Throughout China's long history of literary appreciation, we can see that some traditional ways of appreciation are gradually formed. This way of appreciation is different from the western model and modern style, and it is a traditional national form, showing a unique thinking paradigm, aesthetic psychology and expression habits. Summarizing and studying the traditional methods of literature appreciation will not only help to summarize the theory and experience of ancient literature appreciation, but also help to develop and improve today's appreciation level.
Ancient works are written in classical Chinese, and written and spoken languages are not completely consistent. Because the earliest writing tools were inconvenient, knives and lacquer books were used on bones, nails, wood and bamboo, that is, later generations used brush, cloth and paper, and all the words were concise and clear. Although ancient Chinese itself has also developed and changed, it has gradually moved closer to oral English since the Middle Ages, but there are still great differences between written language and oral English. To this end, that is, the ancients had a problem of "helping to read" the works of their predecessors or contemporaries. The first step to help reading is to annotate, explain the meaning of words, explain famous things, explain laws and regulations, and explain the system. The second step is "sparse", that is, to further explain or expand on the basis of the note, which is more detailed than the note and has more mixed with the narrator's point of view. The third step is "writing", that is, explaining or commenting on the note. Notes and sparse methods are all based on notes. The fourth step is "proof", which is supported by quotations and helps to understand. These four are not necessary for every work, and sparseness, annotation and evidence are not strictly defined, so they are called annotations and annotations. However, it is also obvious that saying and explaining words are more subjective, more academic and more artistic, paying attention to objectivity and science, being sparse, scribbling and verifying. It is precisely because of the intervention of the interpreter's subjective consciousness that it gradually developed into an appreciative text.
The uniqueness of ancient literature appreciation can be divided into the following types.
Pure literature appreciation theory was not established in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties. At that time, literary works sometimes involved philosophical, ideological, political and historical works, the purpose of which was not to appreciate, but to serve as an example. For example, Mencius elaborated on "opposing one's will with one's will": "The sage said: If Shun does not obey Yao, then I will hear his fate. There is a poem that says,' Under the world, is it the land of kings, the land of commanders, or the minister of kings?' And since Shun is the son of heaven, what if he asks you not to be a minister? Yue: It's poetry, but it doesn't mean that. Working for the king instead of adopting parents. Yue, this is not the king's business. Only I can do it. Therefore, poets do not harm their words with words, nor do they harm their aspirations with words; Against your will, in order to get it. If it's just words, Han Yun's poem says,' Li Zhouyu is sensitive and decadent.' Believe me, there are no followers of Zhou here. Mencius' original intention is not to put forward opinions on literary appreciation, nor to analyze and appreciate Beishan and Daya Xing Han in The Book of Songs, but to explore the relationship between Shun and Yao, Shun's father and his disciples, which involves the understanding of related poems, and then put forward a correct view on poetry understanding, thus setting an unchanging law for literary appreciation in later generations.
Another form of indirect expression is that in later literary and poetic theories, the author illustrates his arguments with examples, involving some works. It is not the appreciation of these works, but actually plays a guiding role in appreciation. Ge Lifang said in "A Rhyme of Yang Qiu": "Lao Du is buried in the war and the debris of the war. When he feels something, he is sad. Such as "where petals fall like tears". Pretend to write a poem with one word. "Tianfu Mud Sound" has a cloud: "Walk with the spring breeze, every village is connected." The poem "Farewell" said:' When you are sad, you will see frost and dew, and chrysanthemums will bloom in the cold city.' The poem "Yi Di" says:' Flowers in my hometown are spontaneous, but birds still fly in spring.' The poem "Sunset" says: "The wind and the moon leave the night clear, and the mountains and rivers do not return." "Wang Teng Pavilion" says: "The ancient walls are still bamboo-colored, and the empty pavilion is comfortable." Speaking of human feelings for the environment, we have our own joys and sorrows, but at first, we should not be too tired to be heartless. (Volume 1) There are books, spring grass dyeing the steps, birds chirping under the leaves, friends, mountains and rivers waiting, and Liu Hua's selflessness. This also caused connoisseurs to admire the word "self". Xue Xue's "A spoonful of poems" said: "The next word" self "will make you feel pain when you leave chaos, and it will be printed on paper." Zhao Fang said, "The scenery between heaven and earth is no thicker than people. When people are comfortable, they will fall in love with the scenery, and the beauty of the scenery will depend on me. If there is something wrong, the scenery has nothing to do with me, so the word' self' is used in public poems. " (Notes on Du Shaoling Collection, Volume 7, Notes on Revenge) Like this type, it started to set foot in and later became its own portal. Outsiders are not enough to call it appreciation, but it has become a common way because there are no appreciation articles formed for a long time.
