Teachers have a legacy and are not poor. It's hard to see the future, but hard work is hard. Grasp the current situation, solve problems and convince farmers. Even when the plain is far away from the wind, good seedlings are pregnant with new ideas. Although I didn't measure my length of service, I am happy about it. Farming sometimes stops, and walkers are not interested. The sun enters the phase and returns, and the pot pulp is close to the neighbor. Long Yin Renjimen, talking about the Dragon Shepherd.
Two Translations and Notes of Homesickness of Tian She in Guimao Period: It's a pity that I have heard of Nanmu field in the past and never cultivated it. I am often as poor as Yan Hui. How can Chungeng stand by and watch? Get my horses and chariots ready tomorrow morning. I'm traveling on the road. Birds are singing in spring, and the wind keeps sending kindness. The deserted path is covered with cold grass and inaccessible. Therefore, in ancient times, crows were planted, and they plowed leisurely without thinking about moving. Is it too superficial to be ashamed of caution? Confucius, the former teacher, left a legacy: "A gentleman who cares about Tao is not superior to poverty." Admire that the theory is too high to reach, and turn your mind to long-term cultivation. When farmers are busy, their hearts are happy, and farmers are encouraged with smiles. When the breeze blows to Ye Ping from a distance, Miao Xiu grows stronger every day. The harvest of a year is immeasurable, and my work has made me happy. There was a resting place after ploughing, and no pedestrians came to ask. Accompanied by the sunset, comfort the neighbors with wine. Cover up Chai Men's poems, let's concentrate on being a farmer.
Note (1) This poem was written in the spring ploughing at the beginning of a year, showing the fresh and pleasant scene of the field and expressing the poet's inner joy. Through farming in the countryside, the poet initially experienced the pleasure of "planting sticks" in ancient times: hiding from officials, and said that Yan Hui's behavior of being poor in planting crops could not be imitated. (2) past: past, past. It has the same meaning as the next sentence "that year". Nanmu: refers to farmland. No: I haven't practiced myself. (3) Repeatedly empty: lack of food often refers to poverty. Survivor: refers to Yan Hui. Advanced Analects of Confucius: "Confucius said: Return is also flat and empty." Poets used to compare themselves to being as poor as Yan Hui. Chunxing: refers to the beginning of farming in spring. Xing: beginning, making. (4) Morning (sǜ speed): Morning. Su Su: Good morning. Pack my car: Pack my horses and chariots. Here refers to the chariots, horses and utensils ready for farming. Kato: Let's go, let's go. Tutong "Road" Myanmar: Far away. (5) Hm (1ong): birds call. Lingling zero wind: small wind, gentle wind. Zhuangzi's theory of everything: "Cold wind makes peace. Lu Deming's interpretation: "The cold wind is also a breeze. Yushan: Endless beauty. Goodness: beauty. Zhuangzi Wandering: "Fu Liezi walks against the wind, and Ling Ran is good. (6) desolate: it is full of deserted paths. The land is far away from people: the land you go to is remote because there are few people. (7) The stick-planting Weng refers to an old man who was secretly cultivating the fields when Confucius and his disciples met him. " "The Analects of Confucius": "When Luz came, he met his husband and held a cup with a stick (Diao, a bamboo utensil used in ancient times). He asked, "Have you seen your master? Grandfather-in-law said, "Who is the master if you don't work hard and don't distinguish between grains?" "Plant its staff and shoot it. Plant: same as "place", place. Staff: wooden staff. Leisure: a look of leisure. Never to return: never to return to the secular society. (8) That is the reason: this kind of thing. Refers to practice with great concentration. Know people: know people with knowledge. This refers to Confucius and Lutz. In The Analects of Confucius, Wei Zi once wrote about Jie Drowning, urging: There is chaos everywhere. Change the status quo with who? It is better to follow the recluse (Confucius) than to follow the recluse (us). When Yu Lu told Confucius about it, Kong Yu said gloomily, "Birds and beasts can't be classified with them." . If I don't get along with people in the world, who else can I get along with? If the world is clear, I won't join them to change the status quo. In the Analects of Confucius, it was also recorded in the previous article that Mr. He's husband said, "Being an official is meaningless. Festivals for young people and the elderly cannot be abolished; How to abolish the meaning of monarch and minister? Trying to clean up his body, it's chaotic again. The official position of the gentleman also carried out his righteousness. If the Tao fails, it is well known. These two paragraphs record the words of Confucius and Lutz, and they all explain the truth of not being an official. Tao Yuanming believes that compared with this "general knowledge", he is ashamed of insisting on seclusion and not being an official. In fact, Tao Yuanming's thought here is inconsistent with the Confucian tradition, so in the next poem, the poet said: "A teacher has a legacy and is not worried about poverty." It's hard to catch a glimpse of the future, but it's also hard to catch it. "Insured: refers to the preservation of personal honor. Biography of Yi people in the later Han Dynasty: In the last years of the later Han Dynasty, Pang Gong was a native of Xiangyang, Nanjun County. .. Jingzhou secretariat Liu Biao extension, can't bow, can only wait. He said, "a husband can save his whole body, but who can save the world?" Pang Gong said with a smile, "The red magpies nest in the high forest, and look for their seats at dusk. The catfish cave is under the abyss and looks for its seats at night. The male nest is also a male nest. Everyone has his own place to live. The world is not guaranteed. " Because of the release of the ridge, and the wife cloud in front. Tuo (Giant): Tuo. Shallow: shallow and inferior. 