The five poems of Returning to the Garden are an inseparable organic whole. This is not only because these five poems describe the poet's rich and fulfilling seclusion life from the aspects of resignation, gathering with relatives and friends, enjoying farming, visiting friends and drinking at night, but more importantly, as far as the feelings expressed are concerned, they run through this group of poems with nature and interest. Although there is emotional turmoil in the poem,
Some commentators are happy to praise the "non-adhesion" in Yuan Ming's chest. In fact, "adhesion" still exists. That is to say, in Gui Ci written by Yuan Ming when he resigned, there is also a sentence of "Xi is alone and melancholy". In other words, he always has a melancholy feeling in his heart. A truly pure soul will never be born.
Just as a person doesn't want to touch the hidden pain in his heart, the poet doesn't want to mention the filthy officialdom that he has just pulled out of in Return to the Garden House. It's a pity to fall into the dust net by mistake. And "going for 30 years" means that he went to Lei to study and be an official at the age of 29, and at the age of 465,438+0, he "how to go to the village for fifty dou meters".
"There are more than ten acres of square houses and eight or nine huts." Among them, there is a deep feeling in my hometown, "I love my family". "Under the shady eaves, in Luo tang qian." Under the eaves, the willow trees are swaying and the breeze is blowing everywhere, which calms the poet's anxiety. In front of me, there are countless peaches and plums, which arouse the poet's inner joy. Vaguely heard dogs barking and chickens crowing. In front of me, a lot of case files disappeared, replaced by beloved "Qing Qin" and "different books". Ji Kang said, "There are many things in the world, and there are a lot of accumulated cases." "The guests are full, the ears are ringing, and the dust stinks." (Breaking up with Shan Juyuan) But it makes sense. He has started a life completely arranged and dominated by himself.
After staying in a cage for a long time, I returned to nature. "Long" and "Thirty Years" set each other off, "Fan Cage" and "Dust Net" set each other off, and "Sex" set each other off, and the word "return" points out the pleasure of "returning to the soul". Yes, officialdom has eroded my half life and defiled my own half life.
"There are few people in the wild and few wheels in the poor lanes." I think these two sentences should be interpreted in reverse: "I came to the wild for rare people, and I lived in a remote alley to avoid social intercourse." It should be noted that this is not an objective narrative, but a subjective choice. The poet retired from officialdom to "wild" and from "wild" to "poor alley". I'm afraid to break up with my friends, and I'm afraid to abandon my common concerns. Is the poet too lonely, even a little unreasonable? No, it seems that the poet is deliberately trying to eliminate people's illusions and open his own life and spiritual world for us:
"When I was in the market, I was busy dealing with people." Although he doesn't have "three roads", he has frequent contact with people in the same industry. "When I met him, I knew Summer." They have a favorite topic.
Life in the countryside is simple and even poor, quiet and even lonely. However, it is this environment that enables people to acquire the same language and cultivate a simple and sincere feeling. "Simple-minded people are happy in the morning and evening." ("Migration") The poet does not hesitate to live in poverty, and his children are "young and hungry" ("Yan Zi et al.").
A new life begins with the shame of being trapped in an official position. Perhaps it is because of the bondage of official positions and the decline of physical fitness. Perhaps because of the long-term separation from the countryside, agronomy is a bit sparse. "More grass and less beans" and poor planting. What is revealed here is a sense of shame and self-encouragement. "The morning light is bright, and the moon goes home." Just from the time, I can see the poet's great determination. My heart is relieved, and I see that I am still the person who "naturally loves autumn mountains" or the person who is willing to be a farmer and can also be a farmer. He came home at night, proud, and looked up. The bright moon was hanging in the sky, and the poet looked like a victorious soldier. There is hard work, but it is this hard work that has greatly satisfied him.
