The scale of high school education in China has expanded rapidly. At present, there are 0/4900 ordinary senior high schools, and the number of students in them has increased from 7198150,000 in 2002 to1405,000 in 2002, accounting for 24% of the same level. From the quantitative point of view, China's ordinary high school education has moved from education for a few people to popular education, and has shown a strong development trend of popularizing high school education.
Under the new historical conditions, ordinary high school education has ushered in a good development opportunity, but of course it also faces many severe challenges. On the one hand, these challenges come from the new requirements and tasks put forward by social development for high school education; On the other hand, it comes from the problems that need to be solved urgently in the development of education itself.
How can senior high school students become a new force in building a well-off society in an all-round way? How does high school education lay a solid foundation for hundreds of millions of high-quality workers, tens of millions of specialized talents and a large number of top-notch talents? This is the new requirement of the development of the times for high school education.
It is understood that in the new round of curriculum reform in China, before making the curriculum plan, we first made rational thinking and full research on important issues such as the nature of high school education and training objectives. Through a profound analysis of the situation and tasks faced by the development of high school education, the nature of high school education is further clarified: "Ordinary high school education is a basic education that further improves the national quality and faces the public on the basis of nine-year compulsory education, and ordinary high school education should lay the foundation for students' lifelong development. "This is the basic orientation of ordinary high school education, and it puts' laying the foundation for students' lifelong development' in an important position.
High school is of unique value to people's lifelong development.
Reflecting on senior high school education, we can easily find that due to fierce competition for further studies and various complicated reasons, the school is facing enormous pressure for survival and development. Almost all schools directly point the goal of running a school to further education, and running a school has become a tool and an end. In the process of pursuing high marks, students' sound personality and physical and mental development are ignored. Some students lack the pursuit of lofty ideals and beliefs, a sense of social responsibility, a proactive learning attitude and interest, the ability to plan their lives and cooperate with others, and so on.
In this regard, many high school principals have expressed such feelings:
"Today, high school education has consciously or unconsciously become the preparatory course of the university, and the education and teaching of the school still revolves around the baton of the college entrance examination. What is tested in the college entrance examination is taught by the school. The social evaluation of a school depends on the college entrance examination rate. Yes, the results of the college entrance examination should be an indicator to measure the school, but it is not the only indicator, nor should it be the only pursuit of running a school. "
"High school education is the connection point between nine-year compulsory education and higher education, and it is in a special position in the whole education system. Senior high school study is not a natural extension of compulsory education, but not only the deepening of curriculum content, but also the increase of difficulty and quantity. Senior high school education is a higher level education after students enjoy nine-year compulsory education, and it is a quasi-directional education. High school is an important stage of basic education, and it is a very critical stage for students at the crossroads of life. It has unique value in cultivating citizens' basic quality and forming a sound personality. "
"High school students are about to enter the society. They will become the backbone of the future society. They must face all kinds of challenges, make independent judgments and choices, and make plans for their study, development, future and life. Therefore, high school education is not a subsidiary stage of universities, and it is impossible to prepare only for the promotion of universities. It is necessary not only to train talents for higher-level schools, but also to lay a solid foundation for the lifelong development of each student, so that students have the ability to continue learning, plan their lives, start their own businesses, and face the future life. "
"The age from 16 to 18 is an important stage in the formation of one's outlook on life and world. High school is also the most critical and active period for students' personality development, and their physiology and psychology tend to mature. Compared with junior high school students, senior high school students' sense of autonomy is obviously enhanced, and they pay more attention to life, society, national destiny and their own rights, obligations and responsibilities; Gradually form a relatively stable cognitive style and thinking habits, and gradually form the desire and ability of lifelong learning; My contact with the society is closer, my social practice ability is gradually enhanced, and I initially have the ability to participate in social activities. Therefore, high school education should face the future and be responsible for students' lifelong development. It should not only serve a few students with prospects for further studies, and schools should not become training places to improve their examination skills. "
"High school education is an important task to improve the quality of the people. Ordinary senior high schools should further improve the national quality on the basis of compulsory education, and guide students to consciously think and plan their future lives. Senior high school education should create conditions for the development of students with different potentials. Its most important position is to lay the foundation for human development, not just to prepare for university promotion. High school is not a college preparatory course. High school education must be divorced from the track of' college preparatory education' and must be clear about its unique value, which should become the core content of high school education reform. "
Lay the foundation for training hundreds of millions of high-quality workers, tens of millions of specialized talents and a large number of top-notch talents.
