When it comes to contact with Tang poetry, I first started with Li Bai's poem "Thinking about a Quiet Night" when I was young, and I fell in love with Tang poetry at once. It is often attracted by the magnificent images of mountains and rivers, including the sun and moon described by poets, such as: "Dapeng rises with the wind one day and soars into Wan Li. If the wind breaks, it can still raise the surging water "("Li Shangyong ") [1] Dapeng; The Yellow River "The Yellow River came to the west to set the Kunlun Mountain, roaring and Wan Li touched the Longmen" ("Crossing the River without crossing it") and "How the water of the Yellow River moved out of the sky, into the ocean and never returned" ("Into the wine") deeply felt that the poet was particularly fond of those magnificent scenes, and always put them in the vast and boundless space-time background, and made artistic descriptions and performances with bold exaggeration or magical imagination with his wonderful pen. At the same time, it is often dumped and intoxicated by the poet's fresh and beautiful poetic images and artistic conception, such as: "Walking in the mirror, birds in the screen" ("Journey to Qingxi"); The freshness and brightness of "the moon is white on the mountain, the night is quiet and the wind is clear" (the sixth part of "You Tai Shan"). In particular, the recurring images of the moon in the poet's works, such as: "The green water is pure, the bright moon and egrets fly" (the thirteenth part of Qiupu Song), "The waves shake the bright moon in the sea, and the stars enter the tower" (love Egret Island), "The moon turns with the green hills, and the water moistens the blue sky" (walking by the river on a moonlit night) and "The geese lead the sad heart to walk". The image of the moon appears repeatedly in Li Bai's poems with unprecedented frequency and times. According to the statistics of Complete Tang Poetry, there are more than 400 poems about the moon in Li Bai's nearly 1,000 poems, and the image of the moon has appeared 336 times, not counting "jade plate", "jade wheel", "jade ring", "jade hook", "jade bow", "jade mirror" and "celestial mirror". It can be seen that Li Bai has an instinctive and extraordinary love for the moon. For him, the most beautiful and intimate thing is probably the moon in his heart and the moon in his pen. The poet's love for the bright moon in the sky is not only because of her feelings of leaving people, warm and pleasant charm, elegant and dusty charm, crystal clear and noble character, but also because she is considerate, can soothe the poet's sad heart, accompany him through his lonely and wandering life, and let him temporarily forget the troubles and disputes of the world, experience the true meaning of life and discover what the world outside the world is in a peaceful and quiet world.
First of all, Li Bai's indissoluble bond with the moon
Li Bai's life is inextricably linked with the moon, or he has a special totem-like worship complex for the moon. The poet's life seems to be closely related to the moon. They regard each other as intimate friends and close friends, and regard each other as the object of emotional telling. The poet told the moon all kinds of emotions in life, and entrusted them to the moon, which often made people happy with the moon, and so did the moon and people. The Moon Becomes an Anti-Jiangsu RTVU Journal No.4, 2003 Li Jun: On the Moon Image and Its Implication in Li Bai's Poems and the "Mind Prism" and "Mind Multimedia" which bear the poet's infinite feelings. In the poet's works, there are static months: clear moon, bright moon, full moon and waning moon ... there are dynamic months: full moon, rising moon, rising moon, setting moon, full moon and waning moon ... there are different months: Gu Yue, today, spring, autumn, evening and small moon ... There are different places: Songyue and Luo Yue. Really affectionate. Who is like Nanshan Mingyue? Heaven and earth look like cicadas. Try to read his poem: "I didn't know the moon when I was young, so I called it Bai Yupan." I suspect it is Yao's platform, flying in the sky. Is the fairy in the moon hanging her feet? The white rabbit smashed the medicine and asked who to take it with. " The poet's knowledge and understanding of the bright moon when he was a teenager. Because of my youth, I regard a full moon as a white jade plate hanging in the blue sky and imagine it as a mirror flying in the blue sky in myths and legends. Is it difficult