The fourth poem and the fifth poem are actually two parts of a poem. The poet visited an old friend with a sense of satisfaction and even a little ostentation. His son and nephews kept pace with each other, kept laughing, found their way in hazelnuts and strode forward. He wants to recall the past with his old friends, talk to them about his worries and have a few drinks with them ... However, what he sees in front of him is a "well stove"
Therefore, the fifth poem, "I am disappointed and resentful, and I still have sons and nephews to follow, but the poet is unwilling to say more, just like a lonely goose," wandering alone "; Rugged calendar hazel song ",a shrub on the path tugged at his clothes. What does the poet "regret"? He was disappointed by the inevitable illusion of life and angry at his ignorance. If he left the officialdom early and spent more time with his old friends, it would actually delay the arrival of this tragedy to the maximum extent.
So, how did the poet get rid of this disappointment?
-"The mountain stream is shallow, and when we meet, we feel my feet."
Perhaps because of the grief of visiting relatives and friends, perhaps because of the fatigue of the journey, the poet sat down to take a nap by the stream, which was clear and unobstructed; Soaking in the water, suddenly, a cool feeling flowed all over his body, which also made him wake up from his complicated thoughts. He seems to have returned to reality from a sad dream. Did I come back or not? "If you recognize the past, you can pursue it." Life is short, but I have few precious days left. I didn't.
From the perspective of "let me drink my newly cooked wine, only one chicken will attract the nearest office", the poet has obviously erased the unpleasant cloud hanging over his heart. The word "newly boiled wine" means that there is no extra money at home, and it also points out the poet's urgent mood of "binge drinking" at the moment. This can't help but remind me of the poet's interesting answer in the article "The Biography of Meng Yi, the General of the Western Expedition in Jin Dynasty".
"Asked jun (Meng Jia),' What's good about wine? It's what you love'. Jun smiled and replied,' Gong Ming can't be interested in wine.' "
If we ask Yuan Ming "What's good about wine? You love it", he will definitely answer us "But wine is boring". Yes, this "Fun in Wine" is too rich and mysterious: it eliminates the fatigue of the poet for a day; It relieves the grief of visiting friends; It makes poets feel the real interest of life; Make the poet optimistic again and become philosophical; It also deepened the understanding and feelings of the poet's neighboring songs. At dusk, the poet lit firewood at will and learned "candlelight night outing". The atmosphere of fireworks in the room not only didn't make people feel shabby, but added a warm and cordial atmosphere. What kind of life is like worrying, what kind of old age is sighing, all of which are quietly dissolved in the understanding of the true meaning of life in an instant.
"Happiness comes with suffering, and the evening is short, and it has returned to the sky." A new day has begun, and the new life that has just begun is not as bright as the rising sun. These two sentences are the crowning touch of the whole poem, the main melody of the movement and the strongest sound of life.
Looking through five songs, the officialdom is filthy and finally compensated; Living in poverty, but having the affection of relatives and friends; Farming is hard and the mind is satisfied; Life is short, but it is a profound understanding of the true meaning of life. In this way, the poet included all the life of seclusion, no, all the fun of life, in his Wang Yang poems. This is a high generalization and a profound revelation. It is in this sense that it is completely opposite to the filthy reality that Returning to the Garden has reached a perfect and harmonious artistic conception and opened up a new field.
The poet's life is not smooth sailing, and his heart is not a quiet world where all contradictions have been eliminated. The value of the poet lies in that in the ideal pastoral world opposite to the aristocratic society, he finally found the dignity of his own personality, the affection of his friends, the interpersonal relationship without the disparity between the rich and the poor, the intrigue and the conflicting ideals of life. This is the concentrated expression of Tao's ideological significance, and it is also the ideological significance.
What he described were ordinary scenes, such as thatched cottages, elm willows, peaches and plums, Yuan Ye in Nanshan, barking dogs and crowing chickens. These may be difficult to attract elegant literati, but the poet found the beauty of simplicity, harmony and natural interest.
He expressed his true feelings. He didn't appreciate it with the short-lived feeling of seeking difference and changing his mind, but observed and praised it with a local thought. So his feelings are persistent, vigorous, broad and focused. Everything around him is a silent partner in his life, which opens the sound of * * * in his heart.