Casual quotation is an example brought out by theory, and casual feeling is the feeling produced by example. This appreciation, which comes with the trend and goes with the flow, is often typical, and the appreciation theory is universal. This method is widely used in poetry and literary theory. Leisure and enjoyable.
Understand the way of poetry from the edge of poetry and the principle of writing poetry from poetry. Bai Juyi's Poems on the Lily was originally written by Bai Juyi, but the book quoted the words of Mei, a poet in the Song Dynasty, so it belongs to false support. The author has no exam. ) said: "I take pleasure in it:' Sometimes it rains at three or two, and there are ten and nine flowers everywhere. "Angry and angry:' Crazy catkins dance with the wind, and fine peach blossoms chase the water. After listening to his words, I felt very sad:' Tears flow in front of blood, hair in the mirror. Who drinks green wine all night and sleeps in red makeup until tomorrow?' I was ecstatic and said,' Spring breeze is proud of horseshoe disease, and you can see all the Chang 'an flowers in one day. Angry at the loss, he said rashly,' Only when you get out of Kunlun can you understand Yin Han. It's a pity to lose:' the host and guest groan at night and hurt their wives' hearts.' After losing a lot of money, he said,' Suddenly the east city began to disperse, and suddenly a stranger met in the south.' Based on specific works, the author expresses two meanings: first, poetry should be based on emotion, and the root of poetry lies in emotion, and emotions of emotions produce anger and harm; First, their feelings should be "harmonious". If they go too far, they will get lost in arrogance, which is the beauty of neutralization in Confucian aesthetics. This feeling comes from concrete works, which are natural and harmonious and easy to enlighten and teach.
Poetry art is based on poetry. In terms of specific verses, there is no need for a long speech. Just add a little more and things will be clear. Yuan Mei said in Poems of a Garden: "There are many excellent plum blossom poems in ancient times. Feng said blankly,' I admire him for clearing the water in Xixi, and only when the ice opens can he shine on you.' This is unprecedented. Yu's Ode to a Reed Flower is very descriptive. Liu said to the cloud, "Do you know adore you? She has never known the sadness of spring all her life?" I feel pale. Jin Shoumen painted an apricot flower with the title:' The fragrance rises from Shanglin Street, and the branches in the wall open from the outside. Only Xinghua is really proud, and I will see Yuan again in three years. "Thinking about ice, praising reed flowers for thinking about sunshine, and praising apricot flowers for being the top scholar, all fell from the sky. Why not? The author intends to explain that "the beauty of poetry is always around, based on the theme, not this poem, but this poem." Poetry should be good at giving examples and imaginative. The farther the blood relationship between car and ontology, the better, that is, the beginning of "thinking outside the sky".
As far as poetry is concerned, character poetry is like a person, generally speaking. Xue Xue once described the relationship between personality and poetry in A Ladle of Poetry: "The poems of carefree people must be chic, the poems of sincere people must be solemn, the poems of charming people must be elegant, the poems of calm people must be beautiful, the poems of cold people must be barren, the poems of plump people must be gorgeous, and the poems of gloomy people must be tragic." Generally speaking, personality and poeticity are consistent, but occasionally they are the opposite. The theory of character is "talent, gas, no learning, no skill" Although the innate conditions are overemphasized, some laws are also revealed.
Casual appreciation, or in articles, or in sentences, talk about your feelings, or in poetry, or in poetry, or in character, and sometimes even take poetry as the origin, speak freely about governing the country, being a man and so on. , short form, flexible way, well-founded, quite acceptable. Its limitation lies in the lack of integrity and systematicness, and sometimes there will be superficial and one-sided problems.
The difference between the interpretation of explanatory appreciation and the annotation that breaks the barrier between words is that it not only digs the meaning of the text, but also deciphers its internal meaning and reveals its artistic connection when chewing words. So it can be divided into several types.
Anatomy dissects the texture of a work, just like brewing tea, so that the quality of concentrated dry tea is dissolved and diluted, and its color and fragrance are emitted. Luo Dajing explained Du Fu's poem in He Lin Yu Lu: "I came from three thousand miles away. Sad autumn, my sorrow for a hundred years, I climbed this height alone. " Cover Wan Li, far away; Autumn, when sad; Be a guest and travel; Frequent visitors, long-distance travel; A hundred years later, my teeth are dying; Sick and sick; Taiwan, high also; Alone on the stage, no relatives or friends. There are eight meanings between fourteen characters, and the duality is accurate. "Analyze the rich implications of this association: homesickness for a long time, loneliness and helplessness, sadness of separation from Wan Li, lamentation in the troubled times in my twilight years, and feelings of sadness and illness. This interpretation makes abstract meaning concrete, simple meaning clear, implied meaning clear, metonymic meaning concrete and intermittent meaning coherent, which has a good reading aid.
