1, contrast
Set-off or set-off refers to supporting the armor with B, which makes the characteristics of the armor more prominent. There are positive contrast and negative contrast. "The river of no return, endless waves and eternal love. In the west of his hometown, humanity is the red cliff of Zhou Lang. " (Su Shi's "Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia" "Tonight (Lu Er) Zhou Yue, alone from her bedroom window, looks at it as our boys and girls, poor little babies, too young to know where the capital is. Look at the bright light and stop crying? . (Du Fu's Moonlit Night) The character to be portrayed in this word is Zhou Yu, but starting with "an eternal romantic figure", it leads to "how many heroes" in Battle of Red Cliffs, and finally focuses on Zhou Yu, which highlights Zhou Yu's main position in the author's mind. The beauty of the wife written on couplets and necklaces contrasts the poet's melancholy and painful mood.
This is a technique of Chinese painting, which uses ink or color to render the image outside the outline of the wheel to make it stand out. Used in artistic creation, it means deliberately describing from the side, as a foil, to make the things to be expressed stand out. It can be a comparison between people, such as the "walker" and "teenager" in Qin Luofu to compare Qin Luofu's amazing beauty. It can also be a contrast between things. "The moon is a bird that scares the mountain" and so on. More things to get people going. For example, the moon in the river was written three times in Pipa, which set off the wonderful and charming timbre of Pipa and the sad, lonely and sad mood of the characters respectively. Another example is "Peach Blossom Pond, the depth of which is thousands of feet", which vividly sets off Wang Lun's deep affection for the poet.
Step 2 use allusions
Ancient and modern people use allusions in a variety of ways, generally including explicit use, covert use, positive use and negative use.
First, use allusions clearly.
When using allusions in classical poetry, if readers can literally see that the allusions used are Ming allusions, this phenomenon is common in classical poetry, such as Su Shi's "Hunting in Jiangchengzi Mizhou": "When will Feng Tang be sent?" This is the story in Historical Records and Biography of Feng Tang, which was used in the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, Dongpo lay man used this allusion, aiming at Shang Wei's own situation, hoping that someone who dared to give advice like Feng Tang would sponsor himself in front of Song Shenzong and send someone to recall him and entrust him with an important task. This is the embodiment of the ancient people's consciousness of worrying about the country and the people. After the Southern Anhui Incident, Zhou Enlai angrily wrote a book "roommates fight, why do you want to blow each other up?"
Second, dark allusions
When using allusions in classical poetry, it sometimes seems that allusions and contextual sentences are integrated. You don't know it's an allusion until you examine it carefully. For example, the last sentence of "Jiangchengzi Mizhou Hunting" is: "Bow like a full moon, look northwest and shoot wolves." On the surface, it seems to write "hunting", describing the situation in which hunters shoot wolves with bows. Actually, this is implicit. Shooting Sirius showed his determination to defend his country from the enemy.
Third, use allusions.
Shu Yun, written by Li Bai, is a farewell school book in Xie Tiao Building, Xuanzhou. It contains "The bone of a great writer is your brush, and in Tianyuan, I grew up beside you", which is regarded as a representative of people. Through this article, Liu Yun was not only praised, but also praised. "Penglai" is the name of the sacred mountain in the sea, where all the rare books and records in the legendary fairy house are hidden. "Dou Zhangchuan" said: "At that time, scholars called Dongguan (Hou). It refers to Li Yun, the school bookkeeper. " Jian 'an Bone is the abbreviation of Jian 'an Style. During the Jian 'an period at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the poems represented by Cao Cao and his son and the seven sons of Jian 'an were fresh and vigorous in style, and were called Jian 'an style by later generations. ""refers to Xiao Xie, Xie Tiao. Unlike "big thanks" (Xie Lingyun), Li Bai praised Xie Tiao, which means self-comparison. Of these two sentences, the last one praised Liu Yun's article for its strength, freshness and profundity. The next sentence says that his poems should be as fresh and meaningful as Xie Tiao's.
Fourth, the use of allusions.