He explained the truth. What he understands is what he put into practice. Honest and frank people are not alone. He is easy-going and unsophisticated. He never shows off and doesn't need to hide. He didn't want to be lofty when he resigned, so it was difficult to have sex. I am willing to work hard to make my heart "willing"; Avoid making friends just to abandon the "dust of dreams"; Feel sad about life, because he misses this short and full life. "Writing an article to entertain yourself shows your ambition." I wrote my heart, and that's enough.
He chose the word "Yi".
"There are more than ten acres of square houses and eight or nine thatched houses." Once boring numbers are put into poetry, they are endowed with infinite vitality. Generally speaking, counting is not the habit of villagers. In particular, it shows the relaxed mood of the poet after he resigned.
"Away from the village, there is smoke in the Yiyi market." Away from the village, the poet stood staring for a long time, but did not see his psychological closeness. The smoke curled up and the sky was boundless, which complemented the poet's spacious mood after his great liberation. Wang Wei also appreciates this artistic conception. The poem "A Message from Wangchuan Bieye" says: "The sunset lingers at the ferry, and night smoke wafts from the house." It's a pity that deliberate observation is not as good as round and unintentional feeling.
"The mountains and rivers are shallow, and you will feel enough when you meet them." Because of the scenery, the meaning of the word changes with the change of the word, which secretly conveys the subtle changes of my mood. A master carries a catty, but he doesn't see the axe marks, which is worthy of the reputation of "flowing clouds and flowing water".
"When I was drinking the newly cooked wine, a chicken approached me." What a vivid gesture! If you don't leave home, the partition will shout, but you won't be surprised to know the neighboring songs. In contrast, it is complicated to think of "prepare chicken rice for me, old friend, you entertain me on your farm" (Meng Haoran's Passing through the Old Village).
He's like:
How clever and appropriate is the metaphor of "birds love the old forest, while pond fish miss the old source".
If we say "the days in Sang Ma are long, the days in our country are wide. I am always afraid that first frost will come, just like grass "; "Nanshan foot beans, grass full of bean sprouts. The morning is ridiculous, and the lotus takes it home. " The sentence "Life is illusory, but in the end there is nothing" has a natural charm, just like a proverb, almost the same as spoken English.
Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long Lian Zi" said: "Since the Jin Dynasty, it is difficult for people to learn to use simple words." However, those who really practice Ziyi and reach this level are profound and clear!
Constant scenery, true feelings, wisdom and easy words are Yuan Ming's artistic interests, which is an artistic portrayal of Yuan Ming's life.
Du Fu —— On the Meeting with Li Guinian
This is the most lyrical and meaningful sentence in Du Fu's quatrains. It is only twenty-eight words, but it contains rich contents of the life of the times. If the poet writes a memoir around the back and forth of An Shi Rebellion, he might as well use it as the title of the volume.
Li Guinian was a famous singer who took care of himself in the Kaiyuan period. Du Fu first met Li Guinian when he was a teenager. At that time, it was the so-called "Kaiyuan Shengshi". At that time, princes and nobles generally loved literature and art, and Du Fu, because of his early talent, was extended by Li Fan, the king of Qi, and Cui Di, the secretary supervisor, so that he could enjoy Li Guinian's singing in their mansion. Outstanding artists are the product of a specific era. In Du Fu's mind, Li Guinian was associated with the prosperous Kaiyuan era and his romantic teenage life. Decades later, they met again in Jiangnan. At this time, after eight years of turmoil, the Tang Dynasty has fallen from the peak of prosperity and fallen into many contradictions. Du Fu drifted to Tanzhou, "loose cloth and tangled bones, running around bitter and tepid", and his later situation was extremely bleak; Li Guinian also lives south of the Yangtze River. "Every time there is a beautiful scenery, people sing a few songs, and when they smell it in their seats, they have to hide their tears and stop drinking" (Ming Taizu Miscellanies). This encounter naturally leads to Du Fu's feeling of infinite vicissitudes. "It's rare in Qi Wangfu, but Cui has heard it several times before." Although the poet is recalling his past contact with Li Guinian, what he reveals is that. The feelings contained in it are deep and dignified. "In the Palace of Qi" and "in front of Cui Hall" seem to blurt out, but in the minds of the parties, the place where these two literary celebrities often gather gracefully is undoubtedly the source of rich and colorful spiritual culture in the prosperous period of Kaiyuan, and their names are enough to evoke good memories of the prosperous period. In the past, "meeting an art star like Li Guinian" was a distant dream. The feeling of separation between heaven and earth contained here can only be tasted by combining the following two sentences. In the overlapping singing and chanting, the two poems reveal infinite attachment to the prosperity of Kaiyuan, as if to prolong the aftertaste.
