The right Qi Hou Qiu Huan said, "The ancient jade was lost here." However, if you don't introduce the grain to North Korea, the horse will rush at it, and it will hurt your blood. Zhang Hou said, "From the beginning, the arrow penetrated the left hand and elbow, and the rest was folded to defend the left wheel. How dare Athena Chu say that he is ill? " The son endured and said slowly, "from the beginning, if there was danger, I would push the car down." Do you know? " I'm sick! "Zhang Hou said," the teacher's ears are focused on me, and we move forward and backward from this car. A person's temple can be assembled. If so, why do you want to defeat the monarch with illness? "Hard fight, die. My son will encourage you before you get sick. " If the left and right help you, Ma Yi can't stop. If you learn from it, you will be defeated. (Two-year case of the Left War)
Non-professionals, not necessarily right!
3. Where is the scoring point of Chinese composition in middle school? Basic level:
Content; The center highlights the content, enriches the emotion, and is sincere and relevant.
Language; The language is accurate, fluent and vivid
Structure; Rigorous structure and clear organization.
Development level:
1. The content is "profound", which is reflected in three aspects: A goes deep into the essence through phenomena, B reveals the internal causal relationship of things, and C is enlightening.
2. It is "rich", which is reflected in four aspects: A is rich in materials, B is full of arguments, C is rich in images, and D is far-reaching in artistic conception.
3. Language "literary talent" is reflected in four aspects: A is good at using words, B is flexible in sentence pattern, C is good at using rhetoric, and D is expressive.
4. Writing thinking is "creative", which is reflected in five aspects: A is novel, B is fresh in materials, C is ingenious in conception, D is unique in reasoning and imagination, and E has individual characteristics.
4. Why are there no punctuation marks? Were there punctuation marks in ancient China? It is impossible for the ancients to read a text with even a small weight in one breath, and they definitely need to pause when reading, which requires them to break sentences themselves.
"Book of Rites" says: "Enter school the following year, and enter school in middle age. One year, depending on the classics ... "Zheng Xuan of the Eastern Han Dynasty pointed out:" It is absolutely impossible to deviate from the classics. "
In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius said: "A scholar has just entered the school for one year, and rural doctors must take an examination of his profession at the end of the year. Stay in the classics, that is, divide the manager and break the chapter. "
Tang Hanyu said: "I don't know that sentence, I don't understand it, or I don't know the teacher, or I don't know it. I have never seen it in elementary school. " It can be seen that sentence reading is an important method for ancient people to read.
Since ancient times, there have been countless jokes caused by improper reading of sentences. For example, "Han Feizi's foreign reserves tell the left bottom" has the following record: "Lu Aigong asked Confucius:' I heard that there were ancients, but what was the result?' Confucius said,' No, it's not enough. Real people are disgusted and disgusting, and many people don't say hello.
Although, it is safe from harm because it trusts it. Everyone said, "Only this one is enough."
Not feet, feet. Mourning the public said:' It is enough to judge and consolidate it.
According to archaeological findings, in the process of writing and copying books in ancient China, some symbols indicating sentence reading were used. For example, 1973, the silk book Laozi unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, in Silk Book A, besides the circular black spot at the beginning of the chapter as the chapter number, there is an irregular black spot behind a complete sentence, which should be the sentence reading symbol added by the ancients when copying the book.
1972- 1976, a batch of Han bamboo slips excavated by the Juyan Archaeological Team in Gansu Province included ■, ▓, ●, ∞, ∕. For example, the bamboo slips in the late Western Han Dynasty "swallowed the Northern Tunnel and died in the field ∣ (this is a calligraphy symbol) and were eaten three times in the first month ∽ themselves in the first month. Bamboo slips in the Han and Yuan Dynasties were "flat, out of stock and on fire"; In the 27th exploration team of Broken City, three soldiers died in the 29th tunnel on the right and 30 soldiers died on the right. The two-year bamboo slips "Slip Rong ∠ Wang Yang ∠ Lu Shang ∠ Hanshou □" and so on.
These special symbols in Han bamboo slips have their special uses, and some of them play the role of "later", such as "●"; Some play the role of ",",such as "▲", "∣", ∞ "and so on; Some play the role of a full stop, such as "Yi"; Others play the role of identifying chapter heads, branches and paragraphs, such as "W" and "■" placed at the beginning of the text; Some symbols, such as "∽", "s", "▓", = "and so on. It is still difficult to determine what role they play in writing; Some symbols placed at the end of the text, such as "w", are specially used to express their particularity when copying or writing; Some symbols are used together, such as "W", "S", "M", △ "S" and so on, which is very confusing. At the same time, similar symbols such as comma, period, pause, etc. have appeared in Han bamboo slips, and their functions are similar to those of later generations.