for white rabbits to pound drugs for many years? Did Chang 'e take this elixir alone or with other people or immortals? The combination of rich imagination and myths and legends, vivid metaphors and strong lyricism constitute the magnificent and magical moon image in the poet's works, which makes people feel novel and interesting. With the concern of "Hu" and "doubt" and the question of "who to have dinner with", the poet's innocence as a child was shown, and his hazy and beautiful feelings for the moon were also shown. I'm afraid it is this strong curiosity that makes the poet and the moon have a lifelong indissoluble bond. Since then, the bright moon has been accompanied by the poet. "Emei Mountain Moon Song": "In the first half of autumn, Emei Mountain falls into Pingqiang River. Qingxi went to the Three Gorges at night, and the four gentlemen did not see Yuzhou. " This is the work of a young poet who has just left Shu. Writing poetry in autumn night, Mount Emei holding half a month, the world suddenly full of moonlight. The poet took advantage of the moonlight to travel by boat, only to see the shadow of the moon reflected in the river, like a poet walking with running water, and like a poet walking with the moon; After writing, the moon was blocked by the mountain peak, and the poet could only bid farewell to the moon silently; Finally, he wrote his deep yearning for the bright moon and his thoughts for his hometown friends. Through personification and symbolism, it shows the poet's longing for the bright world, his love for beautiful things, and his strong thoughts and feelings of missing friends and homesickness. Later, the poet drifted from place to place, so he had to work with "Lang Ran Qing Qiu Yue" ("Sun Yixing gives me another gift"), "Drink the mountains and moons when you come, and explore the splendor when you are drunk" ("Give the autumn Liu Pu Shaofu"), "Sleep in the mountains and moons in the middle of the night, brush your clothes to avoid the crowd" ("Give the Monk Cliff"). Obviously, he has regarded the moon as his confidant and best friend. "You don't need to buy a cool breeze and bright moon" ("Xiangyang Song"), enjoy the reward of nature and the joy of forgetting the world. But the poet is, after all, a person who lives in the world. Although he often dreams of "flying over the mirror lake and the bright moon overnight" ("Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream") and "Looking for the bright moon in the blue sky" ("Farewell to Uncle Yun in Xuanzhou Xie Tiao Building"), he can't forget the reality. When he is far away from his family, wandering alone, under the lonely lamp of the hotel on a cold night, he is inevitably worried that his ideal ambition in life will not be realized; "High light flashing; And my thoughts grow deeper, and I sigh at the full moon "(Sauvignon Blanc). He misses the moon and his hometown and relatives. "The foot of my bed is shining with such bright light. Is it frosty already? . Looking up, I found that it was moonlight, sinking again, and I suddenly thought of home. " In the dead of night, the poet suffers from insomnia and is in a daze, mistaking the moonlight shot into the room in front of the bed for thick frost everywhere, reflecting the poet's desolate and cold environment and mood. Looking up at the moonlight, I can't help but "bow my head" and miss my hometown and relatives with incomparable heavy feelings and uncontrollable bitterness, and draw vivid homesickness pictures on the moonlit night, which is meaningful and memorable. This poem seems simple and profound, and it can be called the swan song of the ages. When the poet was lonely and miserable, he affectionately invited Yue Ming to drink with him to relieve boredom: "I drank a pot of wine from the flowers alone. No one is with me. Raise my cup, I invite the bright moon, which brings me its shadow and makes us three people. ..... I sang. The moon encourages me and I dance. My shadow is rolling behind. " (Drinking the bright moon alone) The poet invited Yue Ming to drink with his own shadow, which made the original loneliness and cold quite lively. However, "alas, the moon can't drink water, and my shadow follows me blankly;" There is a lack of necessary communication and understanding between him and Moon Shadow, let alone mutual understanding and comfort. Even so, he was helpless, because there was no other person or thing to accompany him, so he chose "but I still had these friends for a