Dream-like memories can't change the present reality after all. "It's a beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, and I'll meet you when the flowers fall." In the era of Chengping, Jiangnan with beautiful scenery was originally a place where poets yearned for a pleasant trip. Now, when they are really in it, they are faced with the "falling flower season" with withered eyes and the wandering artists with white hair. Falling Flowers Season is like an impromptu book. Happiness lies in intention or not. Readers who are familiar with the times and Du Fu's life experience will associate these four words with the decline of the world, social unrest, the decline of poets and diseases, but they don't think the poets are deliberately making metaphors. This writing is particularly confusing. In addition, the two function words "exactly" and "you" in the two sentences have been transferred, and there is infinite emotion between the lines. The beautiful scenery of the south of the Yangtze River is only in sharp contrast with the life experience of drifting away from the times and sinking. An old singer and an old poet reunited in drifting, dotted with the water scenery of two haggard old people, which became a typical picture of the vicissitudes of the times. It has mercilessly confirmed that the "Kaiyuan Prosperity" has become a historical relic, and a great turmoil has reduced Du Fu and Li Guinian who have experienced the prosperity to an unfortunate level. The feeling is beyond doubt. However, when the poet wrote "falling flowers meet the monarch again", it was received with gloomy mood. In silence, he sighed deeply and learned from the painful experience. So "at first, he didn't even want to say a word" is really profound. Shen Deqian commented on this poem: "The meaning has not been applied, and the case has not been solved". This "not applicable" refers to Li Guinian, a Party with similar experience. For those readers who are good at understanding people and exploring the world later, it is not difficult to grasp. For example, Li Guinian sang in the Palace of Eternal Life. Tanci: "At that time, the sky was high and the clouds were light, and drums are beating in the street today", "I can't sing endless dreams of rise and fall, I can't play endless lamentations, and my eyes are full of sadness" and so on. Although I sing it repeatedly, it doesn't mean more than Du Fu's poems, but it seems that the playwright pulled it out of Du Fu's poems.
Four poems, from Village of Emperor Qi's "Wen" song, to Cui's presence, and then to Jiangnan's emphasis on "Feng", "Wen" and "Feng", connect the vicissitudes of the times and great changes in life in the past 40 years. Although no poem directly relates to the life experience of the times, it is not difficult for readers to feel the scene that brought havoc to the material wealth and cultural prosperity of the Tang Dynasty through the poet's recollection. And the great disaster and trauma it has brought to people. It can be said that "the chaos of the world, the rise and fall of the New Year, and the desolation of each other are all among them" (Sun Zhu's comment). Just as the old drama stage does not need scenery, the audience can imagine a very broad space background and event process through the singing performance of the actors; Just as a novel often reflects an era through a person's fate, the successful creation of this poem seems to tell us how much capacity such a short genre of quatrains can have in a great poet with high artistic generalization and rich life experience, and what kind of artistic realm can be achieved when expressing such rich content.
Du Mu-Tomb-Sweeping Day
This day is Tomb-Sweeping Day. The poet Xiao Du happened to get caught in the rain during his trip. Although Qingming is a season full of green flowers and bright spring, it is also a period when the climate is prone to change, and even there will be "strong winds and even rain". But the rain in Mao Mao on this day is the kind of rain that "the light rain in the sky is as clear as thunder", which is the characteristic of spring rain. This "rain is rain"
This song "one after another" naturally describes the artistic conception of spring rain; But it's more than that. It also has a special function, that is, it actually describes the mood of travelers in the rain.
