Du Fu, the greatest realistic poet in Chinese history, was born in 7 12. He lived in the Tang Dynasty, an era of prosperity and decline. Du Fu experienced the Tang Dynasty before the Anshi Rebellion and the whole process of the Anshi Rebellion. He witnessed the poverty of the people and experienced the life without them. So his thoughts and actions are closely related to that era. Du Fu's influence on China's classical poetry is far-reaching, and he is called "the sage of poetry" by later generations, and his poems are called "the history of poetry".
First, Du Fu's personality
? The attitude towards reality is an important factor that constitutes Du Fu's personality. No matter how dark the reality is, how decadent the politics is and how decadent the society is, Du Fu will never stand by and show his attitude boldly and expose the facts. That kind of persistence, frankness and courage, regardless of personal safety, facing reality and facing difficulties, is often reflected in his poems.
Strong optimism is another element of Du Fu's personality. Although Du Fu is pessimistic, he is not a pessimist. No matter how bad the times are, no matter how unfortunate he is, Du Fu will never give up his ideals or lose confidence. This optimism and open-mindedness will also permeate his poems, such as "The Northern Expedition": "Everything you meet is hurt, and moaning is more bleeding", which describes people you meet on the road, many of whom are traumatized and groaning in pain and bleeding. "The two little girls in front of the bed are over the knee when they make up." The two daughters in front of the bed, patched old clothes just passed their knees. In the face of this situation, Du Fu is still not discouraged. "Looking up at the changes in the sky, I feel the devil's breath is clear." Looking up at the changes in the sky, I feel that the devil is being eliminated. Always have confidence in the country.
Du Fu's optimistic spirit is not blind, but sober, which is closely combined with the spirit of facing reality. Du Fu always pinned his hopes on political improvement, rather than building his ideals in a paradise.
Loving life is the third element of Du Fu's personality. On the one hand, Du Fu stared at the dark side of life and exposed it without whitewashing; On the other hand, he is best at discovering bright, beautiful and kind things in life. Du Fu has a wide range of interests and is highly cultivated in painting, calligraphy, music and dance. Du Fu has a special sensitivity and love for nature, loves all the beautiful things in life, and of course hates those ugly things: "Song Xin hates thousands of feet, and the evil bamboo should be chopped." This also gave him greater power to expose political abuses and crack down on all warlords, officials and even emperors who endangered the people.
Realism, optimism and love for life are the portrayal of Du Fu's personality and his charm.
Second, Du Fu's poetic style
In terms of language, Du Fu's poems and songs are generally regarded as "gloomy". The word "frustration" accurately sums up the language of his works. Depression is manifested in the depth and richness of his poems, while depression is the ups and downs of feelings, tones and syllables. Try to read his famous sentence, "Leaves fall like the waves of a waterfall, and I watch the long river always roll forward." Describe the solemn, bleak and vast scenery in autumn. When you look up, you bow your head and it is scattered. While writing the scenery, I deeply expressed my feelings and conveyed the feeling that my youth is fleeting and my ambition is hard to pay. Its realm is magnificent, and its touch on people is not limited to the sadness at the end of the year, but also reminds people of the disappearance and limitation of life and the infinity and eternity of the universe. Through the gloomy and sad dialogue, the poet's superb brushwork is displayed.
As far as style is concerned, Du Fu's poems are diverse in style. Yuan Zhen's evaluation of Du Fu is: "As for the beauty of the son, it is called frivolous and coquettish. At that time, Shen Song seized Su Li and swallowed Cao Liu, hiding his face and thanking him for his loneliness. He was beautiful and beautiful, which was unique in ancient and modern times." Qin Guan also has a similar view: "So Du Zimei people are poor and expensive, extremely luxurious, full of diluted interest, delicate and clean, and have the beauty of algae, which is beyond the reach of other families." However, if you don't gather the strengths of many families, Du can't be immune. "Du Fu also has a wild and unruly side. We can see Du Fu's heroism from his masterpiece" Singing the Eight Immortals ".
In terms of meter, Du Fu's poems are characterized by refined words and neat antithesis, which conforms to the "architectural beauty" of China's poems. For example, "the wind blows in the wide sky, apes crow and birds crow, the blue lake and white sand return to their nests, the leaves fall like waterfalls, and I see the long river rolling in", which is the embodiment of Du Fu's superb diction and antithesis. In addition, Du Fu also has many innovations in genre, such as his innovation in the Five-Seven Laws and his unique literary creation.