while to cheer me up through the end of spring." In the obscurity of wine, the poet seems to feel the harmony of the moon shadow or the temporary happiness it brings to himself (in fact, it is mental anesthesia), which relieves his pain. Obviously, the poet regards the moon as his drinking buddy. When the poet suffered the worst blow in his life and was exiled to Yelang, he felt the deep friendship in his hometown of Yue Ming: "When I was in the Three Gorges of Badong, I looked west and looked at Yueming, remembering Emei. Emei rises in the moon and shines on the sea, following the posture of Wan Li. " In the poet's mind, the moon will always be pure, beautiful and bright, and it will accompany him through the best years of his youth. When he is alone and suffers hardships and blows, the moon will lovingly comfort the poet's heart. The moon is the poet's faithful bosom friend and close friend. Therefore, he always warmly embraces the bright moon in the sky and the bright moon in his heart. When the poet was young, he had a special and deep affection for the moon. It was not until it was said that the poet was drunk in his later years that he caught the moon and drowned in the Yangtze River in Caishiji that this sentiment was persistent and lifelong. The legend of Li Bai's death due to catching the moon after drinking was first seen in Tang Yan written by the kings of the Five Dynasties, but this work was not found in this book. However, the Chronicle of Li Taibai in the Qing Dynasty (Wang Zhuben, Volume 35) once quoted: Li Bai was dressed in a palace robe and swam in the river of quarrying, proudly, like no one else. [2] (P. 104) After the Northern Song Dynasty, Mei wrote a poem "Giving Guo Gongfu a Stone-quarrying Month" in memory of Li Bai: "I heard that the stone-quarrying moon made me die, and I took a boat in brocade robe at night. When you are drunk, you love the moon hanging at the bottom of the river, and you can turn it over with your hands. ..... You shouldn't be hungry for Christmas in jiaozi, and ride a fish to the sky easily. There are also rumors in Qingshan, but I have known each other for several years. " [3] Obviously, this dying legend echoes the birth legend of Li Bai's mother dreaming of "Taibai Star", or it is the inheritance and development of Li Bai's mother dreaming of Taibai Star. Li's Preface to the Cottage Collection says, "The Dragon fled to Shu at the beginning, and later referred to Li Shu, who was born in Bai Yang. On the night of Jiang, Chang Geng fell asleep, so he gave birth to a white surname and an ethereal white character. The world is called the essence of Taibai, and it is won. " [2](p. 105) Obviously, this is related to the world's evaluation of Li Bai's "Death of Immortals". The author believes that the legend of Li Bai's birth, aging, illness and death is closely related to the poet's poems about the moon, which has important enlightenment and guiding significance for us to deeply explore the moon image, meaning and moon complex in the poet's heart.
Secondly, the inner meaning of the moon image in Li Bai's poems.
In the poet's works, the bright moon is often represented as the natural moon, but more often it is endowed with rich and profound symbolic significance. Therefore, the bright moon is highly personified by the poet and endowed with human thoughts and feelings. "When Jing Quan enters the boudoir in the moon, the golden urn glows with sadness" (Sitting at Night), "The moon desires to go to the long hall, but the deep palace is not worried for the time being", "Hanging the clear sky at night, taking pictures of Nagato imperial ladies alone" (Nagato's two complaints), "When the moon sets, the candle ends in the low porch, and the flying flowers settle and laugh at the empty bed" (Spring Complaint). Through it, ladies-in-waiting and ladies-in-waiting miss the moon, making poetry more vivid and interesting, showing unique artistic charm. As Mr. Zhang Fuqing pointed out: "Whenever poets write about the moon, they often regard the moon as friends, relatives and lovers, pour out their feelings to it, communicate with it with their own hearts, open their hearts to it naively like children, and embrace the moon with the purest, most sincere and warmest feelings." [4] (pp. 166- 167) also shows that the poet does not agree with the secular noble personality. The symbolic significance of the moon in Li Bai's poems mainly includes the following aspects, which the author briefly expounds.