Look at the following sentence: "pedestrians on the road want to break their souls." A pedestrian is a person who travels outside. So what is a "broken soul"? In poetry, "soul" mainly refers to spiritual and emotional things. "Soul-breaking" is an effort to describe the hidden feelings in the heart, which are very strong, but not clearly expressed outside. In ancient customs, Tomb-Sweeping Day is a big festival with rich colors and emotional appeal. It should have been a family reunion festival, or a play, or a grave. Nowadays, pedestrians walk alone, feeling sad and complicated. It happened that they caught up with the drizzle again, and their spring shirts were all wet, adding a layer of melancholy. So the poet used the word "broken soul"; Otherwise, if it rains a little, it will be worth "breaking the soul". Isn't that reasonable? In this way, we can return to the word "one after another". People who used to travel on holidays already have a lot on their minds. Plus being in the rain, they are walking in the rain, and their mood is even more chaotic. Therefore, they are describing the spring rain in succession, but they can also describe their emotions, and even describe the spring rain, that is, describe it.
The first two sentences explain the scene, and then write an idea that pedestrians think at this moment: where to find a small hotel. The matter is clear: find a small hotel, take a break from the rain, and drink three cups to relieve the cold of spring and warm the clothes wet by the rain. Most importantly, you can also distract your worries. So, you can ask someone for directions.
Who did you ask for directions? The poet didn't tell us in the third sentence, but the wonderful thing is in the fourth sentence: "The shepherd boy points to Xinghua Village". Grammatically speaking, "shepherd boy" is the subject of this sentence, but it is indeed the object of the previous sentence "I'm sorry"-it complements both sides of the question and answer. Did the shepherd boy answer? We don't know, but taking "action" as the answer is more vivid and powerful than the answer. We watched the play Little Cowherd. When someone asked the shepherd boy for directions, he pointed his hand and said, "Follow my hand!" " It is to connect answers with actions-that is, to connect "music" with "pictures", both of which allow viewers to enjoy beauty at the same time; Nowadays, the poet's technique is simpler and more superb: he only gives the reader "pictures" and omits "music"-no, it includes "music". While enjoying the beautiful "pictures" of directions, readers also heard the "music" of vague answers.
The literal meaning of "Yao" is far away. However, we can't abide by this meaning here. This means that we have vaguely seen the end of the red apricot and clearly picked out a wine curtain-"Jiuwangzi". If it is really far away, it is difficult to have artistic contact. If it is really in front of you, it will lose its implicit and endless interest: beauty is not far away. The Grand View Garden in A Dream of Red Mansions is exactly from this experience that Du Lang made a footnote for this sentence. "Xinghua Village" is not necessarily the real village name, nor does it necessarily refer to restaurants. Just explain, it refers to the village in the depths of this beautiful apricot flower. It goes without saying that there is a small hotel waiting to receive guests traveling in the rain.
The poem just came to an abrupt end when it was written "pointing to Xinghua Village", without spending a word. The rest, how happy pedestrians are when they hear this news, how excited they are to find a hotel, how happy they are to get the satisfaction and pleasure of sheltering from the rain and getting rid of troubles ... These can be "ignored" by poets. He put all this in the reader's imagination.
This little poem, without any difficult words and allusions, is written in very popular language and has no trace of management. The syllables are very harmonious and complete, the scene is very fresh and vivid, and the realm is beautiful and interesting. It is also natural for this poem to be written in order. The first sentence explains the situation, environment and atmosphere, which is the "beginning"; The second sentence is "Cheng", which describes the characters and shows their sad and confused mentality. The third sentence is "turn", but it also puts forward how to get rid of this mentality; This directly forced out the fourth sentence and became the highlight of the whole article-"he". In art, this is a technique from low to high, gradually rising, and the climax is at the end. The so-called climax is not an unobstructed view, but an intriguing aftertaste. These are the highlights of the poet and are worth learning and inheriting!