This shows that at the latest in the Han Dynasty, people still used some special symbols to express sentence reading when writing or copying books, so as to facilitate people's reading. The fifth part of Shuo Wen Jie Zi has a symbol "",and Xu Shen explained, "Stop; Knowing it, everything belongs to it. "
Scholars of all ages have explained this. Xu Kai, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said, "Learning Chinese can be used for reference."
A Qing Duan Yucai said, "This refers to six books. Everything is different, nothing can be done, meaning exists in the Lord, knowing its place. It does not mean that reading is not enough. "
Zhu also said: "Today's reading is also a specialty." Yang Shuda, a close friend, said, "That is, a reading point for today" (Interpretation of Ancient Books and Sentences).
Everyone is sure that ""is at least a sentence-reading symbol, that is to say, ""is the original word of "reading" and a marker symbol of sentence-breaking. The word "sentence reading" was first seen in He Xiu's Preface to the Biography and Interpretation of the Spring and Autumn Ram at the end of Han Dynasty. As the saying goes, "if you quote his classics, you will lose your sentence, and if you do nothing, you can laugh."
Gaoyou also said in the "Huai Nan Zi Xu": "There are very few self-lurers, and I learned from my old servant Jun Lu and the same county." Therefore, the word reading sentences has appeared for at least two thousand years.
Zhan Ran, a shaman in the Tang Dynasty, said in the Record of Fahua Sentences: "Every scripture is called a sentence, and if it is not finished, it is called a reading." In other words, "reading" means that the meaning is endless and needs to be paused, and "sentence" means that the meaning of the word has been exhausted.
Liu tui, a native of the Tang Dynasty, said in Wen Zhong Ming: "Fifteen years have passed, and we have got 2,180 pieces of paper. Some have painted B, some have printed letters, some have covered their backs, and some have beads around them. "
A Qing Luo Ruhuai explained: "Wai is today's circle, a method that the Tang people have already circled, while the Song people prevailed." (Collected Works of Coco Caotang (volume 16)) This shows that "reading" was expressed by symbols very early, and "sentence" had no corresponding special symbols before the Tang Dynasty.
After the Tang Dynasty, China's popular books began to be widely used. As a period.
According to the existing literature, the establishment of the use standard of sentence reading symbols in China should be in the Song Dynasty. Song people said in the Evolution of the Nine Classics and Three Biographies: "None of the books supervised in Shu can be read, which is convenient for scholars to copy the books in the library or add some points from the side.
However, this is just reading the scripture sentence by sentence. However, combining the Chinese characters in Shu Guo with the version of Xingguo will benefit the whole week. "
Huang Mao, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, also said in his "Zengyun": "In today's secretarial school, every sentence must be beside the word, and the reading score is slightly in the word." , and. “
Become the official symbol of reading and the source of today's pause and full stop. Later, when novels published in the Ming Dynasty appeared, two proper nouns began to be added: one was to add a straight line "│" next to the person's name, and the other was to add two straight lines "∨" next to the place name, both of which were added to the right of the straight line.
The above two kinds of dots and marks are the earliest punctuation marks in China. In the Yuan Dynasty, Cheng almost determined some basic rules of punctuating sentences when reading in Cheng Jiashu's Chronology of Reading.
Cheng's book specifically defines the difference between "sentence" and "reading", and the sentence reading symbols mentioned in the book have been standardized. By the Qing Dynasty, scholars had made great efforts to study sentence reading.
5. Punctuation marks in classical Chinese in junior high school I. Analysis of test sites Punctuation marks are an indispensable part of written language, which are used to express pause, tone and the nature and function of words.
Punctuation marks include dots and labels. There are seven kinds of dots, nine kinds of labels and sixteen kinds of * * *.
The function of the dot is to break, which mainly indicates the pause of the sentence and the tone of the structural relationship. According to the different positions used, points can be divided into two types: the end point of a sentence and the middle point of a sentence.
Points at the end of the sentence: period, question mark, exclamation point; Points in a sentence: comma, pause, semicolon and colon. Tags mainly indicate the nature and function of words or sentences.
Labels include: quotation marks, brackets, dashes, ellipsis, bullets, spaces, book titles, etc. (a) the use of pause, comma, semicolon 1, pause is the smallest pause in a sentence, often used between juxtaposed words or phrases (pause is not allowed between clauses).
(1) There is a stream flowing quietly, giving its humor, aura and true feelings to the earth and people. (Hangzhou Senior High School Entrance Examination in 2006) (2) Literary works, whether poetry, prose, novel or opera, have their own logical structure and have the function of cultivating thinking ability.
(Senior High School Entrance Examination in 2007) But there is no pause between coordinate predicates and complements, only commas are used. (1) This year, the water conservancy construction in our province has heavy tasks, difficult projects and large scale.