Some poets use the people mentioned in allusions in the opposite direction, such as Xin Qiji's "Man Jiang Hong sent Li to Shu", which strongly encouraged Li's career in Shu. The first sentence is "It's difficult to ascend to heaven" in Li Bai's Difficult Shu Dao, which is summarized as "Ascending to heaven through Shu Dao".
There are two ways to use allusions and things: using things is to express the author's thoughts and feelings by borrowing historical stories, including his position and attitude towards some problems in real life, personal feelings and wishes, etc. It belongs to expressing feelings through the past. The purpose of quoting or using predecessors' poems is to deepen the artistic conception in poems, encourage people to think and find meaning beyond words. "When I think of that year, the iron in Jinma, the swallow Wan Li was like a tiger" (Xin Qiji's "Yongyu Le Jing Kouting Nostalgia") and "After ten miles of spring breeze, the wheat turned green" (Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow") are very practical except for recalling the author's experience of going south 43 years ago. "Think of that year, Jin Ge Tiema, tiger swallowing Wan Li" was written by Emperor Wu of Song. "Let the wheat grow green" is the poet's vivid description of today's bleak situation. These two contrasting pictures convey the poet's feelings about the prosperity and decline of the past.
That is, quoting historical facts and using allusions in poetry. Ancient poetry attaches great importance to the use of allusions, which can not only make the language of poetry concise, but also increase the richness of content, increase the vividness and implicitness of expression, receive concise and thought-provoking effects, and enhance the expressive force and appeal of works.
3. Virtual reality
The combination of reality and fiction means that realistic scenes and events set off with imaginary scenes and events, and they are intertwined to express the same feelings. It's freezing, sad, the pavilion is late, and the shower begins to rest. Broadly speaking, expression is also a special sentence organization method used by the author in writing words and expressing thoughts and feelings. When analyzing a work, we can grasp its special performance from point to surface. First of all, there are many rhetorical skills of words and sentences. When grasping its expression from the whole work, we should pay attention to different styles of works:
Edit different expressions in this paragraph.
The expressive techniques of lyric prose are rich and colorful, such as borrowing scenery to express emotion, supporting things to express emotion, combining cadence with symbolism and so on.
Narrative writing skills such as beginning and end coordination, finishing touch, clever use of rhetoric, proper details, combination of narration and discussion, positive and negative comparison, etc.
Argumentative writing skills such as quoting classics, clever analogy, reverse seeking differences, positive and negative comparison, analogy reasoning, etc.
Novel description, contrast, foreshadowing and care, suspense and interpretation, real writing and imaginary writing.
Edit the specific expression of this paragraph.
Expressing ambition with objects, lyrical narration with scenery, expressing one's mind directly, and contrasting Zhang Xianzhi's symbolic imagination and association.
Take care of the feelings in the scene, set off the objects, set off the prosperity and sadness with music, render the truth and reality, combine the side description with the positive description, and combine the direct lyric with the indirect lyric, if you want to promote it, you should first suppress it.
Edit the expression of this poem
There are many ways to express poetry, among which the traditional way of expression, which was first popular in China and has been used to this day, is "Fu, Bi and Xing". "Preface to Mao Poetry" says: "Therefore, poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is green, the fourth is prosperity, the fifth is elegance, and the sixth is ode."
In the six meanings, "style, elegance and praise" refers to the types of poems in the Book of Songs, and "Fu, Bi and Xing" are the expressions in poems.
Fu: It is a way to express things directly. Zhu, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said in the note of Biography of Poetry: "Fu Ying told the truth." For example, Ge Tan and Fei in The Book of Songs used this method.
Bi: It is to use metaphors to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. Liu Xie said in Bi Xing: "What is Bi Ye? When you write something to add meaning, you threaten to cut it off. " Zhu said, "If you compare one thing, you can compare it with another." For example, the book of songs such as Cat and Mouse is written in this way.
Xing: It is the way to revitalize things, that is, to borrow something from the beginning to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius said, "Xing, starting from the class, starts from one's own heart. In poetry, all the plants, animals and birds are raised to see what they mean, and they are all happy with words." Zhu pointed out more clearly: "Xing, let's talk about other things first, so as to cause the lyrics to be sung.