The moon symbolizes beauty and love. In ancient times, people thought the sun was the sun, so they called it the sun. The moon is cloudy, so it is called lunar. Therefore, people often use the month to describe the beauty of women's appearance, posture and sentiment, such as "the beauty of the month" and "the shame of closing the moon". In The Book of Songs, there is a poem "The Moon is Beautiful, Shu Yao corrects it and works hard", which sets off the purity and beauty of women with a bright moon. The moon image in Li Bai's poems also has this symbol and metaphor. For example, "Bright eyes and bright moon, smiling in the whole city" ("Antique" 26), using metaphor and exaggerated brushwork to write the beauty of women; "Walking on the pavilion road, the beauty is worried about the smoke" ("Back to the Top") describes a woman in a palace wandering in the moonlight on the pavilion road where the tower meets the sky in the dead of night. Her sadness lies in that her wish for good luck to the king has been shattered again and again, showing an ethereal image of a worried beauty; The moon is exquisite, people's grievances are lined up, and the pen is written from the opposite side, which is not a loss. "A cup reflects a sail, like a moon cloud" ("Meeting the Moon"), which is a metaphor for people and the moon, and people and the moon. The shy appearance of the songwriter who covers his face with a song fan is like the moon in the clouds, sometimes covered with dark clouds and sometimes half exposed. "Cuie Chanjuan shines in the first month, and the beauty sings and dances" ("Remembering the past"). The songwriter is beautiful and refined, just like the brilliance of the new moon, with outstanding dancing skills and sweet singing. "The breeze blows songs into the air, and songs fly around" (ditto). In fact, this also reflects the best feeling in the world, that is, love, which is not superfluous.
The bright moon symbolizes the yearning for hometown, relatives and friends. The poet is far away from his hometown and relatives, wandering all the year round, and can't help but miss home and the moon. "Days borrow the bright moon, blue sky and white clouds. Hometown is invisible, heartbroken and looking to the west. " ("You Qiu Bai Pu's Two Wrong Poems") I miss my hometown relatives for the bright moon and have deep feelings. Silent Night Thinking is such a masterpiece of chanting the moon. The poet is deeply impressed by the "cliff inclines to the bright moon" ("Hundred Zhao Mountain in Anlu"), so "If it snows on a moonlit night, it is thought-provoking" ("Autumn Mountain as Comfort"), and he misses his relatives and friends because of the moon. "I am worried about the bright moon, and I will go to Yelangxi with the wind." ("I heard that Wang Changling moved to Longbiao Kiln to send this letter") The poet turned his deep affection for his friends into whimsy, and asked Yue Ming to visit his friends in Yelang to convey his sincere concern for his old friends. It can be called the eternal swan song of expressing friendship by chanting the moon. Li Bai's greatness lies in that he often extends his personal love affairs to show the thoughts and feelings of all people in the world, especially the homesickness of people under the moon, such as: "The moon shines with a bow shadow, and Hu Jian blows frost flowers" ("Song of the Frontier"), "The moon hangs over the capital and is washed with a hammer. The autumn wind blew Yi Dao's voice, and every household remembered the people guarding the border. Oh, when will the Tatar army be conquered and when will my husband come back from the long battle! "(Midnight Wu Ge) is about a thoughtful woman in Chang 'an, who is busy making warm clothes in the moonlight and giving them to her husband in the frontier. They are eager for the early end of the war, let their husbands return home as soon as possible, and express their deep feelings of missing their husbands on a moonlit night. The poet expresses the common aspiration and voice of the people.
Use the bright moon to symbolize your persistent pursuit of life ideals. The poet once had great political ambitions and life ideals of "helping the poor", "securing the country" and "worrying about Li Yuan". He also used Dapeng as a metaphor and metaphor many times in his poems. He thought Dapeng was easy to become famous. "We all aim high, want to go to the sky and embrace the bright moon" (Uncle Yun of Xie Tiao Building in Xuanzhou) is a vivid reflection and image portrayal of his lofty ambition. Admittedly, this also reflects the unrealistic fantasy of the poet's way to realize his ideal in life. In particular, his arrogant personality of "indomitable and unwilling to work for others" made him "pay back the money" after his short career as a poet in Beijing and suffered the most serious setback in his life, but he never gave in. In "Dream on Mount Tianmu", he clearly declared: "Oh, how can I solemnly bow and scrape to those high officials whose sincere faces will never be seen?" In order to stick to his ideal, he never indulged in self-degradation, showed contempt and determination for the rulers, and insisted on finding his ideal world: "My heart and dream are in Wu and Yue, and I flew over the mirror lake and the bright moon overnight", which showed his persistent pursuit of the ideal of life.