(2) You should make continuous progress, be educated and have production. (3) His story is true and touching.
(4) There is a stream flowing quietly, giving its humor, aura and true feelings to the earth and people. 2. There is no pause between coordinate words with modal particles, only commas are used.
For example, the mountains, water, trees and grass here are all familiar to me since I was a child. 3. The conjunctions "and, or, and, and" in the coordinate words have been used, and there is no need to pause.
For example, China has made great progress in science, culture, health, education and press and publication. (In general, the last two coordinate words use conjunctions instead of pauses. ) 4. Adjacent numbers represent approximate numbers without pause.
He has walked three or four miles. Note: It should be distinguished from the situation that indicates two kinds of juxtaposition.
For example, domestic universities require students to take a foreign language in both the first and second grades. 5. Set words are closely related and do not need to be separated by pauses.
Such as: police, primary and secondary school students, colleges and universities, men, women and children. 6. There is no pause between the quotation marks indicating juxtaposition and the title of the book, which must be used. Only commas can be used.
I have watched many excellent movies recently, such as Hero, Infernal Affairs and Beautiful Life. At this time, the slogan "Learn from Kong Fansen" and "Pay tribute to Kong Fansen" rang out in the classroom.
7. Pay attention to the classification of coordinate words, using pause for small words and comma for big words; Use commas in minor clauses, semicolons in major clauses, and even periods. For example, the explosion of atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs, and the launch and recovery of satellites all marked a new step in China's scientific and technological development.
A beautiful girl, tall, but not too tall. Face should be white, but not too white; It should be white and red, but not too red.
Many libraries in our country only spend120,000 a year. Excluding salary and office expenses, you can imagine how much the book cost. 8. Semicolons are generally used between parallel clauses in complex sentences; But if there are no commas between clauses, you can't use semicolons directly.
Such as: language, the language people use to express their feelings; Words are used by people to remember words and notes. The aesthetic feeling of architecture is hazy, but it can be clear; The aesthetic feeling of architecture is abstract, but it can be concrete.
Genius comes from diligence, and knowledge lies in accumulation. The beauty of the West Lake lies in its exquisiteness and atmosphere. She is like a Jiangnan woman showing her feminine feelings. Just like a warm-blooded man showing his broad mind.
(Semicolons should be commas) (2) Use of question marks 1. Although some sentences have interrogative words, they only act as a part of the whole sentence (usually subject or object), and there is no question mark at the end of the sentence. I have found out when she will leave and which train she will take.
I don't know what's going on. 2. No matter how many options there are in multiple-choice questions, only one question mark can be used at the end of the sentence, and commas can be used between other sentences.
Did you come by plane, bus or boat? Please give me an answer as soon as possible. Tell me whether you will come by car or by plane.
3. If several consecutive questions do not indicate the relationship of choice, but are asked separately, then as many questions as there are, you should use as many question marks. Who should solve this problem? How to solve it? 4. In inverted sentences, the question mark is placed at the end of the sentence.
Such as: "Comrades, what the hell is going on?" The factory director asked. What's the matter with you? [Note] In inverted sentences, the same is true for exclamation points.
Leave it alone, Sister Xianglin! 5, rhetorical question, rhetorical question When personality becomes a temperament, a noble quality of life, can you accept and enjoy it unhappily? Since nature has given us an extremely noble brain, why not climb to the top to meet the hopeless sunrise? (3) The usage of the colon is 1, which is used after general words, indicating that the words before the colon should be explained separately or the words before the colon cause the words behind. There are four gates in the Forbidden City in Beijing: Wumen Gate, Shenwu Gate, Donghuamen Gate and Xihuamen Gate.
2, used after the prompt (such as saying, thinking, proving, announcing, pointing out, deciding, revealing, discovering, reflecting, for example, the following and so on. ), which leads to the specific content. In the investigation, the reporter found that in recent years, the labor concept of primary and secondary school students has become increasingly weak.
When the Academic Committee announced that Comrade Zhang Yi had obtained a doctorate, warm applause rang out in the hall. The colon was removed because the pause was so short that I couldn't reach the end of the sentence. ) Excellent films attending National Day gifts, such as Storm, Song of Youth and Lin Zexu, will also be shown in major cities.
[Note] After these suggestive words, you can also directly lead out the following words with commas. A large number of facts have proved that patriotism education has stimulated students' enthusiasm for learning, so it is necessary to carry out patriotism education regularly.
3, used in front of general sentences, indicating a summary of the above content. For example, in the stock exchange, brokers wear red vests, and managers and service personnel wear yellow vests. This is a common phenomenon.
4. The prompt function of colon should be played to the end of the sentence, which can't be managed in the sentence. If you only care about some of them, use commas.