Perspective type explores its deep meaning through the surface layer of semantics. Poetry narration based on perspective no longer stays in literal analysis, but expresses the meaning of "being here" from the discourse of "being here". Speech is the guide to entry, and meaning is the treasure of the palace. Perspective, a perspective from poetry to things. Ye Mengde in Song Dynasty said in Shi Lin Shi Hua: "Du Zimei's four poems, Sick cypress, Sick orange, withered brown and withered nan, were all popular at that time." Sick cypress should be written by Ming Chengzu and agreed with Du Fuxing. "Dry brown" is more difficult than civilian disability, so it is self-evident in the article. The cloud "Kunan" said, "Columns and implements still exist, and ambition will not revive. "This should be done for those who abide by the house rules. However, the beginning of "Sick Orange" says "small but firm, sour as pears", and the end is more laborious than litchi, which means that the recent fortune is unsuccessful. " The works are about sick cypress, sick orange, withered brown and withered nan, and they are chanting things, while the narrator calls them talking about things, which are images and meanings, and they are explored through images. The other is to explore the implication through poetry. Different from the first one, this implication is not a realistic problem, but an idea and emotion. Ge Yun Zai said: "Lao Du's Lettuce poem says:' If you don't die for twenty years, you will be sorry to bury my mud. Amaranth was fascinated by you, and it was born here. "The population is prosperous, the villain is prosperous, and the gentleman is also suppressed. Gao Shi's titled Zhang Chu Vegetable Garden says:' The cultivated land is between Santo and Changshu. Asking sunflower seeds is like temple meat. "It's embarrassing." (Volume 2) Perspective is different from analysis. The object of analysis is the poetic language itself, so there are only problems of detail, depth and accuracy, while the perspective of poetry is only an intermediary, and its potential meaning is more mysterious and it is easy to produce different opinions. How to treat "sustenance", we have written an article specially, here is just a type of ancient appreciation.
Write your own experiences and feelings in a line of poems. This is not to analyze the meaning of the work, nor to explore the inside story of the work, but to express one's feelings. This seems to have nothing to do with appreciation, but the author's feelings, and the content that escapes from this side branch gives people enlightenment in appreciation. Yuan Mei in Qing Dynasty said in Poems with the Garden: "I am young and poor, and I can't buy books, but the books are very good. Whenever I pass a bookstore, I want to see them. If the price is expensive, I can't get it, and I can't get it at night. " He once wrote a poem saying,' The school is far away from the city of sorrow, and the family is poor and dreams of buying books'. Moreover, after becoming an official, I can't read thousands of books. Just like when I was young, my teeth were strong and I was too poor to eat; Unfortunately, I am embarrassed when I am old and ashamed! Occasionally read Dongpo's "Secretary Li Shanju", saying that books are rare and rare, and many books are not read. Just like this. "Yuan Mei read Su Shi's article, associated with his own experience, deeply touched. This also enlightens people that in order to truly understand the work, readers themselves must have similar life experiences, so that it is easy to stimulate reading feelings and understand what the work is about.
(Doubt: The "oneness" here seems to have nothing to do with "interpretation style", but we can study the definition of "interpretation style" in detail. However, what's the difference between "doing what you want" and "doing what you want"? )
The characteristic of perceptual appreciation is "following": chatting casually, chatting casually, chatting casually. It is not a long, systematic and detailed exposition, but it is as refreshing as a sketch or prose. This kind of appreciation not only helps to understand the works, but also becomes the object of appreciation because of its clever writing and brilliant literary talent.
Comparison can only be distinguished by comparison. Reading and appreciation will naturally produce various associations and compare them with known works of the same kind. Through comparison, we can see the high and low, the fine and rough, the good and the bad, the right and the wrong, so as to appreciate his thoughts or art. The ancients attached great importance to "reading thousands of books", and some connoisseurs were familiar with poetry and books, so we can compare them. Common comparisons are as follows.