The bright moon symbolizes the noble quality of people. When the ancients described the moon, they often expressed its brightness, purity and purity. Li Bai often used the moon as a symbol of noble quality. "Clouds see the sun and the moon, casting and smelting fire refined mercury" (Shang Yunle). The poet thinks that the sun is made of fire and the moon is made of mercury, so it is so pure. "If you want to see the moon in the water, violets will come out of the dust" ("Accompany Uncle Dangtu to visit Huacheng Temple to promote the public and clear the wind pavilion"), and write about the elegant and clean nature of violets if they come out of the mud but don't get stained in the water, in order to compare the clean image of promoting the public and "helping others but not helping others"; "Living in a mixed crowd has no reputation. Why should it be as high as the moon or clouds?" (The third part of it is hard to go) Advise people to be indifferent to fame and fortune, be kind to others, be kind to themselves, and not pursue the so-called lofty reputation; Another example is "The sky is high and the clouds are pale and the moon is white, and seagulls know the silence" (Part I of Supplementary Records for Hanyang), "Spring blossoms, blue sea and clouds in autumn ... the breeze is clear and jade is clear, and the stream is bright and fragrant", "Seeing the clear moon on the roller blind, it is suspected that it is snowing in the night", "Seeing the heart and the water and the moon, you get a pearl" ("Giving Xuanzhou") and "The moon" The poet used the bright moon to compare the great contribution of Chao Heng, a Japanese monk, to the development of Sino-Japanese cultural exchanges, and to commemorate his noble character and days of our lives when he gave his life for Sino-Japanese friendship, which became a much-told story in the history of Sino-Japanese exchanges. In addition, the poet also used the poem "Qu Ping's ci and fu hung up the sun and the moon, and the once mighty king of Chu only left an ancient grave" ("Song on the River") to show that Qu Yuan's patriotic poems have been passed down through the ages, and they can compete with the sun and the moon for glory and distinguish between praise and criticism.
A solar eclipse symbolizes the erosion and shading of light by darkness. Eclipse is a natural phenomenon, but ancient people regarded it as a sign of disaster. "Toad will eclipse the round shadow, and the night will be over tomorrow" (Gulangyou Moon), the poet uses the old saying that "Toad swallowing the moon is not a good omen" to metaphor and imply the decadent essence covered up by the profound crisis of the superficial prosperity and unrest in the Tang Dynasty, which shows the poet's political vision and profound sense of hardship. "Toad is too thin to be feared, eroding this Yao platform. The round light was thrown into the sky, and Dolly was gone. " This poem is similar to the previous poems, and it symbolizes that the emperor was blinded by some treacherous court officials, or that the country declined. The later Anshi Rebellion confirmed the poet's views and opinions, which is another expression of the poet's "past is present" and "severe punishment under the frost" (ibid.).