According to relevant surveys, since the 1990s, countries around the world have paid more attention to civic responsibility, personality development and viability, creativity and critical thinking, communication, cooperation and team spirit, information literacy and international vision when formulating the training objectives of senior high schools.
France put forward: "Let every young person realize his personal position, and cultivate students' ability of independent work, reasoning and judgment, communication and cooperation, and sense of responsibility. Finland puts forward: "To cultivate social members with high comprehensive quality, sound personality development, creativity and cooperative spirit, and the ability to explore knowledge independently and love peace. "
"High School for the 2 1 Century" published by the French Ministry of Education points out: "The task of high school is to enable all students, regardless of their social background and successful fields, to acquire the basic knowledge of their education major and master the judgment and cultural knowledge needed to enter national and European life, more broadly speaking, human history. As for the content of high school education, it should help students to acquire basic knowledge and concepts as a whole while promoting the gradual specialization of a certain subject and career direction. Without these knowledge and concepts, students will not be competent for their responsible, critical, alert and insightful civic roles in adulthood. "
2/kloc-the goal of American senior high school education in the 20th century is to cultivate students' studious quality, the habit of critical thinking, and the feeling of being willing to take pains in the face of inconclusive situations in the process of solving problems, so as to make full preparations for post-secondary education in knowledge, ability and emotion. It is necessary to cultivate students into people whose potentials are fully explored and developed in an all-round way. Cultivate students' ability to apply knowledge in real life, let them master advanced and practical technology, and guide them to closely link today's study with tomorrow's work to prepare for independent life in the future.
At the same time, many countries regard cultivating students' ability as the core goal of curriculum reform, with special emphasis on cultivating students' ability to learn to study, work independently, learn to choose, be responsible for themselves and start their own businesses. In order to cultivate students' ability to work independently, Swiss senior high schools require students to write course papers and graduation papers, choose their own topics and complete them independently. Dutch high schools set up simulation companies and enterprises, requiring students to participate in the work of various departments of the company and understand the whole process of the company's operation. Economics teaching in Finnish high schools allows students to participate in simulated stock trading and buy and sell on their own.
In order to cultivate students' ability to choose and be responsible for themselves, Finland not only requires students to take comprehensive courses and implement grade-free teaching, but also begins to let students take some courses (such as art and physical education) in junior high school. By choosing courses and other forms, we can improve the skills of choosing courses and learn to be responsible for ourselves. In order to adapt to the changes in the labor market brought about by the changes in the socio-economic structure, the Finnish senior high school curriculum program proposes that even in the senior high school stage, students' self-employment ability and positive attitude should be formed, as well as their ability and attitude to create new job opportunities. They emphasize the responsibility of cultivating students' professional ability, personal creativity, independent work and personal learning.
In order to meet the needs of the development of the times, the curriculum reform of ordinary high schools has further defined the training objectives of ordinary high schools and emphasized the training of students according to the idea of "Outline of Basic Education Curriculum Reform (Trial)", based on the reality of China and drawing on the beneficial experience of international curriculum reform.
-A correct world outlook, outlook on life and values have been initially formed;
-love the socialist motherland, love the production party of China, consciously safeguard national dignity and interests, inherit the fine traditions of the Chinese nation, carry forward the national spirit, and have the ambition and desire to contribute to national rejuvenation and social progress;
-Have a sense of democracy and legal system, abide by national laws and social ethics, safeguard social justice, consciously exercise civil rights, perform civic obligations, be responsible for their own actions, and have a sense of social responsibility;
-Have the desire and ability of lifelong learning, master the basic knowledge and skills to meet the needs of the development of the times, learn to collect, judge and process information, and have preliminary scientific and humanistic literacy, environmental awareness, innovative spirit and practical ability;
-Have a strong physique and tenacious will, form an active and healthy lifestyle and aesthetic taste, and initially have independent living ability, professional awareness, entrepreneurial spirit and life planning ability;
-Know yourself correctly, respect others, learn to communicate and cooperate, have team spirit, understand cultural diversity, and initially have an open consciousness of facing the world.