1 teacher: a courtesy title for Confucius. Legacy: the teachings left behind. Worried about Tao but not poverty: This is what Confucius said in The Analects of Confucius Wei Linggong: "Confucius said: A gentleman is worried about Tao but not superior to poverty. These two sentences mean that Confucius has a legacy: a gentleman only cares about the way of governing the country, not the poverty of life. 2 look ahead: look up. Miao: It's far away. Catch: and. Diligence: labor. Changqin: Long-term labor. These two sentences mean that Confucius' legacy is out of reach, so he turned to farming for a long time to alleviate the poverty of his current life. 3 Bing: handheld. Class: plough handle, which refers to farm tools in general. Current affairs: what should be done in time refers to farming. Yan Jie: Smile. Persuasion: encourage. These two sentences mean working happily with farm tools in hand and encouraging farmers to engage in farming with laughter. 4 fields: fields. Pingchou: A piece of flat land. Payment: through. Miao: refers to the wheat seedlings, which is the scene of "beginning of spring". Huai Xin: indicates that the wheat seedlings are full of camps. These two sentences mean that there is a far wind blowing in the open field, and the beautiful wheat seedlings are full of business. Merit at the age of five: a bumper harvest in agriculture. Immediate things: refers to the immediate labor and scenery. These two sentences mean that although we have not predicted the annual harvest, we are happy enough at present. 6 walkers: pedestrians. Tianjin: Ferry. Monkey rest: use it for a long time to drown. "The Analects of Confucius" said: "Grow up and drown. Confucius passed it, which interested Lutz. Chang Ju and Jie Drowning were ancient hermits. The author compares himself to drowning, which means that there is no Confucius who is interested in governing society to ask for directions during the slack season. The implication is that there are no people who are "worried about the road but not about poverty" today. "7 phases: companionship. L: comfortable. These two sentences mean going home with farmers at dusk and bringing a pot of wine pulp to comfort the neighbors. 8 chat: and. Dragon Shepherd: People in the field. This sentence and the previous one are about reciting poems and closing Chai Men. What they are saying is that being a farmer is like long-term stagnation and drowning!
Appreciation of Tian She's two poems in Guimao: In 1930s, Mr. Lu Xun and Mr. Zhu Guangqian launched a famous debate on the evaluation of Tao Yuanming. This debate covers a wide range of issues. The central difference is that Mr. Zhu thinks that "it is quiet, so it is great." Mr. Lu Xun retorted that "Tao Yuanming is great because he is not silent", so he is great. "Now he is often considered silent because he has been narrowed down by writers and sentence writers. It is further pointed out that there are also works of "King Kong glaring" in Tao's poems, which proves that the poet is not on cloud nine all day. However, Mr. Zhu's conclusion that Tao Yuanming is quiet should be said that it is not entirely out of nothing, just because Tao Yuanming did write a lot of pastoral works; Moreover, this idea was not initiated by Mr. Zhu. As early as the Sui Dynasty, Wang Tong said in Wen Zhongzi, "Or ask Tao Liangyuan, and Confucius said," Let people go. " Coming back has the heart of avoiding the land, while the biography of Mr. Wu Liu is almost closed to the outside world. Wang Zao in the Song Dynasty said in Fuxi Collection: "The joy of mountains and forests is well known to many people ... to Tao Yuanming ... I explored the mountains and rivers to the extreme, and I enjoyed the scenery in my heart. The forest there is lush, the sound of spring birds belongs to my ears, and clouds and fog are scattered between rushing and melting. " Gaifang is proud of his words and meaning. Although the universe is vast, it is eternal. In the meantime, it will cure chaos and promote waste, gain and loss, and change everything. Tired of my truth is not enough. He Zhanzhi in Ming Dynasty put it more succinctly in Preface to Tao Wei: "Chu Shi in Jin Dynasty planted festivals in the swaying autumn, drifting away from fame and fortune, and his poems were pure and unrestrained, so they were practical. 」
This kind of evaluation is naturally one-sided. In fact, Tao Yuanming is the first pastoral poet in the history of China's poetry development. He painted a beautiful and tranquil picture of rural scenery for readers by diluting his free and easy brushwork, such as Li Nan in Dongli, the exotic gardens in Song Qing, the gorgeous colors of autumn chrysanthemums, the birds singing in the evening, the deep alleys where dogs bark and the treetops where chickens crow, accompanied by the hero's feelings of being isolated from the world and addicted to poetry and wine. The artistic realm it creates is very high, quiet and ethereal. But careful readers will always observe Tao Yuanming's mood of retiring to the countryside and drinking and writing poems when he has no choice but to forget the reality.