Li Bai —— Farewell to Minister Shu Yun at Xie Tiao Villa in Xuanzhou
On a clear autumn evening, the poet boarded the Xiegong Building alone. The shadow of Blue Mountain is so bright and clean! Seen from the sky, this "Jiangcheng" is almost like painting a picture. In the first two sentences, the poet wrote about the scenery he saw during his visit, and always took the whole article with him, which immediately attracted readers deeply and entered the artistic conception of the poem together. Yan Yu's Cang Shi Lang Dialect said: "Taibai makes a sentence, which means to come straight to the point." This is the expression.
The middle four sentences are specific descriptions. The artistic images created by these four poems are all born of the word "Wang" above. From the structural relationship, the first two sentences say "picturesque river" and the last two sentences say "clear sky in the mountains at night" The four sentences are a complete unity with levels. "Ershui" refers to Juxi and Wanxixi. Wanxi Creek originated in Yishan, and merged with Juxi in the northeast of Xuancheng, and merged around the city, so it was called "clip". Because it is autumn, the stream is clearer and flows calmly, and the wave surface is glittering and translucent. It is most appropriate to use "mirror" to describe it. The following bridge is called Jichuan Bridge, which was built outside the Yangde Gate in the east of the city during the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty (58 1-600). The two long bridges were built on a stream, reflected in the water, and viewed from the tall buildings in the distance. The light green stream and the bright red sunset glow are illuminated by flashing lights, and the shadow of the bridge reflects infinite strange gorgeous colors. Where is this bridge? Like two rainbows in the sky, the shadow of this rainbow falls in the mirror. After reading these two sentences, we will naturally think of another masterpiece of the poet, Wang Lushan Waterfall. Suspected that the Milky Way had fallen for nine days. The two men are also using analogy to shape their images, and they also use the word "falling" to connect the underground and the sky. But there are differences in similarities and differences, and all roads lead to the same goal: one is to compare the waterfall to the milky way, and the other is to write the reflection of Shuangqiao in the waves of the sunset with a rainbow; One focuses on depicting its surging momentum, and the other focuses on showing its magnificent and changeable colors, giving people different aesthetic feelings, while the poet's rich and wonderful imagination and lively and ethereal brushwork are equally amazing.
In the autumn evening, there was silence in Yuan Ye. In the jungle surrounded by mountains, smoke billows from kitchen chimneys, dark blue orange pomelo and yellowish phoenix tree appear, presenting a bleak and bleak scenery, which makes people feel that Qiu Guang should be old.
It is not difficult to imagine that the poet's mood at that time was completely immersed in his field of vision, and his observation was profound and meticulous; And his description is not sticky. He stood tall, looked far away, grasped the feeling of an instant, outlined the outline of a late autumn with extremely concentrated image language, and profoundly revealed the atmosphere of seasons and environment. He wrote not only the scenery in autumn, but also the mood in autumn. If we take a closer look, we will find that in his high generalization, the way he uses a pen is very subtle.
The last two sentences, seemingly simple, are actually the same as the first two sentences, pointing out that the place to visit is on the "North Building"; This North Building was built by Xie Tiao, and it seems to be an old rule, so Li Bai can't help but miss the words of the ancients. It is worth noting that the word "who reads" is the word "Huai" in Huai Xie Gong, which is what Li Bai himself refers to, and the word "who reads" refers to others. The meaning of two sentences is to lament that he is "near"
Li Bai has been frustrated politically and led a wandering life since he was pushed out by powerful people and gave up his official position in Chang 'an. It is conceivable that the guests are depressed and sad, especially when the autumn wind comes. Xuancheng is his hometown, and now he comes again. Once he arrives in Xuancheng, he will miss visiting Xie Tiao, not only because Xie Tiao has left some places of interest in Xuancheng, such as overlapping buildings. More importantly, Xie Tiao has the same feelings for Xuancheng as himself. When Li Bai was alone in the Xie Tiao upstairs looking at the breeze and facing the mountains and rivers admired by Xie Tiao, he remembered the previous generation poets he had always admired. Although ancient and modern times are separated, the spirit is far from each other. This vague mood reflects his political anguish and wandering loneliness. It is precisely because of political repression that I can't find a way out, so I have to send my feelings to the mountains and rivers and to the ancients who are still traveling; Who can understand his complicated mood at that time?