The establishment of the training objectives of ordinary high schools is of great significance to the reform and development of ordinary high schools, and will have a far-reaching impact on bringing up hundreds of millions of high-quality workers, tens of millions of specialized talents and a large number of top-notch talents.
Open the door of choice, so that students can learn to choose and be responsible in the choice.
People always think that the reform of secondary education is a global problem. Why? Because, at the end of secondary education, every student stands at the crossroads of life, and everyone is faced with the choice of life. Whether you are going to college or going to society, it is inevitable to divert. Even if you enter a university, you are faced with what kind of university to enter and what kind of major to study, which is a problem that every high school student must face and think about.
When it comes to the present situation of school education, many people have expressed their feelings that in today's fierce competition, our students are facing a complex and diverse society, and choices are what people must face in order to survive, but our students are so strange. From primary school to middle school, they rarely make choices, let alone know how to choose. This is because we don't provide students with choices, which limits their choices. In order to make students adapt to the future development, we should open the door of choice, provide students with the space to choose, and let students enjoy full opportunities to choose courses under the premise of ensuring the same foundation and truly become the masters of learning. Let students learn to choose in the choice, learn to be responsible in the choice, learn to plan their lives in the choice, experience the pain and joy, and truly let every student get different degrees of development. Teaching students to choose is actually to help them adapt to society and learn to survive and develop.
According to experts, in order to fulfill the mission of high school education in 2 1 century, the curriculum reform of high schools in all countries strives to give students as many choices as possible on the premise of ensuring the same foundation. Secondly, combine students' learning with life experience and social life organically, and integrate the learning of knowledge and skills with the development of various abilities.
According to the investigation and analysis of international curriculum reform, relevant experts believe that the common practice of high school curriculum reform in the world today is to let students enjoy as many choices as possible by setting up diversified courses, so that the curriculum can adapt to students, rather than passively adapting students to the curriculum. Their specific methods are: establishing a broad, flexible, adaptive and selective curriculum structure, and seeking the unity of foundation, diversity and selectivity of the curriculum; Seek the combination of academic courses and non-academic courses (that is, vocational courses and life courses); Seeking the combination of subject courses and non-subject courses. By setting diversified and selective courses, students can realize personalized development. Among them, the concrete manifestation of diversity and selectivity is that students can choose different schools, different development directions and different courses.
There are many courses in French high schools, which are as dazzling as a kaleidoscope. After three years, there are no two identical courses in the school. Norway and Sweden provide high school students with 13 and 17 development directions, and students can choose one direction according to their own interests and abilities. Take Norway as an example: its development direction is (1) health and nursing (2) art, craft and design (3) music, dance and drama (4) general and commercial research (5) restaurants and food processing (6) sports (7) chemistry and processing (8) agriculture, fisheries and forestry (9) carpentry (6544)
Therefore, selectivity is one of the main characteristics of high school curriculum in the world today. To realize the selectivity and diversification of senior high school courses, we must first provide students with diversified elective courses; Secondly, the requirements for students should be diversified. At the same time, it is necessary to implement diversified evaluation standards to truly promote the development of every student.
Provide students with the key to life
At present, the mission of high school education reform and curriculum reform in the world is to make every school successful and every student successful.
Looking at the curriculum reform of international senior high schools, we will find a trend * * *, which organically combines the dual functions of senior high school education, that is, senior high schools should not only transport qualified freshmen for higher education, but also prepare students for employment and life. For example, the "New American Senior High School Program" launched by the U.S. Department of Education in 1996 clearly points out that senior high school students should be prepared for further studies and employment, and require senior high school students to obtain rich employment and university information.