His "Two Poems of Tian She Guimao Spring" is a picture woven by the poet with pastoral scenery and homesickness. There are two poems, which show the same theme and theme. The first song begins with "I have heard of Nanmu in the past" and describes the process of labor. It depicts the beautiful scenery of nature, cherishes the memory of ancient sages, and praises their cultivation and integrity. However, before the author finished, he described the joy of working in the field with the hard-won practice of "worrying about Tao but not poverty", a legacy of the Second Division, and associated with the behavior of ancient hermits who lived long and were obsessed with drowning. Few people were deeply worried about Tao, and finally ended up "talking about being a person" behind closed doors. These two poems are like the upper and lower films of a long tune, with closely related contents, repeated performances, ups and downs and profound implications. But the whole poem is harmonious, plain and natural, which is really natural. It's like a poet standing in front of readers, opening his heart, neither thinking nor choosing words, but expressing his actions, feelings and thoughts without reservation. This poem was not written or sung, but flowed from the poet's heart. In one of his essays, Amin poet Xu said: "The poetry of the realm is natural and meaningful, which is similar to Mencius." It is said that Meng Ziquan has no intention to be a text, and he can't; Say Mencius as a text, so that there is no trace, which shows the sages! In the realm, it is particularly easy to know. Furthermore, he said: "The realm poem is written directly and naturally." The third said: "Poetry that can't reach the realm has its own first-class direct writing, and it doesn't care about carving, so the words are full of gas; Some first-class people are clever and thorough, so their words are concise and meaningful. All these show the unique style and high artistic achievements of Tao's poems.
Diluting nature is a literary style and a special literary realm. Here, I am integrated with things, completely forgetting myself, even without me; Here, God met the scene, God wandered in things, and God moved with the scene. Its extreme is distant and quiet, and it is a school of nature. In this way, Tao Yuanming's "Birds celebrate the New Festival, the wind sends more kindness" and "the plain is far away from the wind, and the good seedlings are also pregnant with the new" have become eternal songs. Yes, it's better than not carving. This is an artistic dialectics. However, there is indeed a poet's hard artistic labor, which is an artistic pursuit process of abandoning sculpture and returning to simplicity. Without some solid hard work, it is difficult to reach this artistic creation realm.
This poem describes the beauty of the field and the happiness of personal cultivation, and also expresses the author's nostalgia. Yan Hui, who was poor and eager to learn, and Confucius, who lived and worked in peace and contentment, were admired in the distance, especially He Guoweng, a hermit who admired "coupled farming" in ancient times. Although, the author also shows that Yan Hui and Confucius can't follow suit, they focus on learning and living in seclusion. However, between the lines still reveals the concern for the world and the yearning for a peaceful and prosperous world. If we pay more attention to the writing age of this poem, the contradiction of this thought will be more clear. According to "Li Li Pu", there is the poem "Tian She in Love". At that time, I returned to Chaisang from Jiangling and then to my hometown in Kyoto, caring about my hometown and thinking about the city, so I had the poem "Tian She in Love". A Qing people pointed out in Volume 4 of Zhao Mei Zhan Yan: "Its year is thirty-nine. I joined the army for the town army, so I got pregnant. In the middle of each song, I wrote a few words, but at the end of the song, I told two ancient people to mind their own business, but they didn't return, pretending to envy and sing, so-called Huai Ye. Two years after writing this poem, the author has been Peng for more than 80 days. It was at this time that he finally lost confidence in the dark and dirty society and expressed his final rejection. He resigned angrily and retired to the countryside. This is Tao Yuanming's struggle! If we don't deeply realize this, criticizing his seclusion life too much will not only easily deny more than half of Tao Yuanming, but also be tantamount to Wan Li. By describing the joy of Tian Wen's labor, the poem reflects that it is difficult to realize the ambition of "worrying about the road but not being poor" and expresses the determination to emulate the sages, live in seclusion and concentrate on farming.
Poems: Two Poems Written by Tian She in Gui Mao's Year: Poetry Classification of Tao Yuanming in Wei and Jin Dynasties: Spring, Pastoral and Nostalgia.