Judging from the content of Du Fu's poems, most of his works reflect the social outlook at that time, with a wide range of themes and far-reaching significance, especially describing the sufferings of the people and expressing his sympathy for the people and his feelings of worrying about the country and the people. Du Fu's poems, known as the history of poetry, first appeared in the late Tang Dynasty. "Du Fenglu's mountain is difficult, flowing in the dragon tree, and the rest of the poems are hidden and almost absent, so it is called poetry." In the Song Dynasty, the conclusion was drawn, but the significance of poetry history was different. People think that Du Fu's poems are documentary and can supplement the history, so they are called the history of poetry.
In Du Fu's own words, "worrying about Li Yuan in poor years" is his central idea, and "seeing the truth in adversity" is his consistent spirit. He used these to ask and encourage his friends.
Third, the relationship between Du Fu's personality and poetic style.
The so-called personality refers to the unity of individual's unique characteristics and behavioral tendencies, also known as personality. The formation of personality is based on innate temperament endowment, and the acquired environment is the decisive factor. The formation of Du Fu's personality spirit has a profound relationship with his family background. This is mainly reflected in three aspects: the influence of Confucianism, poetry tradition and personal childhood experience.
Du Fu is very proud of his family background. He was educated and edified by Confucianism since he was a child. He has a deep understanding of Confucius and Mencius' sense of hardship, the way of loyalty and forgiveness, and the spirit of benevolence and compassion, and can practice it. His desire for fame and strong concern for the fate of the country and the nation are also intrinsically related to his Confucian ideas. While receiving Confucian education, Du Fu was deeply influenced by the tradition of family poetry. His grandfather Du Shenyan, whose literary talent was well known at that time, was highly praised by Du Fu, who himself had never seen this grandfather. It is no exaggeration to say that he "wrote it in the Zhongzong Dynasty and looked up to the bookstore, so the world's bachelors follow it today" ("Into the Carving Form"). He regards Du Fu's poetic achievements as a family heirloom: "The poems of ancestors are the best in all ages" (To Brother Shu Monk), and he also inculcates his son that "Poetry is my family's business" (Zongwu's Birthday). He also said: "The law comes from Confucianism, and the heart is weak and tired" ("My Topic"), thinking that the law of poetry creation existed as early as the pre-Qin Confucianism, and his poems were based on Confucian classics since childhood. It is generally believed that Du Fu's poetic skills are the same as Du Shenyan's. Confucian spirit influences Du Fu's personality, especially his poems. His reality and optimism have formed his gloomy and eclectic writing style. His rigorous and persistent style of study of "learning from the past by ancestors" and "learning from Confucianism, weariness in heart and body" is the reason why his poems can achieve the purpose of refining words and fighting methods and have far-reaching contents. ? Fourthly, the influence of Du Fu's poems on later generations.
Du Fu's poems are rich in social content, strong in times and distinctive in political inclination, which truly and profoundly reflect the political current affairs and broad social life prospect of a historical era before and after the An Shi Rebellion, and are called the "poetic history" of a generation. There are also various artistic techniques, which are the epitome of the ideological art of Tang poetry. Du Fu also inherited the spirit of Yuefu in Han and Wei Dynasties, got rid of the shackles of Yuefu's classical poems and created many new poems, which were praised by Huang Fan, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi after his death. Du Fu's poems also had a far-reaching influence on Bai Yuan's literary thought of "New Yuefu Movement" and Li Shangyin's near-body allegorical current affairs poems. Du Fu did not get much praise and attention during his lifetime and several years after his death. However, with the passage of time and the continuous development of art, people are increasingly aware of the value of Du Fu's poems, which is not only reflected in the artistry of poems, but also in the moral edification. Rex Ross, a modern American poet in the 20th century, thinks that what Du Fu cares about is love between people, tolerance and sympathy between people. With his rich artistic texts and personality, and the unity of realistic personality and artistic personality, Du Fu stands a personality monument in the long river of China's history and culture, and shines with eternal glory in the starry sky of human spiritual world.
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