These three methods of expression have been handed down all the time, and they are often used comprehensively and complement each other, which has a great influence on poetry creation in past dynasties.
Poetry has various forms of expression, which have been constantly developed and created through the ages, using flexibility, exaggeration, repetition, overlapping and jumping. It's hard to describe. But all methods are inseparable from imagination. Rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also the most important expression of poetry. In poetry, there is another important expression, symbol, which is simply "symbolic meaning", but
1, analogy. In the book Wen Xin Diao Long, Liu Xie said: Bixing means "either Bixing with sound, or Fang with appearance, or with heart or Bixing." There are many examples in the poems listed above. There is also a common method of analogy, that is, "personification": imitating people with things or imitating people with people. /Wave gently,/Say goodbye to the clouds in the western sky. /the golden willow by the river,/the bride in the sunset; /colorful shadows in the waves ripple in my heart. /I regard "Cloud" and "Golden Willow" as people. For example, Love's "Because of the Wind": ... as bright as the candlelight in your window/slightly ambiguous/inevitable/because of the wind/... with the love of my life/lighting a lamp/.
2. exaggeration. It is to enlarge the things to be described, just like the "capitalization" and "close-up" shots in the movie, which arouse readers' attention and association. Li Bai's Peach Blossom Pond is more affectionate than Wang Lun's (A Gift to Wang Lun), "Flying down three thousands of feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way has set for nine days" (Looking at Lushan Waterfall), in which "deep thousands of feet" is mentioned. Expressing the poet's passion, readers can not only accept it, but also be impressed and surprised. However, this exaggeration must be artistic and beautiful, not too absurd, too three-dimensional and too vulgar. For example, there is a poem describing the bumper harvest of cotton: "The head of a cotton bag/truck is stuck/stuck, three feet high/like an anti-aircraft gun." After reading it, people feel something.
3. Metonymy. Is to replace one thing with another. It is similar to analogy, but different. The difference is that analogy is generally compared, and the comparison is concrete and visible; Metonymy is concrete on the one hand and abstract on the other, which bridges the gap between concrete and abstract, makes the image of poetry more vivid and prominent, and thus causes readers' association. This is what Ai Qing said: "Put wings on your thoughts, dress your feelings, color your voice, and solidify those who have changed."
To shape the image of poetry, we should not only use the materials taken from perspective to describe the picture, but also use the materials obtained from the senses such as hearing and touch to reflect the image in many ways, so as to be vivid and novel. Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, rode on a donkey and sang "Birds stay in the trees by the pool, and monks push the door under the moon", but he thought it would be enough to use "monks knock at the door under the moon". Is it "push" or "knock"? Unexpectedly, the donkey blocked a big official's way. This man is Han Yu, a great writer. When the guards led Jia Dao to the horse, Jia told the truth. Han hesitated for a long time and said it was better to type. Because of the sound of "knocking", there were one or two knocks on the door on the moonlit night in the mountains, which made the scene "alive" and made the environment more silent. The aforementioned "a night-mooring near maple bridge" is. Modern, such as Huang Helang's "Morning Song": "There is also a stubborn listening/wind, rain, waves/faint/dawn/morning bell of Lingquan Temple/like a gushing spring/distant response/faint knocking down/a few sparse stars/cock crowing/as if crossing the ocean/cock crowing/like the tide.
Whether it is metaphor, exaggeration or metonymy, it depends on the poet's keen observation of objective things, his integration of his own emotions, his bold imagination and even fantasy. It can be said that no matter romance or reality, you can't be a poet without imagination (fantasy). For example, Li Bai, who is famous for his boldness, has rich imagination and magnificent poetic style; Du Fu, who is famous for his realism, also wrote "There are thousands of big houses in Qian Qian in Ande ... When did you suddenly see this house ..." ("Autumn wind breaks the thatched cottage") and "Her clouds are foggy, her shoulders are cold, when will she lie on the screen again and watch this bright light without tears?" (Moonlit Night) and so on.