Horizontal comparison mainly refers to the comparative reading of works of the same era, the same theme, the same theme and the same technique. Ouyang Xiu wrote in "Poems on June 1st": "Meng Jiao and Jia Dao were poor in poetry until they died, and they were especially complacent all their lives. Meng wrote a poem in Migration:' Borrow furniture from a car, but the furniture is not as good as a car', but I have never heard of it. Also, "Xie Ren Tan Hui" said, "It is so hot that it bends into a straight body. "People say they can't do it unless they are ready to taste it. Jia Yun: "Although there is silk in the sideburns, it is difficult to knit cold clothes." Just knitting, can you get geometric figures? There is another poem in "Chao Hunger" that says,' Sit and smell the piano on the west bed, and freeze two or three strings'. People say that you are not only hungry, but how can you stand the cold? "Comparing the poems of Meng Jiao and Jia Dao with similar people, we can see that both of them are poor, and the same hobbies are also poor. Horizontal comparison also has heterogeneous comparison. In the Song Dynasty, You Mao wrote in "All Tang Poems": "Music is broad-minded, and its poem says,' There is nothing long, and heaven and earth are boundless. This broad-minded word also. Meng Jiao is narrow-minded, and his poem says,' Going out is an obstacle. Who says heaven and earth are wide? So is this narrow-minded word. However, heaven and earth are due to the suburbs, and the suburbs are due to the ears. "From the comparison, the relationship between temperament and poetry is explained. Different natures have different poems.
Vertical comparison is historical comparison, which can understand the origin and development, test the gains and losses and weigh the advantages and disadvantages. This comparison requires the appreciator to have a wider range of knowledge and be able to clarify the relationship between inheritance and genre. According to "Flower Picking", Li Qingzhao's "A Plum" is a flower from Shui Piao, a kind of acacia, with two leisure places. There is no way to eliminate this situation. You can only frown and take it to heart. " The last sentence in the middle: "From Fan Zhongyan's mouth, the sentence" Everyone comes to this matter and has nothing to avoid "comes from the ear of Special Agent Li." Yesterday, Da also quoted the poem "Easy come, late go", while Yu Zhongmao's poem "It's Acacia's turn, but there is nothing to say, and there is a trace of eyebrows" is inherited from Li's poem. Another example is Xin Qiji's poem Late Spring in Zhu Yingtai, in which he brought all the troubles of spring, but he couldn't figure out where he was going. Chen Hu's "Continued Stories" said: "Everyone thinks it's good, but I don't know Zhao Dezhuang's" Queqiao Fairy ",which says that" spring worries come from spring and refuses to follow it. GeDeZhuang also copied a sentence from Li Han's old song Huayang, "Suddenly, I will come back with spring". "Generally speaking, the younger generation writes lyrics, but the older generation has already said the bottom sentence, and is particularly good at changing ears. Chen Hu thinks that later generations often change words in the previous sentences, or that later generations are "good at stealing". What's more, under the requirement of "no word passive", we must find out the "source". In fact, some of them did use their predecessors' words, while others did not. Another vertical comparison is that future generations surpass their predecessors. " "Wang Zhifang's Poetry Talk" wrote: "Bai Letian has a poem saying:' Drunk as frost leaves, though red is not spring. "Dongpo has a poem:' Children mistakenly like Zhu Yan's posture and laugh without knowing that it is wine red.' Zheng Gu has a poem:' The temples are white with frost, and the wine is red with sorrow.' Lao Du has a poem called' Why bother if you have less hair? If you lose your face, you will be redder?' No self-poem:' short worry is white, bad face is red with wine.' They are the same. However, no one has published this couplet first, which has been greatly praised by the public. "Wu Ji (Chen Shidao) first published this couplet, and everyone always thought it was good, but I didn't know that there were many similar poems in the past. By comparison, we can see that everyone has different tastes.