With the rapid development of technical education and vocational education, high school education in many countries is becoming more and more integrated, and cultural education and vocational training are integrated to lay the foundation for students' development. Russia, France and other countries put forward: "High school education lays the foundation for personal orientation." France put forward: "Let every young person realize his personal position, and cultivate students' ability of independent work, reasoning and judgment, communication and cooperation, and sense of responsibility. UNESCO once said: "High school is the key to open society for students. "
How to provide students with the key to life? The main practice of all countries in the world is to constantly update the course content, so that the course can be organically combined with students' experience and career development. For example, the United States emphasizes "cultivating students' ability to apply knowledge in real life, enabling them to master advanced and practical technologies, and guiding them to closely link today's study with tomorrow's work, so as to prepare for independent life in the future".
According to the analysis of relevant people, in recent years, the obvious trend of curriculum reform in various countries in the world is to seek the unity of curriculum foundation, diversity and selectivity. France put forward: "Schools should enable students to acquire the same culture, the same ability and the cornerstone of knowledge, help them to be independent and become vigilant citizens in modern society, and let the diversity of disciplines find unity among students." South Korea put forward: "Consider students' abilities, personalities and development prospects, diversify the contents and methods of education, establish a learner-centered curriculum system that enables students to choose teaching subjects according to their personalities and qualities, and establish a national basic curriculum and elective curriculum system". "
Not only that, they also added new curriculum fields and categories, generally strengthened technical education (including information technology and general technology) and values education, increased comprehensive practical activities, and carried out guiding special research, integrating the learning of knowledge and skills with the development of various abilities. For example, Britain has added design and technology, information and communication technology, citizenship and comprehensive learning, stipulating: "organically combine students' academic courses with vocational courses and pay attention to cultivating students' key skills." France has increased civic, legal and social education to guide individual practical activities, while Japan has increased information science and comprehensive study time.
According to the needs of social development and the successful experience of international curriculum reform, China's new round of senior high school curriculum reform has adjusted and reformed the curriculum design and content, changed the single subject-centered curriculum structure, and established a curriculum structure based on learning fields, which fully embodies diversity and selectivity, creates conditions for students' lifelong development, and strives to make the curriculum a platform for students' all-round development, personality development and self-reliance.
The specific way is to set up diverse, flexible and selective courses on the premise of ensuring the same foundation, broaden the channels for students' development, create conditions for the full development of each student, and enable students to learn to choose, learn to plan their lives in choice, and establish the development direction.
In addition, in this high school curriculum reform, in addition to introducing fresh and contemporary curriculum content into the subject curriculum, new curriculum areas or categories have been appropriately added. Considering the cognitive level, career preparation and development characteristics of senior high school students, labor technology education and information technology education are separated from comprehensive practical activities and incorporated into basic courses as technical courses. In this way, in the high school stage, information technology and general technology education have been strengthened, and comprehensive practical activities and research-based learning have been increased.
Increase information technology and general technology courses, focus on improving students' technical literacy, promote students' multi-faceted and personalized development, and improve students' innovative spirit and practical ability. The cultivation of technical quality is very important to the improvement of national quality. Technical literacy is rich in connotation, including enthusiasm and concern for technology, extensive knowledge, solid basic knowledge, good knowledge structure, habit of diligent thinking, innovative consciousness and innovative ability, and its core is the ability to analyze and solve problems. Technical education is not to learn simple repairs, but to let citizens have technical awareness, technical concepts and know the most basic technical common sense. The design of general technology course focuses on cultivating students' technical thinking mode and combining students' hands-on and brain. Information literacy includes technical ability, communication ability, problem-solving ability, observing moral and legal rules, and forming a sense of social responsibility, which is of great significance to both students and any member of society.
It can be said that the new curriculum gives students a choice. Let each student have his own course "package", "radish and vegetables, each with his own love". Because of different tastes, each student's curriculum combination is different, and different curriculum combinations have changed their learning methods and teaching methods, forming an open and active educational environment for the educated to participate in learning design. Students move flexibly among students of different sizes and structures, choose courses and teachers, and choose their own learning methods. All these will develop their self-awareness and give them the opportunity to practice the important life management skills they need for further study, work and personal life.
The more profound significance is that rich and diverse courses will provide a platform for students' all-round and personalized development and a golden key to life.