Symbolizing the enlightenment of philosophy with the image of the bright moon. The poet has a famous sentence about the moon, "Drink poison to quench thirst": "When is there a moon in the sky? I'll stop for a drink and ask. The moon will never reach the moon, but it is very close to the people. Green smoke as bright as a mirror is flying in the palace, emitting cold light. But when you see the night coming from the sea, would you rather know that it is going to the clouds? The white rabbit plays medicine in autumn and comes back to life in spring. Who pitied Chang 'e when she lived alone? Now people are not seen in Gu Yue, but in this month they took the ancients. The ancients said, if people are running water, they look at the bright moon. I only hope that the song is right for the wine and the moonlight shines on the golden urn. "For a long time, a bright moon hung high in the blue sky, shining brightly and emitting endless brilliance. It gets up late and is always at arm's length with people. The moon is long, but life is short. Facing the eternal moon, the poet didn't feel the sudden emotion, so he stopped to ask. Attaching eternal feelings to the moon triggered its exploration of life philosophy, and put the life topic of the vastness of the universe, the vastness of time and space and the brevity of life in front of the moon and readers. Today people can't see the bright moon in ancient times, and people in ancient times can't see the moon today, which brings people regret that they can't be with the moon. Zhang's "Moonlit Night on a Spring River" also said this truth: "Life is endless, passed down from generation to generation, and Jiang Yue is only similar every year." Although "month" is similar year after year, "person" is different year after year. Life is like fleeting water in the long river of history, short and small. Only the moon and the universe are great and eternal. The poet takes the moon as the reference of life, and through profound philosophical thinking about the eternity and infinity of the moon, he expresses his deep attachment to a better life and persistent pursuit of life ideals and values. The poet's philosophical speculation about the eternity of the moon and the ephemeral life is not detached from or attached to the poem, but a kind of ideological knowledge and sublimation generated by observing, knowing and understanding the moon, which is an internal spirit and implication that runs through the whole poem, especially the organic combination of philosophical thinking and the description of the moon image, so that the theme of the poem starts from emotion, is purified from aesthetics and is sublimated from philosophical thinking. Another example is "Take a prostitute to the Peach Blossom Garden in Mengshan, Qixia Mountain, Liang Wang": "Liang Wang went to Yue Ming, and the oriole was drunk and crowed in the spring breeze. "Visit to the Ancient Times by Su Tai": "The old garden is deserted, and Yang Liuxin and Ling Ge's oratorios can't be sung in the spring. Only today's Xijiangyue has ever taken care of the people in Wugong. "These two poems are nostalgic works of poets after visiting places of interest. Liang Wang has gone, and the scenery of the Six Dynasties is gone; Su Dai has been abandoned, and the prosperity of that year has rested; Things are different, but Jiang Yue is unbeaten. What the poet expresses is a deep sigh about things and people, the vicissitudes of life and the rise and fall of history. Here, the bright moon witnessed the decline and extinction of Liang Wang and Wu Wang, the change of dynasties and the rise and fall of history. The moon is still there, and once Liang Wudi, except the barren grave, has become a floating cloud of history. This is very similar to Liu Yuxi's famous sentence "Shicheng", "Huai Shuidong old moon, night comes to the female wall." It can be described as a masterpiece of poetry about the moon, continuous and colorful. They not only give readers exquisite artistic aesthetic enjoyment and infection, but also give readers profound philosophical enlightenment and emotional edification.
Analyzing and discussing the moon image and its implication in Li Bai's poems plays an important role in comprehensively understanding and understanding the diverse artistic styles and distinctive personality characteristics of the poet's poetry creation. As Mr. Yuan Xingpei pointed out: "The image of poetry has strong personality characteristics, which can best express the poet's style. Whether a poet has a unique style depends largely on whether he has established his own image group. After an image is successfully created, although it can be used by other poets, it often has vitality only in the works of one or several poets. Even this image is associated with this or these poets, and even becomes the embodiment of the poet. " (5) (page 242) said sincerely. When it comes to poems about the moon, we can't help but mention the great poet Li Bai. His famous poems about the moon, which are well-known and spread through the ages, often appear in textbooks of universities, middle schools and primary schools and become one of the rare treasures of China culture. The poet not only formed his own distinctive personality in chanting the moon, but also was a master and master of chanting the moon who was good at learning from others. He widely absorbed the excellent cultural background and expressive skills of the Moon-chanting poems of The Book of Songs, Cao Cao, Zhang and others, and sometimes even liked to learn from previous poems and innovate and develop them, reaching the peak of the creation of Moon-chanting poems, which had an important and far-reaching impact on the later creation of Moon-chanting poems of Liu Yuxi, Yang Wanli and Su Shi. On the other hand, it also enables us to know and understand the magnificent images such as Dapeng, Gaoshan, Waterfall and Yellow River in Li Bai's poems, and appreciate his lofty and magnificent poetic style. At the same time, we can also know and understand many exquisite images and beautiful poetic styles in Li Bai's poems, such as the bright moon, so as to have a good understanding of poets, poems, poetic styles and poetic images.