Debate discussion is brief after comparison, and others hold different opinions, forming a lawsuit. For example, the phrase "Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, the midnight bell strikes the passenger ship" written by Zhang Ji in the Tang Dynasty, since Ouyang Xiu put forward "This sentence is better, but it is not the time for the midnight bell to strike" in a poem on June 1 day, there have been many spokespersons. Shi Lin Shi Hua by Ye Mengde in Song Dynasty, Guan Hua by Song Dynasty, Shi Yan by Fan Wen in Song Dynasty, Wandering in Zhailan by Fu Zhai, Geng Shi Hua by Chen in Song Dynasty, Wang Zhifang Shi Hua by Song Wangzhi, A Random Record of Cangaizhai by Song Wuzeng and Notes of Old Xue 'an by Song Luyou. The other school thinks that what is written in the poem has little to do with whether there is a midnight bell. Hu Yinglin's poem in the Ming Dynasty: "Zhang Ji's talk about' Midnight Bells to Passenger Ships' was all fooled by the old people. Poetry flows through the scenery to make a statement, but only in the tone of the melody, the combination of interest and image, and the pure fact, how can he be idle? No matter what is right or wrong in the middle of the night, that is, whether the death knell smells or not, it is unknown. " (Volume IV) Qing Mao first wrote "Debate on Poetry": "As for midnight, there is no clock, and Zhang Shiyun is always happy. Bananas in the snow are not subject to bullets, so there is no need to misinterpret the ears. " (Volume 3) He Qing Huan Wen's Textual Research on Poetry in Past Dynasties: "On June 1st, a layman said that poets were greedy for good sentences, which might be unreasonable, but they were also sick. For example, there is no reason for Nai to use the manuscript directly. Under the stage of Hanshan Temple in Gusu, the midnight bell goes to the passenger ship. Nye must ring the bell at midnight. There is something wrong with the sentence "remonstrate grass", so why should the rest be detained? The situation is not to harm words with words, not to harm ambition with words. Mencius has long been enlightened, how can he afford words! "Qing Ma's Autumn Window Essay holds that" there is no need to delve into this point, and not ringing the bell will not damage the beauty of poetry. " (66) Yuan Mei of the Qing Dynasty even thought that it was "an idiotic dream" to argue whether to ring the bell at midnight. Talking about poetry in this way will make people depressed and interrupt the machine. Isn't it' poetry is dead'? "(Volume 8) Comments like this are often encountered in ancient poetry conversations.
Horizontal ratio and vertical ratio are the comparison of appreciation objects; Debate is a debate about different views of the same object of appreciation, such as the question of "midnight bell", or whether it is or not from an empirical point of view, or whether it is or not from a prosperous point of view, and there is no need to test whether it is or not. Horizontal ratio, easy to see advantages and disadvantages; Longitudinal ratio, easy to identify the source; Arguments are easy to give opinions. As the object of comparison or theory, whether it is a sentence or an article, it is also a feeling of fate.
The form of argumentative discussion began with poetry. At that time, it was mainly reflected in comments and criticisms, which existed as early as the Tang Dynasty, increased in the Song Dynasty, and didn't have novel comments until after the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Mr. Zhou said recently: "In the cultural history of China, a vital discipline has existed for thousands of years and played a great and far-reaching role. But up to now, not only has it not attracted enough attention-no one has made a comprehensive study of it and established it as a special subject, but it has also been inseparable. If you ask, why learn this? I will answer: it is China's comment. " (Appreciation of famous works 1995 1) Mr. Zhou also classified comments as the study of annotation.
The original novel reviews were written by some calligraphers, such as Outlaws of the Marsh and Comments on the History of the Three Kingdoms published by Yu Shuangfengtang in the Ming Dynasty, which were written by Yu Xiangdou in order to promote books, with little theoretical and academic value. It was not until Li Zhi and Ye Zhou in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty that novel criticism became a unique form of appreciation and criticism, and many good opinions on novel aesthetics were published. Jin Shengtan in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties developed this form more mature and perfect. There are many people commenting on novels in Qing Dynasty, such as The Scholars and A Dream of Red Mansions.
Novel reviews are written at the top of the book, between the lines, so they are closely combined with the works. It is closely related to the characters, plot, structure and language of the work, and plays a guiding role in appreciation for readers: it makes people notice the casual punishment, see the usual splendor, see the essence through the appearance, and grasp the key points for in-depth analysis. Commentators seem to be on an equal footing with readers. There is no preaching with a straight face, and there is no overhead speech, which makes people read kindly and tastefully. A clever critic can sum up the writer's creative experience, make aesthetic judgment on the whole work and taste the details of the work, which will help readers improve their appreciation ability and level.
Looking back at the general comment, give a general comment in front of each time to reveal the overall feeling at that time.
In a text, the comment between clips or eyebrows is often used to appreciate the subtlety of a description, or to remind it of its relationship with the context. Sometimes, it is also used to make use of the topic, or to throw out social views and life insights, or to climb out of a wonderful discussion.
The final general comment of each return can be a summary of the return, a comment on the outstanding points in the return, or even a comprehensive comment on other returns caused by people and things involved in the return.
From the position of comments, comprehensive comments are placed at the back, middle and end. As for the nature of comments, there are single comments and comprehensive comments. Comprehensive evaluation can evaluate artistic means, stories and characters.